Challenge is right under your nose. A cnn special event, the abc News President ial debate simulcast september 10, nine welcome to a gps special reengineering life. The next frontiers in science im Fareed Zakaria Today oN The program. Im going to introduce you to two extraordinary women oN The absolute Cutting Edge of science their work will change the world as we know and iN The process, it will change your life ill introduce you to the socalled godmother of Artificial Intelligence. They fail. Lee a. I. May have only just recently burst onto the global Computer Screen next generation of Artificial Intelligence is here. ITs called chatgpt, chatgpt, chatgpt is rattling the a. I. World of lese been working on it for more than 20 years youve likely seen from your searches how Silicon Chips caN Think. But caN They actually see . Could a computer tell you whether this cat was calmly drinking milk or not really knocking it over these lifework has been spent oN That question and others, just like it and i found myself fascinated by the most mysterious topic of life, which is intelligence ill take you inside her lab and inside her very Human Intelligence but first imagine doctors being able to edit your Genetic Code hold your children, your peTs if you or a loved one suffered from a disease caused by an error in your dna they could sniP Out there and put iN The correct code well Jennifer Doudna was the Code Codiscoverer of just such a technology iTs called crispr. And she woN The nobel prizE For her work on it, a Breakthrough Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease. Researchers successfully corrected a Gene Mutation and Human Embryos even better. Crispr is already saving lives what if you could proactively recognize the genes that make somebody more likely to get all timers and you could use crisper to change up. Next ill tell you about iTs awesome possibilities and how Doubt Nat came to her discovery this really is the code of life. It is amazing to think that now we can read the code and then crispr is way to change the code in precise ways we can see thAt The capabilities of this are really powerful. I think the good to comE From this is going to be profound what if you could recognize the genes that make somebody more likely to get oldtimers and you could use crisper the change i think thaTs absolutely something thaTs possible to do. The world we live in has been shaped by three scientific revolutions. So righTs, Walter Isaacson iN The Code Breaker thE First iN The early 20th Century was the Quantum Revolution it came out oF Physics, led by albert einstein. And it unleashed the power of the atom, leading to nuclear Energy And Weaponry the second was the Information Revolution we all know about that, which produced the world of computers, the internet and smartphones but the third revenue Ts-isaacson'>RighTs Isaacson is not about protons or neutrons are biTs and bytes. ITs about genes a revolution in Human Biology it is only just beginning and Jennifer Doudna is At ThE Forefront of this revolution when martin showed me the data, we both of us any we have looked into this at a holy smokes, you know, this is, this is incredible doudna and her colleague were right it was incredible they were iN The process of discovering what is known as crispr. ITs changing the world and saving lives iN The process. It may even save your life this genetic revolution can be dated to June Of 2000 when President Bill clinton announced to the world the completion of the human Genome Project the uncovering of the genetic blueprint for building a Human Being today, we are learning the language in which god created Life Crispr does something even more radical it can edIt That language literally changing our Genetic Code it can fix mistakes, misspellings that caused illnesses, and researchers hope one day it will be able to stop cancer in iTs tracks and make you immunE From viruses usually the Nobel Prizes in science or awarded for discoveries thAt Took place decades before. But just eight years after doudna and a colleague published thE First paper oN The crispr work. They were awarded the worlds most prestigious scientific trophy the Royal Swedish Academy Of Sciences has today decided to award the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry jointly too. Manuel sharp continue and Jennifer Doudna for the development of a method for genome editing. Really tired thaT Night and i just, i had turned the ringer off on my phone. I just wanted i didnt want to think about it. And then i woke up At Three iN The morning and my phone was just buzzing and i looked and there like all these calls and and call was coming in from a reporter. And i answered it and she said, you know, hey, jennifer, so sorry. I know iTs early, but i just want to know your reactioN To The Nobel. And i said oh, my gosh, i just woke up and i dont know who who woN The Nobel Prize. I dont know did you really At That point, you didnt give me when i was growing up. I mean, i you know, i just always so desperate to like somebody to let me iN Their lab to do experimenTs like i couldnt really think beyond that. So imagining that i would ever be somebody receiving prizes was leTs not even on my radar. I was very proud that it was a Collaboration It happened to be two women working together, which is great. And just the message that it sends to younger scientisTs give us a sense of Wait Us Scientific Creativity comE From for you, i think it often comes from Making Connections betweeN Things that dont seem to be connected. That was something i admired about my Graduate Adviser Jack szostak. He could seemingly connect things thAt The rest of us would say, well, that he doesnt have anything to do with that and he would say, oh, no, but it does and the big connection, dafna made in her career has changed medicine, as we know it, in great ways. Some worrying wanTs to well start with one of those. LeTs talk about the case of the chinese doctor. This this is a totally fascinating case. But this chinese doctor thought he was doing something amazing thAt The world would laud him for. He took two kids whose parenTs had h hiv. He edited thE Fertilized eggs to make them immunE From hiv. That was stable. There was the same goal and the born and hes pronoun announces it. What was your reaction when you heard that i was pretty shocked At The time. So that was an announcement made in late 2018 and At The time we were already three years into a very active international program to understand how crispr might one day be used iN ThAt Type of a fashioN To create edited babies. So it was quite a shock to realize is that someone had in fact already done that. And had done it in a fashioN That as the details emerge, that it was really unethical the parenTs of those those kids really i dont think understood what it was that was happening to their embryos. ThAt They were working with a technology that it had never beeN Tested iN That Way Kind of shocking name oN The positive side, perhaps crispers greatest application At The moment is for people with Sickle Cell Disease iTs a disease that affecTs primarily the Red Blood Cells in a patient instead of being round as they are in healthy humans. The Red Blood Cells and patienTs with the disease are shaped like sickles. Hence The Name, attend to clog arteries cause Tissue Damage and of course, great, great paiN To the patienTs that bain usually starTs in childhood. Though thaTs not the worst of it. The disease is deadly taken decades of the Life Expectancy of those who havent but with genetic diseases like sickle cell, doubt knows discovery can come to the rescue effectively fixing a patienTs dna that chinese scientisTs, the Jennifer Doudna was talking about the one who created thE First Gene Edited Children while he was put into prison in china in 2019, then released in 2022. Now he is Staging A highly controversial comeback saying he wanTs to use Gene Editing in Human Embryos to protect people against all simons iTs disease next oN This gps special, whaTs the path to scientific discovery and to a Nobel Prize . Ill tell you all about Jennifer Doudna is journey to the toP Of her field and the pitfalls along the way. When we come back peopople who are watctching and then Ouour Wd Change tv oN The edge premieres sunday, september for 20 22n2nd Didid nine o On Cnn i i have moe to Severere Plplaque Psoririasi thahanks to skyky rosieie, n my W Way with h clearer skskin. 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WhAt The sixth and seventh so what was Jennifer Doudna as journey to the price take a look dad, most formative years iN The 1970s well spent mostly in hawaii. We grew up in a town Called Hilo oN The big island. It was magical. I found myself fascinated by the planTs and animals the just the environment. And then when i was in high school, The State Of Hawaii had a program for High School Kids where they brought in experTs from around the state who worked in different areas and science and one of the experTs who came in was a Cancer Biologist and she explained that her research that she was a biochemist and that she studied how normal cells become in our body, become cancerous. How old were you wheN This happened . I was probably 15yearsold, 141415, something that you remember it very well. I do. I just had this sense. I want to do that. ThaTs exactly what i want to do with my life and i started to imagine what if i could if i could these a scientist and it sounded so exotic, you know what i didnt even know any i knew no women or girls who were doing science really. So you didnt get discouraged by the idea thAt There were no women you thought was kind of exciting and novel. I did It Tells you a little about my personality, you know, and sort of if somebody tells me i cant do something, it makes me want to do it more so when you apply to college or you thinking to yourself, i now want to be a scientist and so i want to go somewhere which is good. ITs in science. I was yeah, i was thinking that. And in fact, i was even more specific thaN That because i had already seeN This lecture by the biochemist and i thought i want to be a biochemist. You know, iTs one of the great mysteries. Why are we drawN To the things were drawN To . Why did wE Find particular things interesTs and iTs kind of almost unanswerable, but in my case, even back when i was in high school, i was fascinated by understanding life at a chemical level i really wanted to understand the chemicals that were involved, the molecules including dna, of course a little refresher on dna in case you forgot your high school biology. Listen Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the code of life it makes us who we are. And to find it, you have to go all the way dowN To the molecular level your dna is whAt Tells your body to produce cells that determined your Eye Color or your hair texture, or even how certain Food Taste you if you look just like your mother or father, thaTs your dna shining through to the Dna Code is made uP Of four letters as, cs, gs, and Ts and wheN Those letters are strung together, they instruct the body as to whAt To do sometimes though there is an error, literally a misspelling of the Genetic Code and wrong letters makE For bad instructions giveN To the body, which then creates problems like sickle cells fascinated by all things dna, as well as iTs chemical cousin rna, that now enrolled at Pomona College in southern california well, you might expect that she sailed through but it was hard for me and i was studying hard and i wasnt doing as well as i wanted. And i questioned myself. I said, gosh, do i really have the ability to do this . I did explore other options, including, you know, talking to my french professor at one point about should i i switched my major french you know, the language is so beautiful and she said, well, whaTs your major now . And i said chemistry and she said, oh god, stick with chemistry she stuck with The Next stop was Graduate SchoolAt The new story, you have these momenTs that Human Bush oF People who believed in you and encouraged you was very important, very important. Yeah, all along the way for me, there were all these momenTs where i had doubTs doubTs about myself. I was working iN The lab of jack szostak, who was widely known around harvard At The time to be a genius and to be he somebody who is oN Track to win a Nobel Prize. I was kind of suitably, suitably intimidated by, by him. And one day he walked past all the many, much more experienced people who are working iN The lab came to my desk and he said, you know, jennifer, i was i was thinking about an experiment lasT Night and i wanted to, you could think iTs a good idea . I was stunned. He is asking my my opinion, but ive never forgotteN That because iTs the kind of interactioN That i think really builds the confidence of a young student. And made mE Feel empowered doudna his next stop was year ben berkeley. And you turn down essentially the chaired professorship at harvard to come to berkeley, partly because iTs a public institution, right . Right. I really believe iN The mission of berkeley. ITs an extraordinary place and iTs own right, but it also has a really interesting mission, which is to bring educatioN To everyone to people around the world from no matter whAt Their background is, if they are smart and they want to work hard and they want to come and learn. Berkeley wanTs to open iTs doors and it was withiN Those doors were doudna begaN The work that would win her the most famous prize in science. So when does Crispr Begin for you . If you were to date it is there a moment . Oh, theres a moment. Yeah. That moment was another Lifechanging Phone Call for Jennifer Doudna a fellow Biochemistry ProfessorAt Berkeley Named Julian banned field needed some help so shes looking for somebody who understands rna and is at berkeley and she literally does a google search. Yes berkeley. And your name come, My Name pops up, right . And so we met At ThE Free Speech Movement Cafe here at berkeley, and she was very effusively and shes showing me her data same you know, here, heres my hypothesis and heres why i think it, i think it makes sense, but she had discovered that bacteria could acquire little pieces of dna from viruses that infect them. And those little pieces of dna could be stored in a special location. IN The bacterial chromosome called crispr and so she was basically trying to sell me oN This idea thAt This could be very interesting. And maybe we should try to do an experiment. And of course iTs worked from there. Doudna teamed up with charpentier and begaN To one cover crispers amazing ability to fix dna, to how does it work . Well, this is truly extraordinary. Doctors can extract Stem Cells. Those are the cells that help the body refresh iTself and turn into Blood Cells or muscle cells, or Skin Cells those Stem Cells caN Then be introduced to the Crispr System in a Test Tube theN The rna guides the system to find the problematic sequence it is looking for iN The dna maybe it says tgc when it should say tgt. WheN The system finds the error it opens the Dna Helix and uses tiny molecular blades to cut out the bad sequence. CaN TheN The proper sequence can be pasted in and theN Those edited cells are then replaced into the patient and they are effectively cured what are the diseases you most hopeful for, for crispr iN The short term . Clearly, you know, things like Sickle Cell Disease, eye diseases, other Blood Disorders and iTs not just Human Genes that can bE Fixed. The possibilities are endless your bet may be saved. And perhaps the planet as well. Though these are some rice planTs that are growing in addition, you can look At These and you can immediately see a difference is these rays, planTs, or white, these rice planTs are green. Now why is that . Well, these planTs, the white ones have been edited to remove a single gene that creates the green color. So you can see visually the effecTs of genome editing. And heres so you notice that otherwise they look pretty similar, right . I mean, these look healthy. There are about as tall and they have the same Shape And Everything else about them. It looks very similar. ITs just thAt There are different color. So this is showing you the precision of a technology like this, right . Were not messing up a lot of genes were not changing a lot of things about the other property because of these planTs. Were just affecting one trait. Why should we care about rice . Well, iTs one of humanitys biggest sources oF Protein but it has big Downsides Rice and cows are the two biggest foodrelated emitters of methane. A main cause of climate Change And Rice needs massive amounTs of water to grow. One of jennifers colleagues at Uc Davis is making great strides toward fixing both of these problems and this may be the beginning of a new agricultural revolution, creating a sustainable way to feed the estimated 9 Billion humans who will inhabIt The world in just 15 years. Shes already been able to use crisper to make drought resistant rice and were oN The path also to dealing with the other problem of rice, which is methane emissions. So were very excited about the potential to use crispr iN That fashion because i think that, you know Climate Change which is clearly going to require all of us to be very innovative iN The ways that we address basically many different aspecTs of our current environment that are leading to increased carbon released iN The atmosphere next, from the extraordinary use of crispr to the extraordinary conflicTs around it. Path and fighTs lawsuiTs. And thE Frightening future that Vladmir Putin says, crispr could bring guilty wednesdsday, they d dont T Liveve oN Tbs s readad This Didnt i geget whe im m at key his memory and thinking issues keep piling up. It may be due to a B Buildup oF Amyloid d plaques iniN The Brai Visit T more The NNormal Agingm Trainsns that Sensnse What Isn onoN The schededule . Trarain, Ue Power r of Del A. I. 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Com association walked went off this is why we walked there, why we want we walk iN The alzheimers association, walk to end himars because werere getting c closer to beatating this D Disease choose Advil Liququid gels for fasTste strongnger, anand longer l last reliefef thaN Tylelenol rapid releasase jailed Becausese AdviTs-papain'>TargeTs Papain At The source of influence real you again, go to using the. Com Slash Tv close captionining brought t to you by Y Mesoboboo if you o or a Loved D one have mesothelial, will send you a free book to answer questions you may have call now and well comeme to you 808 8 to 1 14000 what happens after you make of Revolutionary Scientific Discovery like crispr . A way of editing genes well, iTs not all celebration and awards says nobel laureate Jennifer Doudna explains as brilliant as she is, that no, wasnt prepared for what came next after word of her discovery. And iTs commercial possibility these started to filter out. I just had no idea what was going to happen. Once there was a widespread appreciatioN That crispr was a very useful technology and probably going to be a very financially valuable technology as well, but has been a crazy because the amount of competitioN There was competition about who is going to file the patent first, who did filed the patent for and theres been lawsuiTs out of all of that. Was that shock to you when all that happened . I didnt realize the intensity of that kind of competition iTs going to come at me had never experienced something like that before. I certainly, you know, science can be competitive, right . It was a moment where you walk away from a company in which you had a fairly large stake that i mean, that must have been a moment of great frustration. I felt when i didnt make that decisioN To walk away, i felt empowered i gotten a sign as because i love i loved the scientific discovery process. I love working with interesting, smart people i didnt get into science to get rich or to bE Famous room. Is undeniably Big Business according to one analysis, the global market for editing genes has projected to be worth 40 Billion a year by 2033 a. D. Big money to the Big New Frontiers Of Science and you get big Problems None less than vladimir putin has warned of something worse than a nuclear bomb if humans were to edIt The Genetic Code to create a soldier who can fight without Fear Regret or pain i mean, do you worry about that because it does seem like it would be very possible. ITs a iTs a direct application of the technology well, yes and no. I mean, iTs possible in principle, but the reality is that i think that would be extremely hard to do and it would obviously take a long time if you were really good just started the Embryo Right . Yeah. To take a while. So i dont barons could certainly choose what lauren who are they could blond or all kinds of things. They could in principle, yes. And you may know that already in Vitro Fertilization clinics that some of them at least allow parenTs the opportunity to shes the sex of their child, as well as to screen for genetic traiTs anD Diseases and things like that. So to me iTs just one more step to say, well, now leTs offer a menu of things that, you know, this technology could enable is that going to happen anytime soon i dont really think so. At least i hope not even without vladimir putin, the procedure is not without potential pitfalls does theyre still leave the possibility of unintended it does. Sure. With a technology like this, theres always a risk that at some low Level Crispr is acting at a place that you dont want It To be making a change or causing the dna to do something that you dont want, such as recombine in ways that could actually cause cancer. ThaTs one of the risks. I mean, of all the scientisTs working iN The world, it feels to me like since the invention of nuclear energy, there is that feeling of have i created a frankensteiN That could be used . Whos for things that are just completely changed, Human Beings . Well, thaTs one way to look at it. I guess i tend to think about it as a very enabling tool that allows us to make changes to dna that can cure disease in individuals confident thAt Theres enormous upside but there is downside. Well, isnt thAt True with any technology i think i think i would argue that Artificial Intelligence is iN That category, nuclear energy for sure i think a lot of technologies, if they have real, they offer real opportunity thaTs kind of transformative. Theres also risk associated with it. To me, youre never going to put this back in a box. Youre never going to undiscovered it, right . So we have to just embrace it. We have to understand it, and we have to figure out how to work with it, responsibly so at, this point, you could just be an icon if you wanted, right . You have literally every prize there is to win. Also the commercial aspect of risk, but you could sit back have you ever thought about that not for a second that would be very much not my version so thE First line of your vittoria has already been waTson crispr. What, what, what is the second line . What would you like It To be yeah, i certainly would like to be remembered as someone who valued collaboration. Why i love, i love building teams, i love working iN Teams and id like to think that i will be removed numbered as someone who really tried to advance science and scientisTs by, by supporting The Nextgeneration know, encouraging studenTs have science to reach my thanks to Jennifer Doudna for sharing her extraordinary story. By the way of this Christmas Business feels only theoretical to you. ITs not theres great news for people who suffer from all kinds of sicknesseS Starting with sicklecell in december, thE Fda approved the crispr based Gene Editing therapy for the disease the less good news is that it is so revolutionary that most of the world might not be able to afford It The Sticker Price Forecast jv, is 2. 2 million. Yes. Million. But american insurers, both private and public, could help and hopefully with time, prices for such lifesaving therapies will come down way down next oN This gps special, ill introduce you to another extraordinary scientisTs. They fatally shes known as the godmother of a. I. And i have a fascinating conversation with her about just how Computers Thing for example, when you see this picture you instantly know whaTs going on. 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W and d why is It T before youou your B Business Ouout there anat more custotomers in Hehere N not for you anyway, read a beautiful website in minutes with godaddy heY You are not crazy. The world is changing, but you have a Dream A dream that people tell you iTs a waste of time, waste of Energy Dream that is awesome all right we were bombarded with doubTs exhausted by the constant dismiss navigating to towards system that always feels like iTs working against you amidst all of these moving Ts-nothing'>ParTs Nothing ever seems to fall into place heres the truth there is a different way the reality where do means on just chased exceeded place, where we were told was impossible until we made it do future creative place where you caN Try renewing impossible to the the Diary YThis D did i get kicks where Arare My Keys . Memoy and Thininking Issssues keep P G up. It may be e due to a a Bu OfofAmymyloid Plaquques iN The brain. Doeoes it more e than nol aging. Cocom every day, dirirt a Grgrime Settleles deep witithiN Tiles s Grout Linenes still hah steamersrs powerful Tstom-eqequipment'>L CusTstom Eqequipment remomoves the didir see iN Thehe dirt, youou dont yourere Thailand D grout. T. I cleaean until it Stanley Steame clean Rafael RomoAt The Georgia State Capitol in atlanta. This is cnn welcome back to reengineering life. The next frontiers in science Artificial Intelligence is The Next greAt Technological revolution and iTs become a relatively regular part of many of our lives northeast oN Tenth avenue toward west 33rd street. But The Next great frontier for a. I. Is socalled Spatial Intelligence how does a silicon chiP Or a series of Silicon Chips understand the physical world . How can you tell whaTs happening in a still picture or a video, or a live stream from a camera mounted on a robot well, almost 20 years ago, my next guest, the computer scientisTs faithfully started working oN This. She created a dataset containing millions and millions of annotated images this image data was then used to train a. I. Is visioN To learn how to recognize and categorize different objecTs iN The world, roboTs known as the godmother of modern a. I. Faithfully is a professor iN The Computer Science Department at Stanford University the codirector of stanfords humancentered a. I. Institute when did you first realize that you were interested in computers . As an, as an academic field . My first love was not computers. My first love was Physics Evil in my preteen years, i you i took physics for thE First time as a middleschooler and just fell in love with, you know, the mathematical way of understanding The Natural world. And then as i start to major in physics in college, i went to princeton, the mecca oF Physics in my mind At ThAt Time like you said, it was the Day City of asking the most fundamental questions about The Universe. As audacious as what is the origin of The Universe . What is space time . And what is the smallest Sub Atomic Structure of the world so that was my first love. And you can still hear me. I still love physics but whAt To really turned me into the world of intelligence as i follow thE FooTsteps of the great minds oF Physics iN The early 20th Century people like over in s. T. E. M. People like schrodinger and physicisTs like Roger Penrose towards the second half of their career. They wrote beyond the physical world. They wrote, they pondered about other audacious questions, like life i it really opened my eyes around my, i think thirt year in college and realize audacious questions about The Universe doesnt have to be just atomic oF Physical world. It can be able life and i found myself fascinated by the most mysterious topic of life, which is intelligence. How does the Human Brain worm, right . How does the, how does yellow the molecules and cells and eventually emerged into the most intricate machine of The Universe, which is the mind. And how do you make computer Minds Retrophin paymenTs . The best way of learning something is to make it right. Like i realized, too as the question about what is intelligence one way to ask that question is, is to build intelligence, is to make machines in intelligent. That duality of understanding and creating just fundamentally fascinated me so when people thought about computer as being able to think like Human Beings, there was a lot of speculatioN ThAt Took place iN The 50s and 60s and people who were almost doing scifi were thinking about it but it never seemed to go anywhere. What changed and what got us oN To the path of Artificial Intelligence the very quest for thinking computerS Started in some dates as early as 40. ITs but definitely alaN Turing, there third humanity with the question, can machines think . And then you come to many people are trivial to the steamy summer of 1959 in Dartmouth College thAt ThE Founding fathers of Artificial Intelligence came together and kind of establish thE Field, right . ITs around thAt Time. They coined The Name Artificial Intelligence and it started off as a field with very audacious goal, which is really build sinking machines. Machines that can behave as intelligently like human Brains Cam but that ambitious goal was met with years and years of trying them failure, trying and failure like any field has right . But fast forward, i think the real Inflection Moment of Artificial Intelligence, especially to today. ITs around the end of thE First decade of 21st century. So iTs around 2010 20103, things converged around 2010 and that was the birth of modern a. I what were those three things . Firstly, he says the advent of extremely powerful computer chips capable of carrying out a dizzying number oF Processes simultaneously second, these new chips allowed for great progress to be made on something called Neural Networks. That is an a. I. Model. The teachers computers, how to process data and make decisions it uses the Human Brain and iTs network of neurons as a model. And third people likE Faithfully realized they needed to feed the massive amounTs of data so thAt These Neural Networks could start Learning Lee says that once you feed the a. I. All of This Data and once it learns the patterns, it can start doing the kind of tasks that come naturally to humans and that is where we will pick up the story and will also tell you why this Cat Photo is so critical to understanding it all we come. Back have i got news for you, ramir saturday, Seseptember 1414thAt T nine on did d Read Thihis didnt i oh M Memory Andnd thinking g Issues P piling u up. 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Guest faithfully is called the godmother of a. I. Well, we now know that Artificial Intelligence needs to bE Fed massive amounTs of data to help, but begiN To understand the world. If you want a. I. For instance, to understand how the English Language is written, you feed it reams and reams of books and articles for to ingest then digest lee and her team discovered ais great hunger for data and try to satisfy iTs needs. It, she picks up the story there so we decided because i was in a field of Computer Vision thAt The audacious goal here is to get all pictures for the world in 2007, internet still feels small enough that i thought we can get all or visual imagery. Jurys of the world. So we downloaded Billions OF Pictures and clearly thaTs the Sun Corner of the internet. But we we got inspired by linguistics, research and organized all of the visual concepTs into 22,000 categories and across 15 Million images and it became such a huge dataset that was orders of magnitude bigger than any other dataset iN Two cuTs, three years to make it. And theN They took three years for the community to accept it after that long journey. ThAt ThE Fall of 2012, when we got what we saw, the image that challenged resulTs was what people think is the beginning of modern a. I. Your own work has focused on a very specific, an important piece of this. Maybe even central piece of this, which is how do we computers see . And you, you have this example that you give us a cab and image of a cat, where the cat clearly to a Human Being is tipping over a glass of milk. But you said thAt The computer is found very difficult to figure out whether it was trying to drink the Milk Or Tip it over tell us about this issue. Why is it why is the brains so good at figuring out very quickly the context of an image like that iN The world of Artificial Intelligence, we actually have specialized areas and the world has seen chatgpt and many of The Natural language progress. There is another huge area of research that mimics the visual perceptual function of humans. We call it Computer Vision. And my specialty is in Computer Vision why am i so excited by this . Is because i believe visual intelligence is a cornerstone of intelligence as a whole. If you look at evolutioN The majority of the entire history of alamo intelligence, all the way to humans has nothing to do with language, is about seeing the world and interacting with the world and the Cat Touching are about to touch a glass of milk. Whether iTs drinking the milk, are trying to topple it down from the table. ITs deeply visual and spatial, and thaTs what evolution has figured out with our visual brain, is the understanding of the world and the perceptual tasks we need to do. We continue to rely on visual intelligence to do everything, to drive, to cook a meal, to build a machine, to construct cities, to discover the structure of dna, to draw masterpiece iTs of art. So much of our Human Intelligence or activities are in geneity, are communication, our entertainment rely on vision. Where does it go next . What do you think of thE Frontiers of a. I. While thE Frontier of a. I. For me is what i call a Spatial Intelligence because that example of the tat and computers still struggle to fully understand an and also generate the 3d structure of that world of Catan Glass of milk is what i think will be very exciting to work on because once we havE Figured out how to connect the physical world with the digital world, we can empower roboTs in a sense, it seems to me what youre saying is so far, particularly with the large language models a. I. Has been a text to text. Yes. Operation you ask chatgpt a question. It gives you an answer eventually what you, what would be mindblowing is if it can do texTs to Action Right you tell the computer and actually does things iN The physical world and can do them better than human, right . Tax to actual image to action, video, to Action Action to action. You know, theres a lot more, leTs coming. How do you keep the human iN The center if The Machine is going to be so much better at It ThaN The humaN ThaTs a great. Question. For the record. I didnt say The Machines is going to be universally better than humans. I actually think machines and humans can be deeply collaborative. We are already collaborated with machines. Think about you come here by driving a car. Let is a deep collaboration between you and The Machine. And in fact, eveN Todays guy, even if iTs not a l for selfdriving car, it actually hasnt computer. It has some level of intelligence so our civilization has been always oN The quest of creating machines to collaborate with us because we want to do better, we will have live longer, we will have better health. We want to be more productive and a. I. Is just going to continue to make that happen. So youre right with more and more powerful intelligent machines that relationship between humans and intelligent machines is to be explored for example, if The Machine has the ability to decide how to distribute a pot of money leTs just say that right . Should we trust interesTsThe Machine to do that . Or how much human Agency And Governance or control we should have. These are simultaneously technical questions, as well as social questions so as a technologist, just because im part of the effort of making this technology happened, doesnt mean i want this technology to take over human society. I want this technology to help humans my thanks to Jennifer Doudna and faithfilled leavE For their contributions to progress iN This world and for taking the time to talk to me about their work and thanks to all of you for watching this gps special will be back on gps next sunday at 10 00 a. M. Eastern and pacific kamala harris, yellow trump, the debate. Everyones been waiting for follows. Cnn for complete coverage and exclusive pre and postdebate analysis of cnn special live At The abc News President ial defeat simulcast T Septemember 10 At T nine on cncd strereaming on M Max recipes recipes s that a auroras in N T ingrgredienTs recipepes written hand. 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Our leadeders need Toto Pr americicas competititive Edge D i readad This Did i i get t it . Wherere are my k Keys Memory aN Thininking issues keep Piling G of it may be due to a builduP OF Amyloid plaques iN The brain. Is itit more than nororm agaging. Com . Intntroducing n new advdvil tatargeted relief. T the only topical L Papain Relievever witr powerful P Pain fighting ingredieienTs that statart Work Onon C contact to O Target touon At T the source E For up to O E Milk . Sometimes great challenge is right under your nose inside politics sunday with Manu Raju next On Cnn