From the duchy suffered poverty for many years, everything depended on strangers, and today she was offered the imperial crown, yes, they were going to make her a pawn in someone elses game, thank you, but the russian princess believed that when she returned to her homeland, she would be able to stand. For yourself, no matter what the cost. Anna read condition. Bring us a pen, please. I told him to hand me the pen and wrote on the document. Therefore, i promise to maintain everything without any withdrawal. And without hesitation she signed it. She was taken to moscow like a prisoner. Beron, dolgorukov forbade him to go. But anna insisted on taking the cradle with little karl with her. On february 10, 1730, she was brought to the village of vsesvyatskoye near moscow. The leaders were going to keep anna under house arrest until her coronation. Not only for your life. But when to the duchess her sisters arrived, the dolrokovs did not dare to interfere with the meeting. Through catherine and proskovya, anna established secret correspondence with the moscow nobility. The notes had to be hidden in the babys diapers. Anna perked up. She has many supporters in moscow, and most importantly . The guard is on her side. The guards regiments remained an elite part of the russian army and the emperors personal guard. But during palace coups, the guard also became the main source of danger for the monarch if its officers took the side of the conspirators. Other forces that could the emperor simply did not have the courage to defend his freedom and life. Meanwhile, secret meetings of annas followers took place in moscow. The power of the korist and cruel rulers did not suit the majority of the nobles; they pinned their hopes on the new empress. They believed that she would bestow her mercy on her subjects and protect their rights. The future sovereign put their signature under the petition. 87 people, the decisive day had arrived, anna behaved with modest restraint, the dolrukovs were confident that everything was going according to their script. Onna ordered submit the document, once again skimmed the lines with her eyes, and suddenly tore up the hated paper. Anna openly drew a line under her past. Fate gave her a chance to change her life, and she took advantage of it. The duchess of kurlyanskaya no longer existed. Anna ivanovna ascended to the russian throne. Empress and autocrat of all russia. As if she wanted to make up for lost time, she fell in love with bright outfits and jewelry. At her court, balls and masquerades seemed to never stop. She circled herself with jesters and artists about folk storytellers for the new empress, carried with the whole country. Anna made a simple palace scullery maid and. For her ability to tell funny stories her station house. The kremlin was her home by right, here she was born, and now, having lived for 20 years in a caring foreign land, she created the atmosphere of her childhood. The empress decorated her own chambers with old books and portraits of her parents, and the kremlin chambers were soon filled with those who had been discharged. From the monasteries, pilgrims and holy fools, girls, orphans and grandmothers are dependent. Anna ivanovna looked for support in people whose loyalty she could firmly rely on. Count. With her first decree, she summoned ernstaberon to moscow. He will remain the right hand of the sovereign for more than 10 years of his reign. The next step was the dissolution of the Supreme Privy Council and the restoration of the power of the governing senate. The empress included in its composition representatives of the aristocracy whom she could trust. And yet, anna understood, even at the pinnacle of power, she remained unprotected in the face of brute military force. Now the guards supported her, but with the same ease they could dethrone. To strengthen her position, anna did. A prominent move, in contrast to the old preobrazhensky and semenovsky guard regiments, formed two new ones, the izmailov icon guard, they were made up of foreigners and noblemen of the same palace , owing their position to the personal empress, the mood of the moscow nobles turned out to be changeable, soon anna ioannov. Was plunged into misunderstanding and gossip in your address. It was rumored that during the years spent in courland she had become detached from russian life. No matter how Anna Ioannovna she loved old moscow, she felt cramped here. Finally, she decided to move to st. Petersburg along with her court and government agencies. By that time, the Northern Capital had transformed. Into a real backwater, the number of residents dropped sharply, and the streets laid by peter the great were overgrown with weeds; after st. Petersburg returned to capital status, the city began to come to life, buildings damaged by floods were repaired, the construction of new avenues, palaces and cathedrals began, and at the same time restoration of the baltic fleet, which in recent years has come for. Cannon ships were built at the st. Petersburg and arkhangelsk shipyards, by the end of the 18th century the number of new ships numbered more than one and a half hundred. In addition, anna approved russias naval doctrine and ordered the resumption of regular naval exercises. Although history has established the idea of anna iuannovnas time as a dark era, it is largely unfair. It was during her years. Review of states, government institutions aimed at streamlining their work, and also reducing the cost of their maintenance, but the Financial System remained imperfect and. There was not enough money in the treasury, the authorities had to use military and police measures, up to the arrest of landowners who had arrears or theft of the collected money was discovered. Every saturday the government submitted reports and reports to the empress. Please meet me. Anna acted according to her mood, sometimes became picky, tried to delve into the smallest details of state affairs, but more often brushed aside annoying questions. Anna usually entrusted the most important decisions to her favorite biron, it was he who. Approved candidates for high positions and controlled the activities of the cabinet of ministers. The empress had enough worries of her own. Even surrounded by loyal people, she did not feel safe. Anna ivanovna knew, according to the will of catherine the first, the throne was now supposed to be occupied by the daughter of catherine and peter the great, elizabeth. The women were cousins to each other, but each of their meetings became a test for both. Elizabeth was afraid of disgraced exile. Anna ivanovna, that elizabeth might start a palace coup. He is afraid of panic. For conspiracies, the empress relied on the work of the office of secret and investigative affairs, this body looked for any threat to her power, Anna Ioannovna herself demanded daily reports from its leaders and actively intervened in the course of the investigation, the sovereign was especially not interested in cases of insult and honor to the imperial majesty. A wave of repression swept across the country, which malwa falsely intensified attributed to ernst. Beron, this is how the period of rule began, called the beronovshchina. All those exiled to siberia under Anna Ioannovna numbered over 20 thousand people, up to a thousand were executed, not counting those who died during torture and those executed secretly. For the first time, the place of exile became the far outskirts of the empire, kamchatka. Members of the supreme council, the princes dolgorukovs, were arrested and put on trial. The empress gave Diamond Rings to the successful shooters, so there was no end to those who wanted them. The sovereign herself dealt with jackdaws and crows as deftly as with her enemies, they made elegant guns with gold engravings especially for her; when there was a shortage of game in the vicinity of st. Petersburg, birds for the royal hunt were caught all over the country in cages and brought to the capital. The empress placed the mantle of the crown, presented to her by archbishop ambrose, herself, so elizabeth emphasized her legal right to the throne of the russian empire. Her father, peter ii, died without leaving a will. Elizabeths position at court was very precarious. She could either take power into her own hands, or. And wait executions. The guards literally carried elizabeth into the Winter Palace on their shoulders. A reign that began as a series of celebrations and balls. Became the beginning of the russian enlightenment. Elizabeths court, one of the most brilliant in europe, became a symbol not only of power, but of the cultural growth of the state. Empire, Elizaveta Petrovna. Today is the first one. Elizabeth still dreamed of love and happiness. Former shepherd of the village flock alyoshka rozum became the second man in the empire. It seemed that the empress had nothing to complain about, any her whim was immediately fulfilled, and she spent days after days in amusements and feathers. Peron was still with the sovereign, and her passion for him did not fade over the years. But her loved one could not belong to her entirely, because he had a family. Legitimate children, one day fate almost smiled on the empress, the brother of the portuguese king wooed her. However , the court quickly got rid of the applicant; he was given a sable fur coat in front of the shocked sovereign and sent away. It was as if the ground had disappeared from under annas feet. Easily disposed of the lives of her subjects, she could not arrange her own. And although the empress could not stop her tears, she understood that the courtiers were right, she simply did not have the right to be someones wife, any marriage with a compatriot would be considered unequal, with a foreigner threatening the interests of the country. Within european royal courts, the rules were not so strict, for example, in england, the queen could get married, while her husband was not considered the reigning monarch, but in the traditions of the russian autocracy, such a situation was considered unacceptable. The empresses who took the throne after Anna Ioannovna, elizabeth and. The choice of the empress amazed everyone, the fact is that the heir she appointed did not yet exist in the world. By 1732 , Anna Ioannovnas older sister, ekaterina, remained alive. Like anna, she was married abroad and was the wife of duke Charles Leopold of mecklenburg of schwirin. The couple had a daughter, who was named after converting to orthodoxy. Will receive the name ivan antonovich. The boy will really be born after 8 years everything was going as well as possible. The problem of succession to the throne was resolved, political enemies were neutralized. It seemed that anna would rule the country until she was very old, while the baby heir was growing up. These hopes were dashed overnight. One day on october 5 , 1740, after lunch, Anna Ioannovna. She felt sick, she fell unconscious, when it became clear that annas days were numbered, she called biron to announce it. Dont be afraid. Regent is a person who exercises the powers of the head of state in the event of a minor, illness or absence of the monarch. Since regency the history of the russian state actually began. After the death of the first russian prince rurik, the famous oleg became regent under his minor son igor. Igors wife, princess olga, performed the same function for her son. The future ivan the terrible, and grand duchess sophia with her brothers, the young tsars, peter and ivan. Anna ivanovna died on october 17, 1740 at 9 00 pm. Berons fears were justified; after 3 weeks he was arrested and accused of seizing the regency, neglecting the health of the sovereign, wanting to seize the throne and oppression of russians. Beron was even accused of receiving gifts and awards from the empress. The former favorite was sentenced to death. Quartered, but was soon pardoned, replacing the execution with eternal exile to the siberian city of elym. Instead of beron , his mother became regent for the young ivan. However, Anna Leopoldovna did not find support either at court or among the people. She was called another german, and they increasingly remembered the daughter of peter the great, who had all the rights to the russian throne. A fight began in st. Petersburg. The soldiers turned to each other, surely no one would stand up for Elizaveta Petrovna, and scolded the officers for their slowness. On the night of november 25, 1741, elizabeth , accompanied by 308 guardsmen of the grenoder company of the preobrazhensky regiment, entered the Winter Palace. Not a single shot was fired during the coup. Nobody wanted it. To shed blood for Anna Leopoldovna and her oneyearold son, the emperor. So the daughter of peter the great, elizabeth, came to the throne. Her reign will last two decades. Russian the empire will more than once face the problem of the throneinheritance, and the era of palace coups with. Will become part of history only at the beginning of the 19th century. The capital was seething with the joy of christmas balls. Oh, how Little PrincessElizaveta Petrovna loved to dance. Everyone around admired her grace and beauty. And elizabeth knew this. She dreamed of how one day she would dance. In versailles itself, dance better than anyone, and the french king will love her, and the holiday will last forever, a magical glow flared up on earth in the 16th century. The era when the most will come true incredible dreams and fabulous transformations will happen. The festive reign of the cheerful elizabeth will begin in the russian empire. Tsesarevna elizabeth was born on one of the most solemn days in the history of the russian empire, december 18, 1709. Peter ii entered moscow for the National Celebration of the victory in the battle of poltava, but upon entering the capital he was notified of the birth of his daughter. Lets put off the celebration of victory and hurry up. Lyoshka rozum loved to sing more than anything else in the world; his voice broke early and sounded so loud that people stopped to sing for him in the church choir, but the cossack father grigory rozum, in the past a dashing warrior, and now a bitter drunkard, did not want his eldest son. And then alexey, without asking his father, simply left his village of lemishi for the neighboring chemer , to the deacon of the local church, who had long noticed a capable boy. Alexei grew up in his house and sang in the church choir. The world celebrated christmas, the villagers celebrated christmastide. Many folk holidays had deep roots in the times of paganism, with the adoption of christianity these beliefs gradually. Were supplanted, receiving a new meaning, but the festivities themselves remained for a long time in peoples life. So the christian holiday of the nativity of john the baptist coincided with the pagan ivan kupala. The cheese week before lent resulted in the celebration of maslenitsa, and christmas was followed by merry christmastide, once the winter solstice holiday. At christmas time it was customary to dress up in the most. In the evenings, boys and girls caroled, walked around the courtyards with songs in which they praised the owners and wished them a good year, and for this they received various treats and small money. Elizaveta petrovna entered the time of blooming youth. Zasarevna was very pretty. And from childhood she was prepared for a brilliant marriage for the benefit of the fatherland. Peter i intended to marry his youngest daughter to the french dafin louis, the future louis x. And thus conclude a dynastic alliance with france. There were other options for her marriage in poland or in lubik. However, after the death of peter, all these plans were upset. Colonel vishnevskys military equipment slowly walked along the village street. Carefully tied boxes with hungarian wine quietly jingled for everyday life of yaya imperial majesty Anna Ivanovna. Takai wine was considered the best and was served only on special occasions. A special detachment delivered the wine to the court. It was a voice of extraordinary beauty and power. It didnt take long to persuade the guy. Within a few hours, alyoshka rozum was traveling to distant and scary st. Petersburg to become a singer in the court choir. Singing was an invariable part of any holiday. They sang at home when visiting, sang on the streets in church. Sacred music was especially revered, except spiritual stichera were sung from canonical liturgical texts, the best performers were gathered into choirs, priests, boyars, merchants and kings. Since the times of kievan rus , storytellers who performed epics to the accompaniment of the gusli were popular. Wind instruments and the trumpet were especially revered; elizabeth still dreamed of love and happiness, but her life was not serene; her father, peter ii, died without leaving a will. His niece Anna Ioanovna was on the throne. Not a young, ugly, unlucky empress, considered elizabeth dangerous rival. Elizabeth was completely in her power. Special supervision was established over the tsesarevna. According to materials from the secret chancellery, not a single Guard Soldier , standing guard in elizabeths palace, once heard her go out onto the porch and start a sad song. Oh, my life, my life is poor. The guards sympathized with elizabeth. It was in her that they saw the legitimate heir of peter. Elizabeth was kind. The son of the cossack grigory rozum was traveling to st. Petersburg with a wine convoy; he was 22 years old, and the city of st. Petersburg was 28 years old. Majority the palace buildings remained wooden, but the simple little building was shocked by the splendor of the young capital. Moreover, he came to st. Petersburg on the canon of epiphany, when the whole city was preparing for the holiday. There were a great many celebrations at the court birthdays, those for the empresss official heirs to the throne, regimental holidays of the imperial guard, cavalry celebrations of the orders of st. Andrew the firstcalled, alexander nevsky, victorian, that is, victorious days. The main one was the day of the poltava battle. It all started with church service, along with the festive ringing of bells, the bells were fired. Hundreds of cannons from the bastions of fortresses and ships, guards and Army Regiments saluted with guns, because of the gunpowder smoke it was impossible to see even the opposite side of the street. On the square near the Winter Palace, platforms were set up with bulls roasted on a spit. The bulls belly was stuffed with fried game, wood grouse, grouse, ducks and hazel grouse, and there was bread and other food. Wine fountains. Large wooden basins poured vodka and red wine from raised on poles there were at least fifty barrels that were rolled out from the palace cellars. A reception was held in the palace for the nobility and the diplomatic corps, which also ended with a feast. Elizabeths position at court was very precarious. Everyone knew that empress Anna Ivanovna did not love her, an extra word could cost the beauty her freedom, or even her life, but today she didnt even think about it, a wonderful voice was heard under the arches of the court church of the Winter Palace. Elizabeth asked to introduce this singer to her; she was a fan of the musical art and even composed songs herself. Like her father, tsar peter, elizabeth distinguished people by their ignorance, but by their dignity. She passionately loved simple pastimes, such as sliding down icy mountains or playing snowballs. Lyosha rozuma struck elizabeth even more than his voice. She persuaded the steward of the court to give alexei to her. And elizabeth, in love , was not at all embarrassed by the huge difference between the emperors daughter and the son of a cossack. The brightest and most extraordinary event of the season. Battle of generations. Great past and current champions athletes, on equal terms, on the same ice, a unique competition, as a declaration of love for their country. Russian challenge, tournament of the strongest skaters. Live stream. Today is the first one. Are you holding yourself up on your hands, on your feet, on your heels . On your legs , on your feet, on your arm, but you have insurance, no, you have no insurance, yes, there is such a truck, its beautiful, they also called it a cannibal, and there is a small one like a rabbit, Something Like that youre fooling your head now, okay, now ill fool you back, fool me, try it repeat, come on, its wrong, zhanna, well. The best of all is the new season, tomorrow after the evening news. In the villages, noble children interacted closely with peasant peers and played together. Only from the end of the 16th century in rich families will they begin to limit such communication, but it will never stop completely. They skated, carving runners from wood or bone, and raced down the mountains on sleds. The nobility in the cities rolled directly from the palace roofs, for which they were built specifically. Like in a dream, not even in my wildest dreams he could have dreamed of such a miracle, the love of a beautiful princess; they were brought together by a passion for music and a love for the theater. Princess elizabeth could watch the theatrical production endlessly. The theater of the 16th century remained predominantly musical. It was run by foreigners, the actors played completely differently than they do today, their gestures and movements around the stage were strictly regulated and would seem naive and unnatural in our time, but these performances were loved no less than now. On august 30, 1756, a decree of empress Elizabeth Petrovna was issued on the establishment russian theater in st. Petersburg. An entire structure of imperial theaters will be created in the country. It is at this time that a female actress will appear on stage. Before this, all roles, including womens ones, were performed exclusively by men. Only in 1803, during the reign of alexander i, the final division of the theater into dramatic and musical would take place, which in turn would separate opera and ballet. In st. Petersburg, elizabeth reluctantly visited the imperial court; she was much happier with the company of Alexei Razumovsky, but completely she could not evade her court duties. Anna ioannovna personally came up with a dark entertainment, a wedding of two jesters in an ice house, which elizabeth was obliged to attend. However, the tsesarevna did not lose heart. The medieval tradition of keeping Court Jesters has not yet become a thing of the past, under Anna Ioannovna it acquired a special scope, the empress had an addiction to this cruel sport, by her will even a nobleman could become a jester. His wife was sent into exile, and the prince himself was ordered to take the place of the court jester. In mocking galitsin, the empress ordered to organize a clownish festival, an ice wedding of the prince with the court dwarf, the kolmychka, avdotii buzheninova. The wedding was truly icy. The ice cannons fired. Ice firewood doused with oil burned in an icy fireplace with ice cores. The ice elephant not only spewed streams of burning oil, but also trumpeted. He sat inside it. The trumpeter moved out over the neva into an extraordinary palace built from ice blocks. In the morning , the frostbitten jester and firecracker were barely brought to their senses, after 2 years ovdot buzheninova will die, and mikhail galitsin will forever leave for a distant place, in which he will live to a ripe old age. Anna ivanovna herself lived after the icy wedding for less than a year. According to her will, the throne was inherited by her great nephew, twomonthold baby ivan antonovich. His mother Anna Leopoldovna became regent, and with her her husband, prince anton ulrich. At the head of the russian empire were unremarkable people from small german principalities, while there was a direct heir to the great peter, his daughter, princess elizabeth. In the capital discontent was brewing in society; for elizabeth herself, all this created a very dangerous situation; she became a hostage to her origins; as soon as Anna Leopoldovna believed that elizabeth was striving for power, she would immediately be sent to a monastery. What then awaits the tsesarevnas favorite, Alexei Razumovsky . It was scary to even think about it in the evening. On november 24 , there was dead silence in elizabeths usually cheerful chambers. She gathered her inner circle, the smallest consulate of the gentlemen of her house. Razumovsky, brothers shuvalov, varontsov. They had never seen theirs before the Crown Princess was so excited. Elizabeth found herself at the most dangerous point in her life. She could either take power into her own hands and. Wait for execution or exile. The slightest consultation unanimously spoke in favor of a coup. And even the usually silent razumovsky said lead us, death will follow you. left alone, elizabeth prayed for a long time at her place. The coup happened easily, festively, the guards literally carried elizabeth into the Winter Palace on their shoulders, not even allowing her to walk across the snowcovered square. However, the coup remained a coup, elizabeth needed to justify her right to the throne, so that it would be etched in the peoples memory and no one would have any doubts about the legitimacy of her power. She ordered preparations for coronation celebrations in moscow, the ancient capital. Her journey from st. Petersburg to moscow became the prologue to a grandiose performance that the empire had never seen before. At every station in every village they were waiting for elizabeth. An elegant crowd fell at their feet, fires, tar and barrels were burning. Moscow greeted peters daughter with jubilation. The coronation of the emperor or empress always remained the most important event in the state. Entering moscow was only the beginning of grandiose celebrations that lasted for several months. However. Almost no one knew what the mysterious inscription on the triumphal arch, which today greeted the new empress, crowned herself, meant; this inscription was invented by elizabeth; the mantle and crown presented to her by archbishop ambrose, the empress placed on herself, as belonging to her by right. Punishments remained, including public ones, but there were no more executions. Local riots are not escalated into peasant wars, small court conspiracies were dealt with quietly, without betraying them. Elizabeths reign will go down in history as the calmest and most joyful of the entire existence of the russian empire. 2 years after his accession. Elizabeth got married. The empress and Alexei Razumovsky secretly got married in a small church in the village of perov near moscow. Only a few people knew about this event. Shortly before this, the former shepherd alyoshka rozum was provided with a fake noble pedigree and elevated to counts dignity. But neither the title nor the honors were changed. The character of alexei grigorievich razumovsky, he was reliable, goodnatured , meek and tirelessly fulfilled his main and only mission, to accompany the empress always and everywhere. Elizabeths reign became a time of endless tumult. A new grand hall was added to the huge golovin palace on the yauza; kurtags and official receptions for courtiers and the diplomatic corps took place here. Masquerades became the hallmark of coronation celebrations throughout elizabeths reign, which ended with balls and costume dinners. Balls served as an official reception, celebration, meeting of guests, ambassadors, people wrote until they dropped until the owner stopped the music. At elizabeths court, dinners lasted at least 5 hours, and lunches even longer. The tables were arranged in winding lines, decorated with small fountains and huge figures of flowers. The treat is whole roasted swans and pheasants in full plumage. Piglets, mountains of quails and pigeons were displayed in advance. By the beginning of lunch they were already cold, like a dish subsequent changes. The empress herself most loved sweets, french sweets, which we now call cakes. Sweets and desserts were laid out in huge pyramids or decorated in the form of edible paintings. Empress elizabeth came up with an unprecedented look. Holiday. Masquerade of metamorphoses. Men had to appear in womens dress, and women in mens dress. This did not arouse enthusiasm among the courtiers. Men in wide dresses and wigs felt out of place. For the court ladies the metamorphosis was no less painful, because not every 20yearold woman will dare to show off her legs in tight tights. The secret of this invention was quite. The empresss male attire fit very well, which could not be said about the other participants in the action. Foreign ambassadors noted that at no other court did the minuet dance as gracefully as in st. Petersburg. Elizabeth was considered one of the best dancers in europe. Women in the kologa wore a shirt with a sundress and a shirt with a poneva, choose some modern shoes, maybe with a narrow toe or something so that it looked daring, and as for the mens suit, we will make a red wedding shirt for men, kaluga dough, essentially it turns out to be a gingerbread that is eaten with a spoon, all for the sake of sweetness, so that there is happiness, body dough, bride and groom, heres copper money so that you people are not poor happiness, for health, for a long life, we are playing a wedding, the premiere, tomorrow on the first day, you dont need to read 200 volumes about russia, attend one concert of the berezka ensemble, the audience is all well. How are they, they dont walk, they float, its always a mystery and this is your secret, and this is the secret it doesnt reveal itself, no, the folk dance in the form in which we teach is not taught anywhere in the world, just like that, sometimes you have to work, these are dances for the viewer, these are smiles, hopefully he will find out that the ring romance is like birch trees. At court, elizabeth was a real fashionable tyrant; when she arrived at the ball, she carefully examined the ladies and if someone had the same decoration in their hair as hers, she simply cut it off the maid of honors head along with a strand of hair or even a piece of skin. Bad dye ruined my hair and had to was to shave their heads, all the ladies of the court were ordered to do the same, in addition to the same black wigs, which they were forced to wear until the empresss hair grew back; elizabeth regulated the shape of the hairstyle, as well as the color, style and decoration of dresses before. Mountain ladies, down to the smallest detail. It was forbidden to appear at balls twice in the same outfit, so guards stood at the exit and marked dresses with indelible seals. Elizabeth planned every holiday event personally, delving into the smallest details and paying special attention to fireworks. The empress inherited. Passion for the fire show from father peter the great. The design of fireworks required not only artistic taste from its creators, but the most advanced knowledge in chemistry and engineering. The concept of fireworks and the inscriptions for them were developed at the Russian Academy of sciences, and approved personally by the empress. One of these authors was Mikhail Vasilyevich lomonosov. She was involved in the creation of these colorful shows. Artillery department, it was staffed by officers who specialized in creating fireworks. These were real masters of their craft, artists who used paints. It happened that after traveling like this for several days, elizabeth went back to moscow. Or stopped by to visit one of her estates. A few weeks later she resumed her journey from the very place where she left off. Often the empresss pilgrimage was interrupted by magnificent hunts. Hunting from ancient times was a favorite pastime of our ancestors. Russians the kings especially emphasized falconry. So the moscow sokolniki district got its name from the lands of tsar alexei mikhailovich, who was passionate. Century , horse hunting became popular; this dangerous and exciting enterprise required high professionalism and fearlessness from its participants. A pack of dogs chased the game they had raised through the forests and fields, and the hunters rushed along with them, trying not to miss the moment when the animal was overtaken. Elizabeth became the first russian empress who, together with men, took part in horse hunting. In a few decades, the presence of female hunters will no longer be unusual. The hunt will turn into a real holiday with a picnic in the fresh air. During the hunt, camping tents grew up in the fields, no less comfortable. Than palaces, guns thundered, music sounded, perfectly prepared dishes were served to the table. After a particularly successful hunt, the empress, as always , rested in her tent. But suddenly her attention was attracted by a handsome young man, whom she had never seen before in her retinue. Has changed. Elizabeth has a new one Public Administration in the empire is a favorite. The second person in the country was kamer junker Ivan Shuvalov. The empress was 40 years old, shuvalov was 22. Ivan shuvalov attracted elizabeths attention with his modest disposition, brilliant health, tall stature and good looks, but not only that. She was interested in him. Its time for the frivolous empress to become more serious. Peshuvalov, a wellread young man with a deep mind, was there at the right time. The empresss husband, count alexei grigorievich, had a lasting impact. And stopped going to the court, it was not easy for him to see someone else next to elizabeth. Razumovsky knew very well the character of his wife, he had to come to terms with her new choice, but he always wanted only one thing, to have elizabeth. Happy and only hoped that the young man would be worthy of the empresss love. Ivan shuvalov appeared in elizabeths life not by chance. He was hired into Court Service by his cousins, alexander and Pyotr Shuvalov, elizabeths old comrades from the coup. They had previously had enormous influence at court, but now it has become undivided. The younger brother Pyotr Shuvalov headed the government, the elder alexander, the secret chancellery. It was the shuvalovs who became the organizers of the major reforms of the elizabethan era, including the abolition of internal customs, which slowed down trade. Thanks to the reforms, traditional fairs, which were usually held in the fall after the harvest, received a new scope. For ordinary people, fairs were a real holiday; people from all over the area came to them to buy, sell, and have fun. Here you could find everything from grain and livestock to pottery trinkets. Church puppet theaters set up their booths at fairs. Card players and adventurers flocked here. And pickpockets, here they competed to see what they could do, wooed, fought and made peace in taverns and taverns. Over time, many Russian Fairs turned into large trading enterprises, similar to modern industrial exhibitions. Millions of transactions were concluded there, new breeds of livestock, modern cars and projects for new enterprises were demonstrated. In 1800. In the year fortysix the Nizhny Novgorod fair alone brought goods worth 57,214,906 rubles. And the amount sold was up to 49,549,377 rubles. Which amounted to approximately a fifth of all government revenues of the russian empire in 1857. People came here every year until the century, the demand for russian iron reached 100 of its production. This gave rise to a real industrial boom. Manufactories and factories developed rapidly. Elizabeth allowed the transfer of stateowned metallurgical plants into private hands. True, this concerned primarily the nobility. The new owners of large counts shuvalov, chernyshov, vorontsov became enterprises. All this ensured not only the wealth of the manufacturers, but also a continuous flow of money into the treasury. A Population Census was conducted and arrears in taxes were removed due to. The consequences of peter the greats endless wars. Elizabeths court, one of the most brilliant in europe, became a symbol not only of power, but of the cultural growth of the state. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna was a passionate builder. We owe to her the appearance of such pearls of russian architecture as the Winter Palace, petergov, the smolny fence and many others. During construction , elizabeth, together with the architect bartholomew rastreili, looked for the best options. The empress spared neither time nor money, including personal funds. One of rastrellis most luxurious palaces, anichkov, was built for Alexei Razumovsky. When the love that had bound razumovsky and elizabeth for so long passed, the secret husband of the empress retired from the court, lived in the anichkov palace, or in his hotel estate, razumovsky had already received gifts from fate so generous that they could not even dream of cossack son alyoshka rozy. We live now, visiting theaters, exhibitions, russia has become the country in which we have concerts, mass holidays and light shows, freely declaring our love to each other, its as if we are in contact with people in the 16th century, with a festive, merry era. However , the holiday cannot last forever; it was time for elizabeth to prove to the whole world that she was the daughter of great peter, not only by birth, but also by deeds. The bright glow of a new era, the era of enlightenment, was rising over the russian empire. After the death of peter the great, created by him the empire moved forward for several more years, as if by inertia, but the energy of transformation weakened, the court gravitated towards the usual life in moscow, there were years when the streets of the new capital of st. Petersburg were overgrown with grass due to the sparse population of its inhabitants. Tsarina Anna Ioannovna, the niece of peter i, surrounded herself with foreigners. And above all by the germans, it was they who took leading positions in the management of the empire and did not hesitate to say that the russians were not able to move forward on their own, primarily because they did not know how and did not want to learn, a nation that could not to join the family of enlightened peoples is doomed to lose state independence. But with the coming to power of Elizaveta Petrovna , times changed, everything russian was given momentum, and this direction came directly from the royal palace. Elizabeth continued where her great father left off. Just before his death, tsar peter established the Russian Academy of sciences, modeled on the one in paris. Elizabeth, about the academy. I havent forgotten science. The academy received new regulations, its monetary allowance was doubled, and a personal decree was announced on the printing of books on russian language, and a year later the first russian academician Mikhail Vasilyevich lomonosov appeared in russia. From childhood, he was overcome by a single desire to find out how. To enter the slavicgreeklatin academy, he had to pretend to be the son of a priest. The First Step Towards the dream has been taken. From there, among the best students, mikhail was called to the st. Petersburg academy of sciences to continue her education. However, there was no professor there for him. And the student lomanosov went to study mining and chemistry in germany. Vesel city marburg, city university, freestyle, mikhail was carried away by a wave of beer. Now he drinks famously in taverns and fortins and fights well. The venerable professor wolf wrote to st. Petersburg, a young man with excellent abilities, Mikhail Lomonosov diligently attended my lectures on mathematics and philosophy, and mainly physics, with special love he tried to acquire thorough knowledge. In response , the academy wrote to germany, not to give money, because if this happens. That the academy of sciences will never pay for such a debt one penny. But mikhail lomanosovs ordeal did not end there. After returning home, lomanosov submitted his dissertations to academicians. But months passed and there was no response to his work. To get rid of yesterdays student, he was assigned tedious and. Miscellaneous work, for a meager student salary, sorting out a collection of minerals, and would have missed lomonosov without a title or position, if not for an event that changed both mikhails future and the course of russian history. In december 1741 , tsesarevna elizabeth, with the support of officers preobrazhensky regiment carried out a coup detat and proclaimed herself empress. The accession of peters daughter to the throne inspired lomanosov. He immediately turned to the empress with an ode, and then proposed to open a Chemical Laboratory at the academy of sciences. And although his calls did not attract any attention, mikhailo was not used to retreating. He was so armored since the academy. Europe, empress Elizabeth Petrovna, and her secret husband, Alexei Razumovsky, was always next to her. But the years passed, and elizabeth began to realize with horror that youth passes. His cousin Pyotr Ivanovich shuvalov was a senator and was considered one of his closest associates. The eldest of the brothers, alexander, also a member of the senate, also held the position of head of the office of secret investigative affairs. The shuvalovs hoped that ivan, a handsome young man, would become their instrument of influence on the sovereign. However, ivan turned out to be not so simple. Elizabeth quickly appreciated the many wonderful qualities of her lover. Modest, not greedy, well educated. Very smart. Ivan shuvalov was born in moscow into a poor family. The father, an officer of the semenovsky regiment, was always on campaigns; the boy was raised by his mother, tatyana radionovna. Pokrovskaya found him a teacher in the village, and she was probably a natural russian, since the family had money for a foreigner. Didnt have. By the age of 14, ivan knew italian and french, mathematics, geometry, history and geography. The future commander Alexander Vasilyevich svorov studied with him from the same teacher. Alexander and ivan will maintain their friendship for life. Month after month passed. Ivan shuvalov did not disappear from the empresss chambers. His influence at court grew rapidly. Ivan gave elizabeth a second youth, awakened in her a desire to act, made her remember that she was the daughter of peter the great, and her duty to continue what her father did not have time to complete. Peter i sought to give russia the most advanced education system. He introduced the socalled training duty for nobles. All children of the upper classes of the empire were required to learn literacy, arithmetic and geometry. There was a cefir school in moscow, also known as a navigation school. The first russian Educational Institution for training of naval officers with the teaching of exact sciences, as well as a Hospital School where they taught surgical anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Diplomats and officials were trained by the slavicgreeklatin academy, where they studied foreign languages, including latingreek, philosophy, theology and rhetoric. Before his death , peter the great established the Russian Academy of sciences, to which foreign scientists were invited; there were no russians yet; the regulations stated that every professor and academician must have two students from russian students, however , only nobles were accepted into Educational Institutions; for peasant and merchant children, education remained inaccessible. Having awarded lomanosov the title of academician, his enemies hoped that he would calm down, but that was not the case. At the very first meeting, he started talking about the need to recruit new students from monastery schools and suggested writing. The empress listened absentmindedly to ivan, thought about something else, her father, having put his life on reforms and transformations in russia, never decided to whom he would transfer the throne, the country, the fruits of his works as a result, after his death , a crisis of the succession throne arose, which almost. Decided the thrones and herself. Elizabeth understood that it was her duty not to repeat the mistakes of her parent, and first of all to take care of the successor to the throne. Mixed with these sovereign concerns were simple female sadness. Elizabeth did not have her own children, at least legitimate ones, who could inherit the throne. There were rumors in st. Petersburg society that elizabeth had a son from Alexei Razumovsky and a daughter from Ivan Shuvalov. In this regard, after the death of Elizaveta Petrovna many impostors appeared. Who called themselves her children, the most famous among them was princess tarakanova, who especially presented herself as the daughter of empress Elizabeth Petrovna and razumovsky. During the reign of catherine ii, tarakanova was arrested, taken to st. Petersburg and died in captivity in the peter and paul fortress. Elizaveta petrovna called her from the german holstein. Only nephew, son of annes late sister, prince karl peter ulerich. A 14yearold boy was brought to st. Petersburg, named Peter Fedorovich in orthodoxy, and 7 november 1742, the young prince was declared heir to the russian throne. From now on , peter was commemorated in churches immediately after the empress. At the meeting. Not only did he kiss elizabeths hand, but she kissed his hand. However, the formal accounting that was given to pyotr fedorovich meant little in real political life. To the ninetieth birthday of yuri gagarin. 2 weeks after space flight to yuri gagarin. Invitations came from eighty countries. In rio de janeiro, the first astronauts car was lifted and carried in his arms. Interesting, really, such a performance of children , sports performances of children, very interesting dances, they flew to havana in a wild tropical downpour, so they drove in open cars together with. The queen invited Yuri Alekseevich to take a photo as a souvenir, although this is not provided for according to etiquette, she explained i took a picture with an unearthly man, gagarin, a man who came down from heaven. premiere, today on the first. You are holding yourself on your hands, on your legs, on your heels, on your legs, on your feet, on your arm, but you have insurance, no, you are without insurance, yes, there is such a truck, its beautiful, they also called it a cannibal, and there is a small one like a rabbit, youre fooling me now, okay, now i ll fool it back for you, fool me, try to repeat it, come on. Wrong, zhanna, come on, zhanna, the best, new season, tomorrow after the evening news. Sit down, the boy lost his parents early and was lonely in character. Closed. In germany, he was mostly surrounded by court officers, who, with cane discipline, instilled in him only a love for military drill and parades. No one was involved in the princes education. Elizabeth, struck by the unhealthy appearance of her nephews extreme ignorance, ordered special care for his health and development and herself chose to teach him. the upbringing and education of the heirs to the throne has always remained an important concern for the reigning house of romanov. Emperors paul and nicholas i will become excellent engineers, alexander i, an outstanding diplomat, alexander ii and his son Emperor Alexander ii will study legislation, statistics, finance, history, science, technology and chemistry. The education of nicholas ii will include a course in the state and economic departments of the university and a course at the academy of the general staff. Elizabeth herself had no particular interest in science, but she understood the importance of education for the future of the country. Ivan shuvalov tirelessly convinced her of the need to develop the education system, for which he would later be called the minister of the newborn russian education. The empress listened to his advice because she knew that vanya cared not about her own benefit, but about the good. State in 1744 issued a decree elizabeth on expanding the network of Primary Schools , the first gymnasiums were opened in moscow in kazan, but noble children still received primary education at home, professional foreign teachers were expensive and taught only in large cities or rich estates, so usually one. Teacher, in addition to the owners children, the children of his relatives and friends were taught, sometimes for free. The demand for home teachers far exceeded the supply. The frenchmen and frenchwomen were in full swing, taking everyone indiscriminately. From the time of Elizaveta Petrovna, french became the main language of communication in russian high society. More than 2 thousand french words have entered the russian language. Many of them are firmly fixed. In our speech, crew, dozen, driver, hat, duel, cutlet, menu, even jacket, everyday everyday clothing, always comes from the word toujour. For several years, due to political disagreements, there was no French Embassy in the capital of the russian empire, but when diplomatic relations were restored , a new ambassador arrived in st. Petersburg, his an amazing picture was revealed to our eyes it turned out that many noble gentlemen served as teachers and tutors, people hiding from the french police. Debtors and bankrupts, polygamous adventurers, including women, lived here. When the government decided to expel all these educators to their homeland, many of them fled from st. Petersburg to the russian provinces. University education, special attention was paid to the study of languages and humanities. For those who aspired to technical and commercial Higher EducationEducational Institutions, socalled real schools opened. There the main emphasis was on the study of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other exact and applied sciences. Having appointed teachers for. He learned russian history well and could count all the sovereigns from rurik to peter i without hesitation. He spent many hours in his library. But like every boy, in some lessons he was attentive, in others he missed the material, played naughty, yawned. Most of all he loved military affairs; watching a military parade brought him much more fun than studying, musical evenings or ballets. Elizabeth tried to invest in raising her nephew all the maternal love that she. Was not destined to share with her own children; one day , during a trip, peter fell ill with smallpox at an inn between moscow and st. Petersburg. Elizabeth, who was terrified of any infection and any threat to her own. Health ordered to immediately take her to the sick peter. For two weeks she remained inseparably at the tsarevichs bedside until the illness subsided. Only after that she returned to the capital to attend to state affairs. Remembering how much attention her father paid to the education of officers, Elizaveta Petrovna, of all Educational Institutions , especially singled out the land shlyaketsky cadet corps, opened under Anna Ioannovna. The building was located in one of the most beautiful buildings in st. Petersburg, in the former palace of alexander menshikov. The establishment became popular instantly. If 56 cadets arrived on the opening day, then after a few months their number increased to 352. Students arrived from their villages with servants and hunting dogs, and soon the inhabitants of the capital felt their youthful energy. The boys were shooting birds in the neighbors gardens. The covers of the palace were worn so much that when it rained, the roof of the building began to leak. There were not enough benches in the classrooms, and the first floors required repairs, the stoves smoked, even the cadets studied standing, but they created their own workshops within the corps, which carried out repairs, made furniture, and then teaching aids. The school had its own estate and received land from there. Both products and additional income. On the cadets table there was always ham, fried beef and lamb, cabbage soup, bashtets, pancakes, pies, light beer, kvass, and on fast days asitrina and fish soup. Studying was more difficult; almost none of the students knew foreign languages, and textbooks in russian for most subjects did not yet exist. There was no uniform Training Program for everyone; apart from the compulsory subjects, the cadets themselves chose what they would like to study. In 1810, Emperor Alexander i will open an Educational School in tsarskoe selo. An Institution Designed to prepare future highranking officials of the highest rank. Initially, it was assumed that the emperors younger brothers, nicholas, would study here along with the noble children. The future Emperor Nicholas ii and michael, but then abandoned these plans. It was from the walls of the tsarskoselo lyceum that outstanding diplomats, ministers, public figures and writers emerged. And among the first graduates was Alexander Sergeevich pushkin. Elizabeth completely completed everything that peter had planned in the field of education. Former kholmogory fisherman Mikhailo Lomonosov also remembered his duty to his father. In his youth, he left home without asking his fathers blessing, leaving his father vasily darofeevich alone in his dangerous business. For many years this act tormented mikhail. In his dreams, he often saw his father, he seemed to be immersed in childhood, he remembered how he was attracted by the mystery of the aurora, which his father. Said that this celestial forest raises snow dust with its tail, and once he saw something completely wonderful, then his father was lying alone on a small island in the middle of the white sea. Lomonosov often visited the fish rows, looking for fellow villagers to inquire about the fate of his parent. Finally he learned that his father had gone to sea and never returned. Mikhailo told his fellow villagers look on the one island where he and i once barely survived. his father was found exactly where mikhailo saw him in a dream, on a small Deserted Island in the middle of the white sea, he was buried there, vasily dorofeevich will never know who his only son became and what he achieved. We had with us, the lines of his monologues became aphorisms never be polite the stupidity of enemies and the loyalty of friends. Yes, well said, its simply amazing to be friends with him, because hes smart, brilliant , he commented on everything very much, he spent a day, he came out educated, you can kiss him, no, no, i once told him, mikhal mikhailovich, you know that you genius, he simply told me, yes, clark, i know, i was confused. This march , at the age of 11, i couldnt understand what this was saying its the 90th anniversary of the birth of mikhail zhvanetsky, i remember how everyone froze at home, turned on the tape recorder, recorded zhvanetsky, and man, in the hall people were happy, in my house they were happy, this is not prose, this is poetry, zhvanetskys dictionary is the dictionary of the country, our exclusive today is the wife, son and friends of the satirist, about his work in my last conversation with him, the main advice , which my dad gave me, he told me the name. That is, do what you want. Exclusive with dmitry borisov. Premiere, tomorrow on the first. He will bring a flash drive, an electronic key, and money can be sent remotely. I understand, well, you guys are generally magicians. Clung onto other peoples money and divide it. I took a share for my services, he took his. Corruption . I dont understand, corruption, in english, bribery. Corruption is decaying, oh, i feel the money they are sharing, the question is whose , isnt it mine, how much does he have where he has it, im not going to rob my father, transfer it through the maidan, the premiere is from march 11 on the first, the master decided to do legs, grandmothers are brought out, lets drive in the wild boar. In memory of his father , lomonosov continued to fight for knowledge to be accessible to everyone, from the nobleman to the simple peasant and fisherman, he did not leave his dream of creating the first real russian university, but at the st. Petersburg academy of sciences, lomanosovs idea caused more ridicule than sympathy. The only hope was for the help of a new friend, Ivan Shuvalov, in whom lomonosov found not only a likeminded person and ally, but also a person who had a real opportunity to bring the University Project to life. Shuvalov so captivated the empress with the idea of the university that she dutifully and in detail discussed with him the charter of the new one. Travel to residents of the outskirts, accommodation in moscow it was much cheaper than in st. Petersburg, an important factor for people who are not rich. And finally, the large number of inhabitants of the empire. January was the name day of his mother, tatyana romanovna. Ivan really wanted to please his mother with his appointment to the position of curator of the russian university. Since then, the holy martyr tatiana has been considered the patroness of russian students. And tatyanas day, which according to the new style now falls on january 25, began to be celebrated as a holiday for all students and graduates of higher Educational Institutions. Moscow university initially had three faculties law, medicine, philosophy, mathematics and physics within the latter. The Training Programs included gymnastics, physical education, and for those interested, horse riding and fencing. People were accepted to study without distinction of class, even serfs, if the landowner agreed to pay for their education and provide it. At the university was equivalent to public and military service, length of Service Began from the first day of study, and those who successfully graduated from the university were awarded the first officer rank. Thus, the highest education henceforth guaranteed personal nobility to any subject of the empire. Elizabeth issued one decree after another in support of the new endeavor. On permission for the university to have a printing house, a bookstore, and publish a newspaper. Moscow university turned into the largest Cultural Center of the empire. A library was opened where everyone could read on wednesdays and saturdays from 2 to 5 p. M. The University Printing house began mass production of inexpensive textbooks. 30 years ago , the first officers, sailors, and engineers who received education abroad, and now the best students of Moscow University appeared before the empress. Its a huge honor; some boys, studio students, were awarded it. Elizabeth was able to demonstrate to her subjects the prestige of knowledge. All graduates of Moscow University received officer ranks. With the right to choose any regiment for service, this made a huge impression on the country and society. The very first graduates of the imperial Moscow University gave russia outstanding scientists, writers and statesmen, including the first russian professor of medicine, semyon zabelin, author of the first course of lectures on poetics in russia, dmitry anechkov, the first russian. Professor of law semyon desnitsky, archaeographer and publisher nikolai bantysh kamensky, famous writer and translator denis fonvezin. During the patriotic war of 1812, the moscow fire destroyed the university building. Everything that they did not have time to evacuate burned to the ground, the library and a number of valuable collections were especially badly damaged. Then the professors made. An open appeal to society asking for help, it became clear what place Moscow University occupies in the minds of russian people. In a short time , the total amount of donations exceeded 1 million rubles. The money was colossal for that time, and this despite the fact that many townspeople themselves lost both their homes and their fortunes. After 13 years , the university again had a library of 30,000 volumes. A herbarium with 21 thousand plants, a botanical garden, chemical and anatomical rooms. By 1917 , there were 120 higher Educational Institutions in russia, including 11 universities, and also 123,745 primary, but this was clearly not enough Primary School enrollment for children aged 8 to 11 years was only 30. 1 in the russian empire. In russia there were 59 students per 100 people of the total population, while in the uk there were 152. In germany 175, in the usa 213 people. By 1975, there were already 856 universities operating in the ussr, including 65 universities. In terms of the number of students per 10 thousand people , the ussr significantly exceeded great britain, germany, france, and japan. Elizabeth could be proud of the first generation russian students, but in her own family there was nothing to be happy about. Grand duke pyotr fedorovich received a full course of sciences necessary for the heir, but at the same time remained a big child, quarrelsome, unbalanced, and limited. Yes, besides, brought up among german officers, he hated everything russian. It got to the point that during the sevenyear war between russia and prussia, peter openly called the prussian king his idol, wishing him victory. It is no wonder that the heir was not loved at court. Elizabeth knew about this, what would happen to the state when peter ii will ascend to the russian throne. To change anything in the matter of the throne. In love for your country. Russian challenge. Tournament of the strongest skaters. Live stream. Today is the first one. Of all the civilizations living on the planet today, the oldest is chinese. And almost always, china has been both the most populous country and the first economy in the world. We can remember the famous travel book of marco pola, an italian merchant with a huge. Described in amazement the power and level of Economic Development that he observed in chinese cities at the end of the 13th century, famous monochronic painting, chinese poetry, sophisticated literature, china, of course , was ahead of almost all countries in sophistication, after the end of the Second World War , the soviet union immediately took patronage over china, more than 10 thousand specialists from the soviet union worked in china and created almost all modern chinese economics, one of the first decisions after he became the leader of china, was the creation of an institute for the study of bukharins ideas, so that the chinese model of nepa operates in china. Premiere of civilization, film seventh. China, on wednesday, on the first. The seven years war began in 1756 as a conflict between two military alliances. Russia, austria, france on the one hand, and england, prussia and ne. Europe, america, africa, asia. This war became one of the largest conflicts of the 17th11th centuries. Winston churchel even called it the first world war. Russia and prussia remained irreconcilable opponents in this war. After several years of exhausting war in the very center of europe, the russian army won two thunderclaps. Victory over pRussian Troops. In august 1757 in the battle of grossegersdorf, and 2 years later at the battle of kunersdorf. In january 1758, Russian Troops took konecksberg. It was then that , together with all the residents of the city, professor at the university of koenecksberg, philosopher immanuel kahn swore allegiance to empress Elizabeth Petrovna. For the new lands , a special silver coin was minted with the inscription Elizabeth Queen of prussia. Finally in 1760. The russianaustrian detachment occupied berlin; undoubted successes were paid at a high price. The russian army lost in battles the sevenyear war, according to various estimates, from 60 to 138 thousand people. Despite this, having come to power after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, peter ii renounced all territorial conquests. But her relationship with her husband did not work out, and Elizaveta Petrovna was most worried about the fact that the grand ducal couple had no children. The 16th century did not allow a woman to occupy a position either in government activities, or in science, or in production. Her destiny remained home and family, and empress elizabeth herself preferred balls and holidays, however, it was she who gave impetus to another type of education, which neither her father nor her great contemporary, Mikhailo Lomonosov, even thought about. Namely womens education. By decree of 1754 , obstetric schools were established in moscow and st. Petersburg, which allowed girls to receive primary medical education. Under elizabeth, the first private pensions for girls appeared. In 1764 , catherine ii issued a decree establishing an Educational Society for noble maidens, known as the smolny institute. The history of mankind has already was approaching the 20th century, and womens right to Higher Education remained a matter of debate throughout the world. In russia, a compromise was found by organizing higher womens courses at universities. The first russian women, doctors, teachers, writers, and scientists received their education in st. Petersburg, moscow, kazan, kiev and other cities. Ivan shuvalov has another area of activity the academy of arts. Her first students began to be trained at Moscow University, for which a special class was organized. Future artists sculptors were taught not only foreign languages, but also instrumental music and singing. Neither the age nor the origin of candidates matters when enrolling in the academy. Was taken into account. Only talents. Under catherine ii. The Imperial Academy of arts received a new building on the University Embankment in st. Petersburg. In 1765 , the first academicians from russian graduates were elected. Architect bozhenov, painters rokotov, golovachevsky, kozlov, sablukov. In the future, they will become full members of the academy. Igor grobar, the vosnetsov and mokovsky brothers, vasily surikov, valentin sirov, Arkhip Kuinzhi and other outstanding artists, sculptors and architects. In 1754, to the extraordinary joy of elizabeth , a longawaited heir was born to the grand ducal couple. Tsesarevich, pavel petrovich. The empress immediately took him to her chambers, without thinking about the feelings of the young mother deprived of her baby. Elizabeth literally smothered little pavel with her care. He was always surrounded by a crowd of nannies, wrapped up too warmly, deprived of fresh air and outdoor games. Grand duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna was almost not allowed to see her son. And this will subsequently seriously affect her communication with her son and the character of pavel himself. But even the birth of a child did not bring peter and catherine closer. Their relationship was getting worse. Elizaveta petrovna knew about this, but she was no longer able to correct anything. In 1757, leaving the church of the catherine palace, fortyeightyearold elizabeth. Petrovna suddenly fainted. This happened in front of many people, causing a wave of rumors about the serious illness of the empress. Over time, fainting and convulsive attacks began to become more frequent. The empress almost never left her chambers. The only people elizabeth allowed to see her during her illness were Alexei Razumovsky. Fedorovich that the new reign did not take the word from the heir to the throne peter and would affect her close friends, ivan shevbalov and Alexei Razumovsky. The empress died right on christmas, in those minutes when the festive liturgy began throughout russia, she died calmly, like a christian, saying goodbye and blessing her family. Next new day Emperor Peter ii was visited by count alexei grigorievich razumovsky to renounce all ranks and ask permission to leave the court forever. On the same day, Ivan Shuvalov returned to the treasury a chest of money that the empress had given him shortly before his death. Ivan ivanovich shuvalov went to france and spent some time staying with his old friend voltaire. He lived for a long time in italy, where he collected a collection of paintings and sculptures. Returning to st. Petersburg , he hosted a famous literary conference. He retained only one curator Moscow University he remained until the end of his life. Academician Mikhail Vasilyevich lomanosov created the molecular kinetic theory, which will form the basis of the second law of thermodynamics. He was elected an honorary member of the stockholm Bologna Academy of sciences. In addition to chemistry, physics, astronomy, geology, metallurgy, literature, history, he included geography in his circle of interests, compiled a new russian atlas, published an essay on the northern sea route, at the same time he was engaged in the organization of a gymnasium at the university, and continued to defend the right lower classes for education, his father could be proud of his unlucky, galshtinsky prince, who did not like russia, and he himself could not be tolerated either at court or in the army, which meant that new upheavals awaited the empire. We transmit a message about a human flight, minute readiness, outer space, one, ignition, lets go. Hello, dear tv viewers, hello and welcome to st. Petersburg. Today you and i will witness an amazing action, an action that has no analogues in the world. Today the sport of great art will come together, this is figure skating, this is a tournament called the russian challenge, and you will be able to enjoy the most