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Published: May 6, 2021 at 5:43 pm Napoleon’s coronation took place in the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris, on 2 December 1804. Clad from head to toe in satin and diamonds, he marched up the aisle, wearing high-heeled shoes and carrying the sceptre of Charlemagne in his right hand. Advertisement He was received by the Pope, who had travelled from Rome for the enthronement. In a ceremony that was partly religious but mostly secular, Napoleon was crowned with a diadem of gold laurel leaves designed to make him look like a Roman emperor. He placed the crown firmly on his own head at the climax of the proceedings, rather than receive it from the Catholic Church, as custom demanded. The Pope looked on with barely suppressed disapproval. ....
The disastrous effects of the Russian invasion on Napoleon Bonaparte’s Grand Army ( Grande Armée) are well known. Less known are the reasons for their defeat. Genetic evidence proves that Pediculus humanus corporis, otherwise known as body lice, had a key role in the debacle, although the Russian resistance, brutal weather and the lack of food and water contributed to its decimation. Researchers from the University of the Mediterranean, Marseille, France, led by Dr. Didier Raoult, unearthed a bag of material containing 2 kg of bone fragments, clothing remnants, and segments of body lice from soldiers buried in a mass grave in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Analysis of the material proved that almost one-third of those buried there were affected by louse-born infections such as typhus and trench fever. ....
Jan 15, 2021 The first medical system to care for soldiers wounded in battle was created by Dominque-Jean Larrey (1766-1842), a surgeon in Napoleon’s Grand Army. Larrey saw that men were dying of treatable wounds because there was no mechanism for retrieving them until the fighting was over. He organized an ambulance system that brought men from the battlefield to mobile hospitals behind the lines. Priority was given to soldiers who would die without immediate medical treatment. This was the first step in the development of medical triage from the French “trier,” to pick or sort. In 1846, British surgeon John Wilson (1780-1856) approached the sorting of wounded soldiers in a different manner with a different goal. Wilson believed army surgeons should initially focus on men who needed immediate treatment and for whom that treatment was likely to be successful that is, would save their lives. Of secondary importance were the less seriously wounded and tho ....