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The Environmental Impact of Syria's Conflict: A Preliminary Survey of Issues – Arab Reform Initiative


Introduction
The Syrian conflict has entered its tenth year, with a devastating humanitarian and economic toll: the death of 384,000-593,000 people as of December 2020; the forced displacement of an estimated 13.5 million people, almost half of whom are displaced internally, struggling to survive; economic loss of $428 billion from 2011 to 2018 (six times the GDP in 2010); depreciation of the Syrian lira (now 13 times less valuable than before the conflict); high unemployment; the destruction of physical property, including homes, infrastructure, hospitals, schools; and the reality of 90% of the population living below the poverty line. Yet the war has also resulted in significant environmental destruction – a form of damage that receives less attention but represents major potential harm with long-term negative consequences on public health, the economy, and peace itself, and which must be central to any post-conflict relief or reconstruction effort. ....

Al Ladhiqiyah , France General , Dhi Qar , United States , British Columbia , Al Qahirah , World Bank , District Of Columbia , Al Qunaytirah , Syrian Arab Republic , Omars Dahi , Jacques Vercueil , Raja Rehan , Twan Vuuren , Batoul Novotny , Mohammed Harsanyie , Sami Alshihabi , Samer Hennawi , Swapan Kiwan , Hazem Ghassan , Mike Hulme , Lattakia Markaz , Clifford Noije , Jan Selby , Juan Sagardoy , Karam Talukdar ,