The article presented below was published to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Carnation Revolution. It explains how the Socialist Party and the Communist Party of Portugal, assisted by pseudo-left groups that served as appendages to the main labour bureaucracies, were responsible for its defeat.
A bloodless army coup in Lisbon fifty years ago changed the world as much as it reshaped Portugal. The Carnation Revolution triggered, what Samuel Huntington calls, the “third wave of democratisation”
An analysis of the end of the Salazar and Franco regimes and the transition crises that marked " the last major working class upsurges in the West in the era of the big factory".
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