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Peter Paul Rubens, (born June 28, 1577, Siegen, Nassau, Westphalia [Germany] died May 30, 1640, Antwerp, Spanish Netherlands [now in Belgium]), Flemish painter who was the greatest exponent of Baroque painting’s dynamism, vitality, and sensuous exuberance. Though his masterpieces include portraits and landscapes, Rubens is perhaps best known for his religious and mythological compositions. As the impresario of vast decorative programs, he presided over the most famous painter’s studio in Europe. His powers of invention were matched by extraordinary energy and versatility. Rubens was born in the German town of Siegen, in Westphalia. His father, Jan Rubens, a lawyer and alderman
Eighty Years’ War, (1568–1648), the war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic). The first phase of the war began with two unsuccessful invasions
The biggest, bloodiest, most implacable of all the wars which have been raged since the beginning of the world. - Fernando Giron, Spanish Councillor of.