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GAFA – Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple – and the inability of
ex post enforcement of competition law to prevent potential anticompetitive conduct by these firms.
[2] Several European jurisdictions are currently considering an overhaul of their competition policy approach towards dominant companies in the digital economy. A common theme is that competition authorities or newly created
digital markets agencies could be given the power to regulate dominant companies with a
gatekeeper
status. As an important first step in this new regulatory approach, policymakers in various jurisdictions have specified the criteria for identifying the firms, or
gatekeepers, that are to be subject to regulation. ....

New York , United States , United Kingdom , City Of , San Francisco , Natasha Lomas , Marc Rysman , Rima Alaily , Vivek Mani , Jason Furman , Philipp Bongartz , Michael Katz , Lapo Filistrucchi , Council On Contestable , Cartel Office , Professor Of Economics At Boston University , App Store Principles To Promote Choice , Regulation Of The European Parliament , Competition Policy International , American Express , European Commission , Cartel Office Bundeskartellamt , American Express Co , Supreme Court , Principal At Cornerstone Research , New York Times ,