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This study examines the effects of greenfield foreign direct investment, mergers and acquisitions, and net foreign direct investment inflows, on carbon dioxide emissions in 68 countries from 1996 to 2018. The investigation adopts an augmented Stochastic Impacts by Regression on the Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) framework and employs an instrumental variable approach and instrumental variable-quantile regression models for the sampled nations. Whilst several Foreign Direct Investment entry modes are shown to have varying effects, the results demonstrate that capital inflows via greenfield foreign direct investment and net foreign direct investment raise emissions in all nations, confirming the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. Also, the unrestricted inflows of capital via greenfield projects could increase environmental degradation overtime and the detrimental impact could spread to other sectors of the economy. Moreover, our study demonstrates that capital inflow through cr

Stochastic impactsForeign direct investmentPollution havenGreenfield investmentNstrumental variables approachMerger and acquisition