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Frontiers | The Conjugated Ionospheric Anomalies Preceding the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake

We present the conjugated ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomalies prior to the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake, Japan, observed by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations in northern Australia. The onset time of the anomaly, determined by the Akaike’s information criterion, is 41.5 minutes before the earthquake in Australia, which is very close to the time observed in Japan. The positive TEC anomalies in Australia emerged on the same longitude as the land area of NE Japan. This supports the model that electric fields within the ionosphere redistributed the electrons immediately before large earthquakes. However, the observed anomaly is shifted equatorward by ~500 km reflecting the difference in physical mechanisms between the two hemispheres. We also found that the geomagnetic declination near the conjugate point simultaneously started to change ~40 minutes before the earthquake, but its physical implication is yet to be explored. ....

Japan Trench , Japan General , Iv Region , Central Chile , Chile General , Earth Observation Network , National Natural Science Foundation Of China , Research Funds For The Central Universities , Global Navigation Satellite System , Observation Network , Medium Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances , Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances , Reference Curves , Onset Times , Global Positioning System , Southwestern Australia , Western Australia , Physical Models , Preseismic Ionospheric , Supplementary Material , National Natural Science Foundation , Fundamental Research Funds , Central Universities , First Ionospheric Images , Seismic Fault Slip , Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbance ,

Frontiers | Integrating Multidisciplinary Observations in Vent Environments (IMOVE): Decadal Progress in Deep-Sea Observatories at Hydrothermal Vents

The unique ecosystems and biodiversity associated with mid-ocean ridge (MOR) hydrothermal vent systems contrast sharply with surrounding deep-sea habitats, however both may be increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activity (e.g., mining activities at massive sulphide deposits). Climate change can alter the deep-sea through increased bottom temperatures, loss of oxygen, and modifications to deep water circulation. Despite the potential of these profound impacts, the mechanisms enabling these systems and their ecosystems to persist, function and respond to oceanic, crustal, and anthropogenic forces remain poorly understood. This is due primarily to technological challenges and difficulties in accessing, observing and monitoring the deep-sea. In this context, the development of deep-sea observatories in the 2000s focused on understanding the coupling between sub-surface flow and oceanic and crustal conditions, and how they influence biological processes. Deep-sea observatories provide ....

United States , France General , United Kingdom , San Diego , Caribbean Sea , Belize General , Jan Mayen , Noord Holland , Middle Valley , New South Wales , Pacific City , Champagne Ardenne , Jina Mousseau , Van Audenhaege , Van Ark , Nadine Lebris , Mirocaris Fortunata , Johnp Tully , Guillaume Roullet , Charcos Llorens , Jerome Dyment , Catherine Borremans , Greace Crystle , Arctic Ocean , Nitratiruptoraceae Rommevaux , Pacific Ocean ,