Sanitation by-products (i.e.
greywater, human urine and toilet compost) reuse for agriculture
presents an opportunity to enhance food security while overcoming water
scarcity and fertilizers issues in developing countries. However, the risks to
health from farmers and consumers’ exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms
persistent in sanitation by-products has hindered their popularity in these
regions. This study was conducted to apply a quantitative microbial risk
assessment to estimate the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection associated with these sanitation by-products
reuse for lettuce production and explore options for health risk reduction.
Risk was performed a Monte Carlo simulation
for farmers and consumers. The exposure routes were contaminated soil
ingestion, urine/greywater/compost ingestion and lettuce consumption without
washing. Results showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella through ingestion contaminated soil associated with
urine an
CALL FOR PAPERS
30 July 2021.
Tatiane De Oliveira Elias (Independent Scholar)
Online Panel
The theme of this session is art and social resistance in Latin America and Caribbean in the era of post colonialism and global/glocal perspective. We will therefore look at Latin America and Caribbean contemporary artists whose work blends art, politics, democracy, resistance and identity. Artists in different contexts, and particularly in Latin America and Caribbean countries, have increasingly positioned themselves to usher in political and social change, in areas ranging from climate change and dictatorship to human rights. The current political crises, the coronavirus 19 pandemic crisis and its consequences for the Latin America economy and democracy, as well as the social struggles that lead to large influxes of Latin America migrants into the United States, Europa and Australia and massive flow of immigration from Venezuela, Nicaragua and Haiti has inspired many artists.