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Experts highlight the role of NMDA and AMPA receptors in major depressive disorder (MDD) and how new therapies are targeting novel mechanisms of action. ....
Clinicians discuss the effects of glutamate modulation on neuroplasticity, memory, and cognitive function, highlighting their role in improving overall wellness for their patients. ....
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious psychiatric disorder, affecting over 264 million people globally. Despite its devastating and widespread burden, our current understanding of MDD neurobiology is limited. A growing body of evidence, largely obtained from peripheral studies, suggests that alterations in the kynurenine pathway contribute to the aetiology of MDD and disorders involving psychosis. Activation of the kynurenine pathway leads to the formation of neuroactive metabolites via two main branches, including kynurenic acid (primarily in astrocytes) and quinolinic acid (primarily in microglia). Peripheral evidence indicates an increased potential for neurotoxic activity of the kynurenine pathway, however, the impact of kynurenine pathway dysfunction in the brain in MDD is unclear. Furthermore, kynurenine metabolites interact with the glutamatergic system, which is also proposed to be dysfunctional in MDD. Given the ability of the kynurenine metabolites to both activate and ....