These are completely counterfactual. Speed mac. The fed used to have reserves and one of the changes is that now they can pay it and they look at the new tool of the interest rate. And number of people to put this in context a number of people have been arguing one of the problems in terms of Funding Investment in the private sector is that the fed is taking the money out of the system by paying interest on reserves. I think there is very little evidence that that is the case created the design of the policy was primarily to make sure that there was control over the rate to keep the fund rate is much narrower than they had been. Remember that as a time when it was all over the place. It seemed to have worked quite effectively, and i think the evidence to that policy is pretty positive. The evidence against it in terms of its longterm effect is minimal. That doesnt mean that it couldnt be used to harm the private sector by taking the money out of the economy because they have discretion
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