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Redefining Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy Image Credit: Micha Weber/Shutterstock.com Conventional fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) relies on point-to-point scanning of a tightly focused illumination beam across the sample to form an image, impeding rapid imaging. To overcome this limitation, researchers from Japan and the USA have developed scan-less wide-field imaging methods that can image fluorescence lifetime at unprecedented speeds and capture ultrafast transient phenomena relevant to biomedical research and life sciences. FLIM is an imaging technique that creates spatially resolved images of a fluorophore (fluorescent molecule used as a marker) lifetime. The fluorescence lifetime is an intrinsic property of the fluorophore, which describes, on average, how rapidly the fluorophore s excited state decays. ....
What is Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy? Confocal fluorescence microscopy is a commonly used optical imaging method in biology, combining fluorescence imaging with confocal microscopy for increased optical resolution. This article will discuss the principles of fluorescence and confocal microscopes, and describe the stages of fluorophore selection and sample preparation. Image Credit: Micha Weber / Shutterstock.com What is fluorescence? Fluorescence is the process by which a photon is absorbed, and another of slightly lower energy, and therefore longer wavelength, is subsequently emitted. Under normal circumstances, the electrons of a fluorophore (a molecule capable of fluorescence) are in a low-energy ground state, which when excited by interaction with an incident photon may be promoted to a higher energy level. ....
The Minimum Wage in Every State in 2021 The Minimum Wage in Every State in 2021 The federal minimum wage may not change in 2021, but many states have plans to increase their wage requirements. Dobo Kristian / Shutterstock.com It’s been more than a decade since the federal minimum wage was increased. First enacted by Congress in 1938 at 25 cents per hour, the minimum wage last received a boost in 2009 when it went from $6.55 to $7.25. Despite calls to institute a $15 per hour minimum wage, it seems unlikely to change in 2021 either. While the federal minimum wage has been stagnant for a decade, many states have enacted their own, higher minimum wage requirements. More than half of states have a minimum wage that is greater than the federal one, and workers in 20 states will see the wage increase further in 2021. ....
Forensic Applications of Fluorescent Microscopy Image Credit: Micha Weber / Shutterstock.com How is microscopy used in forensics? A forensic investigation on determining the cause of death often depends upon the analysis of the evidence of the time since death, otherwise known as the postmortem interval (PMI). While several macroscopic observations can be utilized to determine the PMI, microscopy techniques, particularly electron microscopy (EM), can provide more accurate PMI estimates. For example, EM has successfully been used to study morphological alterations in human nerves to assess what stage of myelin degradation has occurred. Several subtypes of EM like transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have also been used to provide information on the cause of death. More specifically, TEM has been used to detect ultrastructural changes in the myocardium and study alterations in skin morphology and mentalization that resulted from suspected cases of electrocution ....