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Umar I, the second Muslim caliph (from 634). Umar transformed the Islamic state from an Arabian principality into a world power, conquering Mesopotamia and Syria and beginning the conquest of Iran and Egypt. Throughout this expansion, Umar closely controlled policy for administering the conquered lands. ....
Umar I, the second Muslim caliph (from 634). Umar transformed the Islamic state from an Arabian principality into a world power, conquering Mesopotamia and Syria and beginning the conquest of Iran and Egypt. Throughout this expansion, Umar closely controlled policy for administering the conquered lands. ....
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