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Large rivers are important components of continental landforms. Growth and development of early human civilization occurred in large fertile valleys. The origin, evolution, and physiography of many rivers depend primarily, but not always, on plate tectonics. Large rivers are characterized by low-intensity planforms. Flood pulses and sediment transfer in floods commonly travel both longitudinally and transversely in large rivers, whereas in smaller rivers floods commonly move downstream. Large rivers are huge systems that transfer water and sediment from the continents to the oceans. Many major rivers have undergone extremely large shifts in discharge due to climate change or meltwater floods at the end of the Pleistocene and in Early Holocene. The chapter also provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.
The newly revised Second Edition of Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management delivers a thoroughly updated exploration of the form and function of major rivers. The book brings together a set of papers on the large rivers of the world, offering readers an insightful examination of a demanding subject. The new Second Edition of the book includes fully updated and revised chapters, as well as two entirely new chapters on the Ayeyarwady and the Arctic rivers.
Multiple channel rivers characterized by stable islands that divide flows at bankfull are termed anabranching. They consist of a diverse group ranging from low energy with organic and/or fine clastic alluvial floodplains (anastomosing rivers), to high-energy gravel systems, with some carved into bedrock. Anabranching is not as common as single channel meandering or braiding but it nevertheless occurs widely in rivers from the subarctic to the tropics and from humid alpine to lowland arid regions. There are even examples on Mars. Importantly, it is the dominant pattern on the world’s largest alluvial rivers, suggesting that there is a size that a single-channel system cannot exceed and remain stable. Modeling and empirical research have shown that the introduction of islands reduces width/depth ratios and this enhances bed shear stress and associated sediment transport over gradients that would otherwise be insufficient for system stability. The same modeling reveals that in underload
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