Sanitation by-products (i.e.
greywater, human urine and toilet compost) reuse for agriculture
presents an opportunity to enhance food security while overcoming water
scarcity and fertilizers issues in developing countries. However, the risks to
health from farmers and consumers’ exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms
persistent in sanitation by-products has hindered their popularity in these
regions. This study was conducted to apply a quantitative microbial risk
assessment to estimate the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection associated with these sanitation by-products
reuse for lettuce production and explore options for health risk reduction.
Risk was performed a Monte Carlo simulation
for farmers and consumers. The exposure routes were contaminated soil
ingestion, urine/greywater/compost ingestion and lettuce consumption without
washing. Results showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella through ingestion contaminated soil associated with
urine an