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Background: Drowning accounts for hundreds of preventable deaths in Canada every year, but the impact of preexisting medical conditions on the likelihood of death from drowning is not known. We aimed to describe the prevalence of pre-existing medical conditions among people who fatally drowned in Canada and evaluate the risk of fatal drowning among people with common pre-existing medical conditions. Methods: We reviewed all Canadian unintentional fatal drownings (2007–2016) in the Drowning Prevention Research Centre Canada’s database. For each fatal drowning we established whether the person had pre-existing medical conditions and whether those conditions contributed to the drowning. We calculated relative risk (RR) of fatal drowning stratified by age and sex for each pre-existing medical condition using data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System. Results: During 2007–2016, 4288 people fatally drowned unintentially in Canada, of whom one-third had a pre-existing

International classification of diseasesPrevention research centre canadaPublic health agency of canadaHealth research ethics board of albertaDrowning prevention research centre canadaCanadian chronic disease surveillanceCanadian chronic disease surveillance systemPublic health agencyInternational classificationHealth research ethics boardOpen accessCreative commons attribution