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The thin White Etching Layers (WELs) commonly exist on the surfaces of different rail grades in railway networks worldwide. Although the formation of WELs has been the subject of interest for a few decades, precise conclusions on their formation mechanisms are still in argument. Two popular hypotheses for WEL formation have been proposed concerning thermomechanically/thermally-induced and mechanically-induced WELs, respectively. Each type of WELs was formed in different operating conditions and had different microstructure, hardness, composition, and WEL/pearlite interface features. The investigations on ex-service rails reveal that WELs promote crack initiation and propagation due to their brittleness, high hardness, ultra-fine microstructure, residual compressive stress, the difference in thermal expansion, and abrupt transition behaviors at WEL/pearlite interface. The sub-surface cracks developed from the WELs stimulate rolling contact fatigue (RCF) defects, such as squat, stud, and ....
White Etching Layers (WELs) were found to form on different rail grades in the railway networks across the world. The presentence of WELs on the rail promotes rolling contact fatigue defects, which is detrimental to railway transportation safety. However, the formation and evolution of WELs on different rail grades are not fully understood, as is their contribution to the formation of RCF defects on different rail grades. The extensive field monitoring, laboratory experiment, and material characterization were carried out to systematically investigate the formation mechanism and evolution of WELs on Standard Carbon (SC) rail and Head Hardened (HH) rail, which are widely used for passenger and freight transportation. The long-term field monitoring provides evidence that the formation and distribution of WELs are influenced by repeated rolling contact during the service, and HH rail presents a susceptibility to form WELs more than SC rail. The characterization of thermally induced WELs i ....
India’s leading steel maker Steel Authority of India Limited will produce small volumes of head hardened steel rails, which needs special heat processing to ....
All rails have been imported from Japan through M/s. Mitsui last year in three lots. The installation work and construction of track work have been assigned to M/s Larsen & Toubro. ....
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