Abstract. When the Black Death struck Western Europe in late 1347, city dwellers across the region were already practising public health, in part by building, m
New beech leaves, Gribskov Forest in the northern part of Sealand, Denmark. Malene Thyssen, Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link.
John Bellamy Foster is the editor of
Monthly Review and a professor of sociology at the University of Oregon. Brett Clark is associate editor of
Monthly Review and a professor of sociology at the University of Utah. Hannah Holleman is a director of the Monthly Review Foundation and an associate professor of sociology at Amherst College.
“The old Greek philosophers,” Frederick Engels wrote in
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, “were all born natural dialecticians.”
1 Nowhere was this more apparent than in ancient Greek medical thought, which was distinguished by its strong materialist and ecological basis. This dialectical, materialist, and ecological approach to epidemiology (from the ancient Greek