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The Dynamic Relationship Between Global Debt And Output

The Dynamic Relationship Between Global Debt And Output
The global economy has reached record levels of indebtedness, to the concern of researchers and policymakers. On the one hand, debt can be beneficial by smoothing out consumption and accelerating capital accumulation, and thus contributing to economic output. On the other hand, rising debt increases debt service costs and can potentially expose countries to financial risks and lower output. In particular, a large expansion of debt can be associated with a significant economic contraction that can last for years.
Global debt as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) has been on an upward trend for decades (see figure 1). Rising debt levels are occurring across developed and developing countries in both the public and private sectors. Despite the overall global trends, patterns of debt vary by sector and a country’s level of economic development.[1] For example, in the private sector - comprising firms and households ....

United States , Ryan Chen , Jing Zhang , Hyun Jung Kim , Eatzaz Ahmad , Caroline Beetz Fenske , Kenneths Rogoff , Stepheng Cecchetti , Fabrizio Zampolli , Marco Bernardini , Xuan Changyong , Gita Gopinath , Mark Aguiar , Carmenm Reinhart , Moritz Schularick , Muhammad Ramzan , Luca Ricci , Alanm Taylor , Sun Jun , Catherine Pattillo , Philipr Lane , International Monetary Fund , Federal Reserve Bank , International Settlements , Journal Of International Economics , Organization Of The Petroleum Exporting Countries ,

The Increasing Importance Of Services Expenditures And The Dampening Effect On Global Trade

The Increasing Importance Of Services Expenditures And The Dampening Effect On Global Trade
from the Chicago Fed
Globalization, particularly through international trade in goods, has helped to foster the creation of tremendous amounts of wealth and prosperity across much of the globe while lifting sizable portions of the world’s population out of poverty. In particular, the latter half of the twentieth century delivered unprecedented rates of increased economic integration among many countries. Access to global markets supported the industrialization of emerging economies and opened up new markets for firms in wealthier countries. As a result of the expansion of international trade and competition, consumers in rich and poor countries alike gained in terms of greater purchasing power, better-quality products, and more product varieties. ....

Jing Zhang , South Korea , United States , Logant Lewis , Tim Harford , Michael Sposi , Caroline Beetz Fenske , Federal Reserve Bank , International Monetary Fund Direction Of Trade Statistics , Journal Of The European Economic Association , World Bank Development Indicators , World Trade Organization , United Nation National Accounts Main Aggregates Database , Ryan Monarch , Caroline Beetz , European Economic Association , General Agreements , Asian Tigers , Hong Kong , Eastern Europe , Soviet Union , Political Economy , Reserve Bank , World Input , International Monetary Fund , Trade Statistics ,