2Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
3School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
4Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Pollinators with different vision are a key driver of flower coloration. Islands provide important insights into evolutionary processes, and previous work suggests islands may have restricted flower colors. Due to both species richness with high endemism in tropical–subtropical environments, and potentially changing pollinator distributions with altitude, we evaluated flower color diversity across the mountainous island of Taiwan in a comparative framework to understand the cause of color diversity. We sampled flower color signaling on the tropical–subtropical island of Taiwan considering altitudes from sea level to 3300 m to inform how over-dispersion, random processes or clustering may influence flower signaling. We employed a model of bee