Joseph V. Micallef is a best-selling military history and world affairs author, and keynote speaker. Follow him on Twitter @JosephVMicallef.
At first glance, the South and East China Seas, or China Seas, and the Caribbean Sea seem to have little in common.Advertisement
Situated on opposite ends of the Earth, they are what geographers describe as enclosed seas. To a naval strategist, that’s shorthand for an environment replete with numerous choke points from which maritime traffic can be interdicted.
Beyond this geostrategic similarity, however, these seas have another common element: the parallels and contrasts with how each region has handled the emergence of new military powers.
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National Archives, Washington, D.C. (544069)
Meanwhile, the Bracero Program lost support, and the United States terminated it in December 1964. One advantage of the program had been its legality. The U.S. government kept records of the immigrant workers; however, undocumented Mexican labourers were also drawn by the promise of employment, and, because of the ease with which illegal immigrants could be hired, only a small portion received valid worker certificates from 1947 to 1960. The influx of undocumented workers sparked a public outcry that contributed to the mass deportation of Mexican nationals in 1954 as part of a controversial U.S. immigration law enforcement campaign that became known as Operation Wetback (its name was derived from the offensive term for Mexican immigrants who traversed the Rio Grande to illegally cross the Mexico-U.S. border). After the Bracero Program ended, many American employers in farm industries still needed the work of immigrants in order to adequat