In these different joints at different rates according to the location of the joint This way you'll work next to sell Amanda's it is so we wracked our brains for a couple of years trying to figure out Ok it's amazing number one that there is this repair response but why is it differing according to the locations and why is it the best at the ankle and why is it that you hardly ever see really severe ankle arthritis and so that's when we started thinking about the Salamander and a couple of years ago an inspiring paper came out that showed that there are these particular types of molecules called micro r.n.a. These very small molecules that we have a couple 1000 different ones that are master regulators of all kinds of prophecies and they were able to pinpoint some of the that seemed to be shared across all the animals that are able to regenerate their limbs so that got us thinking Wow Could it possibly be that that same mechanism is somehow playing a role not a full role because we don't you know regenerate a limb and people but could it be playing some role here because we know that the salamanders are able to regenerate their feet better than they can regenerate their elbows or their shoulders or their hips Is it too crude to say that if you drilled into my ankles you might find some of these micro are amazed that you also find salamanders of our basically So when we searched for those same components that the Salamander has these micro day we looked at the 3 of the top ones that a bunch of the different limb regenerating animals have and we have them too but it would be different for example in my knee you hit yes so there's less in your knees and even less in your hips so the ankles have more of them than these other 2 sites and do you know what. These micro R.N.A.'s do I mean it's I think them these are tiny little sort of messenger molecules that turn on or turn off genetic and protein processes but what is really hard to catch Get your head around is the fact that micro Arnie's tend to turn things off so why would something that turns off a process even be thought of as being involved with regeneration it turns out that they turn off things that are turning off for a generation is like saying that break cables Exactly so you do find these micro R.N.A.'s in people we do produce them and if they were working at full steam then we might not get so much I'll see ya thrice this and possibly if they were working at whatever steam they've got right now we might have osteoarthritis one or a couple of years old. So what's the next step I'm not quite sure what you do with this kind of knowledge because if we're not making them there's presumably good reason we're not making them it's probably just an evolutionary holdover that we are not making them at the hip because you know an animal that may be trying to escape a predator or if the foot gets chewed off you know they can regenerate that and live to run another day whereas if they get chewed off all the way up the limb maybe they're going to bleed and they're not going to survive so there has been an evolutionary selection for trying to regenerate as well as you can and parts of the limbs the end part of the tail so you can escape but still survive so it's probably just a consequence of that biology that we've inherited at least part of it and so we think that with this knowledge and a new way of thinking and a new paradigm that there is a possibility for a repair using natural components that simplistically these things could be injected into the joint to actually boost repair or natural. Repair when you need it like after a bad injury or as your aging there are signs coming on that you're developing this process. The details of those investigations were published this week in science advances and into that only some connection web page which is a b.b.c. World Service can also find links to Kos additions and the podcast I'm on please the producers and we'll be back next week. Elections of course but if you woke up wanting to know what's new. Radio and turned it on. Its. Static. Morning Edition would never go listen every day to make sure you get the latest from n.p.r. News. Mornings from 5. This is Connecticut Public Radio n.p.r. Interview n.p.r. 81 married in. Norwich. Stamford. Hampton. And n.p.r. . From n.p.r. News in Washington I'm Joyal Snyder as Democrats in Washington move forward with their impeachment inquiry President Trump was in Louisiana last month. Forcing the president packed into rain and Lake Charles for a Trump Sankey campaign rally in his many days Trump headlined the rally on the eve of today's election in Louisiana Democrat John Bell Edwards is seeking to remain in the governor's office but President Trump's visit to will to a Louisiana was aimed at denying Edwards another term John Bell Edwards lied to the people of Louisiana well everyone. Has a job so you don't even know those. Policies are killing jobs versus Republicans are seeking to force Edwards into a November runoff election before appearing in Louisiana President Trump announced the resignation of acting homeland security secretary Kevin Meca Leaman from says he will announce a new acting secretary next week the Pentagon urging the Turkish military to avoid areas known to contain American personnel following an artillery strike near u.s. Military position in the Syrian city of call Bani N.P.R.'s Daniel Estrin reports from the Iraq Syria border that a u.s. Official tells n.p.r. The strike was a misfire that was not aimed at u.s. Forces the official said that there are large number of u.s. And coalition forces at the position and described the strike is too close for comfort and said the u.s. Had given Turkey the coordinates of all u.s. Military positions inside Syria the official spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak publicly he says u.s. Forces are likely to retreat from the site that pullout could make it easier for Turkey to drive away Kurdish forces from the Turkish border Kurdish forces did not immediately return requests for comment on chorus sees the Kurdish forces as linked with insurgents inside Turkey but these forces have partnered with the u.s. To fight ISIS Daniel Estrin n.p.r. News the rock Syria border Turkey's offenses. Now in its 4th day the country's military says it controls a key Syrian border town Meanwhile Arab League foreign ministers holding an emergency session today in Cairo on what it calls a what they call Blade Turkey's blatant aggression against Syrian sovereignty heavy rain winds lashing much of Japan today as a typhoon moves closer to landfall is described as the most powerful to strike the country in 60 years the B.B.C.'s Rupert's Wingfield Hayes reports some flooding already underway millions of people have been asked to leave their homes thank you G.'s these can still stretching almost the whole length of the Japanese upper Peleg Go ahead of it is pushing vast amounts of grain which is now fully of the much essential Japan including here in Tokyo some parts of Japan a full cost to get as much as a meter of rain jury in this storm because of that rivers are rising rapidly the trench will rain will be followed by Destructive winds as the eye of the storm comes ashore tonight just south of Tokyo this is n.p.r. . Stocks gave up some of their gains and Friday afternoon trading but steep Beckner says the Dow Nasdaq and the s. And p. 500 all ended the day higher the stock market got off to a bad start this week with investors becoming discouraged about a resolution of the u.s. China trade war as a sharp increase in tariffs on Chinese exports loomed but that changed midweek as trade negotiators got set to resume high level talks amid optimistic comments from both sides Wall Street was rewarded when President Trump announced Friday afternoon that the world's 2 biggest trading nations had come to a very substantial phase one deal for the time being the trade war truce eases recession or a fears for the week the Dow and Nasdaq run more than 9 tenths of a percent while the s. And p. Is higher by nearly 2 thirds of a percent for n.p.r. News I'm Steve back in Major League Baseball the Washington Nationals are heading into today's game against the St Louis Cardinals with an early lead in their best of 7 series for the National League pennant last night and a ball Sanchez carried a no hitter into the 8th inning and the Nationals 2 to nothing game one victory I guess I takes a cue. Every piece that I threw today I don't want to like over troll or even think in another annoyed think it is goo when when I got that kind of command game too as later today of Busch Stadium in St Louis the American League series between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees gets under way today as well on trial Snyder This is n.p.r. News from Washington support for n.p.r. Comes from n.p.r. Stations other contributors include the and he Casey Foundation developing solutions to ensure that families and communities have opportunities to create a brighter future for America's youth more information is available at a.t.c. F. Dot org. From w n y z in New York this is on the media I'm right glad stuff and I'm Bob Garfield Oh . Time Sol flies as of this report only $420.00 days remain until the 2020 presidential election which means reporters editors anchors and pundits are running out of time to speculate trivialize and marginalize to be baited by irrelevancy and some other wise miss the forest for the clicks buck they've already got a head start with the 5 women in the running for the Democratic nomination the media are already a bounds with nonsensical tropes Bernese everything Warren is but better he's more energizing more unifying certainly more authentic The question really is not just an if not can a female win for president but can a female beat Trump scholars have long since established measurable by a seasoned double standards in the perception of women holding and seeking power but now in the me too age and in the wake of the midterm elections serves of women into the House of Representatives the news media have a chance to choose new habits over old ones and so we bring you this breaking news consumers handbook gender and politics edition which we 1st aired February 1st on the list the flawed and fraught metric of likability the model of political leadership for a long time has been do you want to have a beer with as a presidential candidate and that's a strange standard and one that probably ought to be interrogated but it's also one that's not very available to you high achieving women who for every idea of reasons don't fit into that easygoing image in large part because it's not available to them and so because Hillary Clinton I think has been the main instance of what female political leadership could hypothetically look like in the United States this. Station on her inability to fit into that paradigm of having a beer with the bros has sort of filtered into our concept of what a presidential candidate ought to be and can never be if she is female. And yet here was the 1st question that u.s. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand was asked as a presidential candidate I think it will be. A logical fallacy a story for life before everything goes. Through what. I think that actually invites the candidate to speculate in kind of a meadow way about her own personality which just instantly renders a person unlikable it's a slap Oh yeah it is a trap no almost by definition candidates for public office says as a group are ambitious and self-absorbed sometimes to a pathological degree but when a woman displays these traits she's somehow is Lady Macbeth. Yeah she certainly is and if she's not that's in some ways even more suspicious because it means that she's successfully masking it I think Clinton kind of had it coming from both sides she was both seen as conniving calculating secretive and manipulative but also when there was nothing that could be said about for example abusing her staff. That too could be read as well and you know she knew that she had to keep up the veneer even in private context you know that in other words there is no way for female ambition I think to be read as straightforward honest and healthy no I almost hesitate to belabor the obvious but there is also wardrobe fixation even if that's unusually blatant the phenomenon of you know what does she look like how she dressed it is always the elephant in the room I think what's very interesting about this moment it gives me a lot of hope is that the midterm elections have produced this unprecedented abundance of women in the house expanding our visual sense of what female leaders are can look like and what the intersection between vanity image and political effectiveness can be. Nonetheless you still believe the culture is rigged against women you've said that even popularity can redound against perceptions of seriousness you talk about fandom and the double edged sword that that represents we have so little practice relating to female political leaders that it sometimes slips over into the language of fandom which I think is dangerous fandom is functionally I think diminishing to someone's perceived political seriousness I will say that a cause has been threading that needle in ways I find completely fascinating she is young enough to have grown up being entirely fluent in the language of self-conscious self presentation that older candidates sometimes falter add she's managed to articulate a vision of female political leadership that is actually fun she might be the female candidate that people do you want to have a beer with she's made that thinkable there was an episode where someone dug up their college You Tube video that they did dance going to rooftop it was treated in the right wing media as scandalous she certainly flipped that tour advantage because people thought it was charming. There was a much more toxic example of using a woman's past against her and that came with heris for those of you who aren't familiar with our friend Kamel let me give you just a little bit of background she entered the California political scene in the early ninety's she was fresh out of law school and working at the Amidah County district attorney's office then enters her bull Willie Brown he was once the speaker of the California State Assembly and mayor of San Francisco over the weekend the former San Fran mayor admitted to having an extramarital affair with young comma pulling her out of security in elevating her political career I think that it's just so clear that everyone who basically makes it up the ladder in politics has been helped in deeply inappropriate ways that I'm not sure that gendered smear is really taking root which I was interested to observe I don't know if you agree with that but that was my sense you know I think maybe there is reason for hope but in the meantime Can we just look at the Amy club charts situation evidently she is a terrible boss there's a lot of testimony the fact borate employees throws things managers by humiliation and so forth. I am tough I push people that is true but my point is that I have high expectations for myself I have high expectations for the people that work for me and I am high expectations for this country no temperament is and always has been fair game to evaluate candidates is this out of proportion to the way men or who fly off the handle. I think that there is a real danger in calling any criticism of a female candidate sexist not just because that's unfair and inappropriate that because you also need that candidate by making her seem fragile. To the extent that labor matters and that the rights of labor matter and that Democrats and those on the left prioritize human dignity in the workplace those are pretty disqualifying treats you know I think those are entirely fair criticisms. I think too that playing into a pretty available stereotype of women as duplicity. Could be Chos reputation was as being very Minnesota nice I mean and you know in the cabin I hearing certainly she was a figure of apparent equanimity so it's distressing right to find confirmation of something that I think is very easily attributed to other women but if it's real it's real you know I don't think there's anything to be gained by pretending that those things aren't true we've been talking about journalistic tropes and you know one that certainly characterizes every race is horse race coverage to ignore policy to ignore the actual institutions of government and just focus on electability but even that seems to work to the disadvantage of female candidates no white I think horse race coverage does is promote a tendency where and the pundit ventriloquism is the worst aspects of American nature so sexist racist etc and then taking all of that for granted speculates on the chances of the voter overcoming all of those biases in order to elect a particular person so that is always going to make female candidates minority candidates seem weaker and less electable for the simple reason that we have not historically elected people like that so it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy I think where that has become the dominant mode of American reporting electability is the only relevant consideration so just produces a circle where there are to be discussion of policy and what American people actually need this conversation is for breaking news consumers and book which is our ongoing checklist of things for the media literate to keep their eyes open Ford understand that the media doing the reporting are doing them justice. But you know it may be actually a dubious premise because. It presumes that if journalists were just doing a little bit better that we would be better able to be making sound informed decisions but in this case it really isn't just flawed coverage these are prejudices and double standards that afflict the entire culture. I wonder if the last checklist item on the consumer say a book should be. Physician heal thyself you are responsible for what you bring to the table as well we believe ourselves to be rational consumers and rational actors and I think we all like to think that we're fair minded and weigh the evidence and make decisions accordingly if cognitive science has shown us anything it's that we are quite blind in fact to our own decision making process isn't very good at rationalizing our decisions after the fact but often we're reconstructing a line of reasoning that isn't actually what led us to that conclusion and that is hard to confront and it is largely a function of bias of implicit bias but it's also the fact that 1st impressions have just been shown to enormously shape someone's idea of a person or a political issue new facts don't actually cause us to refute those beliefs very often it's not just our tribal it's not just that partisanship is at an all time high it's that this is kind of like a flaw in the human brain that you know that they need to collaborate on like link up with members of our tribe leads us to frequently overlook evidence that might in a truly rational system persuade us of the opposite case so correcting for that is just and I'm going challenge and I think requires among other things realizing the ways that we gravitate towards news coverage that confirms what we want to hear and specifically I think or strace coverage that encourages us to think that our side will win well I thank you very much my pleasure thanks for chatting with me Bob little a little moral here is a staff writer at Slate You can view our breaking news consumers handbook gender and politics addition at on the media more. Coming up depictions of the tabloid. Vixens of the 9 undergoes some overdue reversion this is on the media. In a moment we'll continue with the show's probe into gender bias in the media but 1st a quick reminder that this station is in