really, is it something that can be trusted, let alone accepted? or is it just appeasement of vladimir putin? putin never settle for anything less than you ukrainians? should ukrainians, or any less in the world, settle for less than a full russian retreat from ukraine? >> it is a professor of history at new york university, and it's an authority figure, on authoritarian's, professor, good to see you again, thank you for being with us. i want to ask you for this comparison, that has been made to grozny, in chechnya, to aleppo and syria. what is this kind of scorched earth warfare portend for ukraine? >> all of these atrocities make use of chemical weapons, chlorine, sara and gas, in syria. as well as bombing civilians, and hospitals. now, what we see is atrocities, putin sees as a record of