she said, "we can do this" as the country took in hundreds of thousands of refugees. our question this week on quadriga, as terror comes to germany, is merkel to blame? we will address that with three people who have been following the situation very closely. it's a pleasure to welcome professor isabella heuser-collier, director of the department of psychiatry at berlin's leading research hospital, the charite, and she says merkel is not to blame for terror coming to germany, but is to blame for not convincingly explaining her solution. it's a pleasure to have alan posener on the show once again, the british german prominent -- commentator at "die welt." andays that dictatorsrs islamic terror are to blame for terrorism. finally, amir musawi of the iraqi tv station al-iraquia tv, the author of "bureaucracy of terror," in inside look at islamic state, and he says that merkel needs to be more honest about the fact that germany has to sinfully learn to live with the danger of international terrorism. welcome to all three of you. musawi, given the proximity in time of these thrhree attack, it is tempting to lump them together as a wave of terrorism, but how do you see it? has the country now in fact joined the ranks of your own country, iraq, egypt, turkey, france, belgium, and the u.s., to name just a few of the targets of i.s. terror? amamir: indeed. i think germany is now a target of the terrorists, especially of the so-called islamic state. when you read what they write in the homepage, what we saw from documents, they had a brigade, a german brigade inside i.s., also trying to recruit people, not only from europe, but middle east -- from the middle east to win to germany during this microwave, trying to attack merkel. they are really following was going on in the politics inside berlin, and of course they would like to see mass chaos in the countryry. for example, what happened in france, the last time of ththe t ack, it is the quality of attacking in a church. they try to put people against each other, using this mass of people from the middle east, the refugees. melinda: although three of the four attacks involve people who came to germany as refugees, one did not, and in fact that was the deadliest of the attack, namely a young man in munich who actually was propagating hatred against islam, prior to the attack, and apparently had sympathies with right-wing radicals. if you look at these four incidents as a whole, don't the differences s between them, the didistinctions, outweigh any parallels? has happened,d, the reasons for whwhat happepened ae different, but in the end of the analysis, when we look at the countrtry here in germany, we se a lot of problems, social problems. whether it's immigrants, inside immigrant society, or outside. we see also, i'm looking for some answers about the capability of the security ininside germany. when far away from compared with briritain. germany is still new at how to face this international terrorism, and it's a lot of work to do. melinda: we will come back to the issue of solutions in a moment. let me ask you this, professor heuser-collier. if there is a link between all four incidents, couldn't we say it is mental illness? isabella: i don't think it is mental illness at all. mental illness is really, has a certain definition, which they don't actually meet. melinda: two of them were treated in psychiatric hospitals, one as an inpatient over a number of months, who had tried to commit suicide several times, the suicide bomber who -- isabella: yes. but a lot of people who are committing suicide, or threatening suicide, or arare depressed, are not in that sense mentally ill. that you could apply the mental illness to their deeds, what they're doing. they are responsible, because they know, even mentally ill people, there are only very few psychotic schizophrenics, maybe, who don't know what they are doing, actually, and w who cannt differentiate between good and bad, and we know we are not, or we should not, kill somebody. killinnocent people, people at random just to proclaim, to put some ideological foundation to our belief. that is wrong, and even mentally ill people, people who got a psychiatric diagnosis, know howw to differentiate between the two. hownda: alan posener, strong is the element of ideology in the attacks we saw here? if we take the three attacks that were perpetrated by people who had come as refugees. would you say they are ideologically driven, in the classic sense in which we thin of it in terrorist incidents? alan: not in the classic sense. but they are corresponding to a certain tactic we see in many advanced societies. firstly, the self-radicalization via the internet. secondly, doing your own thing. homemade bombs, or in the case of nice, driving a truck into a crowd. we know this from israel. it's interesting, in israel, these self-radicalized became more a part of daily time as organized companym by hamas and has not been able to penetrate israeli security. on the one hand, it might feel difficult to sit next to someone who opens a koran and starts to read, does he have a knife on him and so on, which is what they want, and it's terrible, but on the other hand, the fact these are individuals points to the fact that the german security forces, as far as organized, classical terrorism is concerned, are doing quite a good job. i weda: amir musawi, seeing a certain shift in the nature of terrorism itself? as i said, it used to be seen as an ideological act, with a target that t have some e relatn to the cosanan question. charlie hebdo -- the cause in question. shelley hebdo, in france -- charlie hebdo, in france, which published d extreme the derogaty material about islam. these days, it seems to be more of gratuitous targeting of civilians with no connection whatsoever. amir: this is the point, for islamic state right now, in implement a new strategy on the ground. because they are losing ground. and theya, in mosul, are about to lose control of the territory y they got control ovr two years. and they still have the al-nusra front. they would like to say, we are losing ground, but we are still there, so they are sending people, inspiring people, and this is what the minister of i.s., he called every person sympathizing with i.s. to begin a self-operation, as he called it, saying, if you are e not abe to joinn us, do something in yor home. this is a new quality of the attack, of the danger, that the police cannot come inside the mind of these potential attackers and understand what's going g on in the next two orr three days. this is really something that we still do not know, a dark point. we still have a lot of research about that topic. melinda: the fact is, germany was long spared compared to many european countries, but ththis papast couple of weeks have shon that indeed germany is not immune, as amir musawi told us a moment ago. isabella heuser-collier, what is your impression with how people are coping? the aim of such attacks is clearly to instill fear. are people afraid? isabella: i think it is working, yes, in the sense that i.s. wants to install fear and chaos, by addressing not so stable, amybe -- maybe embittered, maybe these people who always feel they are the short side of life, by addressing them and asking them to do, in the country they are in, their self-operations. that installs fear, because everything politicians always tell us is that, you know, the security agencies are working, we are going to increase cyber security, and so forth, but that doesn't seem to be actualllly helping in getting these individuals, who are, yeah, these individuals -- how are we going to detect them? they are not mentally ill, in the sense that they are overtly, you know, that they will draw attention because they are acting crazy. no, they are, you know, sitting there. melinda: interestingly enough, after the first attack by the teenager wielding an axe, nearly two thirds of germans in paul's said they -- polls said they still felt the government was doing all it can to protect them. the question is whether that has likely changed with the further attacks that followed that one. we asked some people on the street in berlin h how they are feeling after this week of violence. >> i am not doing anything differently. but it does make me nervous. you feel a bit more suspicious. a bit anxious. >> there has always been terrorism. we just hear about it much faster, because of social media. i will still live the way i want to. >> i love liberty, and the country we have had since 1945, and i want to defend that. >> i feel really sorry for the refugees. belong,ant to sit, to to have a better life. i think it is stupid, to be so mistrustful. unfortunately, you do get a bit mistrustful. actually fairly common optimistic statements there, alan posener. would you say that is reflective of society as large? alan: it's why i love berlin. these are berliners, and it's all about the resilience of a big city, which we saw in new york after 9/11, which we saw in london after the attacks, which we have seen in paris. you know, it's obviously not the same thing, shall we say, in smaller towns, or in villages, where people are not used to this kind of situation, not used to dealing with foreigners on a daily basis, and don't know actually someone who looks different, who prays in a , is 99.9% of the time not a danger. this is why you have to love civilization, big-city civilization. but i am afraid, of course, that there is a groundswell of real anger among people, even in berlin, who feel they could be protected more. ququite frankly, i don't understand how somebody with an axe can get on board a train in bavaria, or these big words by bavarian politicians and somebody can get on board with an axe? you couldn't in israel. i don't understand how someone could come to a music festival without being controlled. melinda: in that case he was turned away by an enhanced police presence, then made his way to a wine bar. he did not get into the music festival. alan: good. all the better. these are small things we can do, that we have to do. i don't understand, really, how in munich, again in bavaria, one person could start shooting in a mcdonald's and the police said it was three people with long guns, when anybody who watched the videos could see it was one person with a shotgun, with a pistol. these are things that should not happen. melinda: i want to come to the bavarian politicians in a minute, but let's go to the federal politicians, because our title asks whether merkel is to blame. the chancellor has been on vacation. she has just interrupted it now, to hold a press conference, speak to t the public. fairly unusual. usually she keeps her vacations pretty holy. amir musawi, you listened to some of that. in your opening statement, she said she needs to be much clearer about the fact germany must learn to live with this risk. were you satisfied with what you heard from her today? amir: not really. first of all, the timing, from my point of view, from the point she tookk the public, a long t time to react. is supposed to react after two days, or one day after the attacking. this is first. second, witith the, with the pot that she said today,, i thinknk some of this point is working already. melinda: she said that, in fact. amir: but the new elements, maybe three or four elements, come in, about c cyber attack. i think merkel, as a chancellor, we know her. after talkingtage to everyone, and she will be the last person putting on the stamp of her politics. whenn this situation, people have heard about what's going on, my daughter, going to kindergarten, they need answers. they are looking for someone, a leader, to put them more feeling of security. melinda: your statement said something similar, isabella heuser-collier. you said she needs to be much more direct, much clearer. did you hear the kind of thing she needed to say in this press conference, or was it too little, too late? isabella: i think it was a little too little, too late, yes. what i missed was actually that she first validated the fear, or m, feelingscoming, u of discontent with the whole situation that the germans seem to be having more and more. melinda: her initial words did address that. she didn't go far enough for you? isabella: she did not go far enough for me. you have to be a little more emotional. melinda: not her hallmark, of course. isabella: she's a politician, at the same time. i think she should have really validated those feelings a bit more. ae was just taking off laundry list of measures that she claims have been already implemented, months ago. and other measures that should be implemented. i don't know when they w will be implemented. but it was now, just in the last week, that all these things happened. so there's something really disconcerting, because, these things happen, although she said we have everything, everything is being taken care of, don't you worry. it's a bit, i think, paternalistic, or i should say maternal a stick -- maternalistic. melinda: germany's tabloid newspaper, which normally is not the first to praise the chancellor, said they thought it was quite correct of her, that she attended to project an air of calm by remaining on vacation and not creating alarmism. government officials who took quite a different approach were those from bavaria. let's listen to what they had to say this week. each attack, each act of terror, is one too many. islamist terrorism has arrived in germany. expecting rightfully that we boldly meet this challelenge. melinda: that was the state from your of bavaria -- premier of bavaria, who said terror has come to germany. he said that quite a few times this week. quite a different approach than the one we heard the chancellor take this morning with her very restrained caution. isn't he actually just inciting even more fear with those words? amir:, to be honest, i am sorry for the guy, because he's trying to attack merkel's politics without any attack or with a attack. months ago, he tried to bring this fear to the public about in politics of his partner politics, ms. merkel. merkel stillbout, has the ability to, to manage his statements. in the end, she is the winner. but in this time, we should prepare for the next election, in one year. and i think this kind of thing is to prepare the ground of his political ground in the public about the next election, and of course, he's afraid of the alternative of deutschland, the far right party that could gain more population in germany. that's why he is behavingng in this way. i will tell you, he will not succeed in this criticism, because merkel is still able to give answers. also, they are slight answers, but still they are answers, and the population still trusts merkel. melinda: alan:, the measures --alan posener, the measures the bavarians want range from stricter monitoring of refugees, quicker deportation of those who have offended, even if it means deportation into active war zones. deployment of military forces here within the country, if there is a risk of a terrorist incident. are any of those actually likely to significantly reduce the risk? alan: yes. i think they arere. i think all of them are, actually. they are all good ideas, andnd merkel, in a slightly watered-down version, presented within her laundry list monitoring conversations, especially monitoring what's going on on social media, and so on, some thing that is anathema to the german left, which just has to be done. as for the army, she also said that they would be maneuvers of police and the army together, which is interesting. nobody asked about that, but it was the main point, the main new point. my personal opinion would be, if we have to use the army, we should use it in your country and syria and so on, to fight isis at the source, and not here. but you know, i am sure that in a situation that we have a major terrorist attack, of course we have to use soldiers, as well as police, simply to control panic and so on. but i prefer to see, one thing that merkel did not say, and that seehofer is not saying, that without destroying isis, really destroying it, and resolving in syria, we will not stop these people coming to germany. amir: to be honest, i would not agree with you about that, because destroying an organization, you need ideology, you need answers. you need just -- you don't need just bombs and the army. of course it's very important, but you should have an idea, what's going on after i.s? that's s the big question in ir, because i.s. began to lose ground. i wonder, what goes on after that? in syria, if you take assad outside, what happens next? this is a question that we should answer with bombs and weapons against them in the battlefield, in mosul , manbij, in raqqaqa, in syria, but it the same time we should work with the concept of after. melinda: many of those who perpetrated incidents in france as well as here are homegrown terrorists. professor isabella heuser-collier, one thing that the chancellor did not mention was greater mental health support, yet we are told that a large proportion of the population of the refugees who came in last year suffer from serious trauma, need help, and as i said, a couple of the perpetrators here at least had been in psychiatric treatment. what do you think? should there be e greater suppot for mental health? isabella: well, there should bee great support for mental health, but i do think that germany has done so much, and is still doing, we know this at the charite, my department itself is doing mental health work for rerefugees herere in berlin. and not everybody whwho has been throughh this dangerous and life-threatening situations really then becomes a mental health patient. and not everybody who commits suicide, or threaten suicide, realally has a a mental health e . so you have to really be very cautious with using these words, and i think it has been done a lot. melinda: let me ask all of you to very briefly answer the question that we posed in our title. the chancellor was very clear in her press conference. she's not thinking about changing her open-door policy. do you think she should? has it been a mistake? one word. isabella: i think she needs to improve it. becausee is not able, the constitution, and i think if she would like to change the politics, i think she needs to change the constitution. alan: keep the door open. fight terrorists. melinda: thank you very much, to all of you, for being with us, and thanks to you all for tuning in. see you soon. ♪ ♪ g a:nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnax >> hello and welcome to focus on europe. i'm michelle henery. thank k you for joining us. we've got a special program for you today where we take a closer look at how fear now dominates the lives of people across the continent. from fear of terrorism and divided societies to fear of the loss of democracy. the recent attempted cououp in turkey quickly collapsed with soldiers surrendering their weapons. a short time later peace had returned to istanbul's taksim square with every day normality resuming. but whether democracy is safe now in turkey remains doubtful, say civil rights activists. turkey is in the midst of picking up the pieces from a failed military coup. fingers continue to be pointed at who may have masterminded the effort. turkey's military has long viewed itself as the guardian of secular democracy, having already intervened in three previous coups since the sixties. we went to istanbul to speak with a man who lived through the last successful coup. he warns that in events like these, no one wins. >> last week's dramatic events have brought back memories. celalettin can remembers the military coup of 1980 very well. he was a student in istanbul at the time. to this day, he is haunted by the brutality he experienced. >> this is where they arrested me. i was wedged between two cars. the police jumped out, put a sack over me, and brought me to the police stationon. there the so-called interrogation began. they beat the soles of my feet, administered electric shocks, deprived me of sleep and shouted abuse at me. that was for two days. >> some 65650,000 pepeople were arrested in the course of a few days. they included left-wing activists like can, liberal thinkersrs and many kurds. the putsch took k place on spetember 12th, 1980, following a period of unrest between left and right-wing groups. martial law was declared. istanbul's taksim square became a symbol of the coup. last week, this square was once again occupied by soldiers determined to overthrow the government and seize power. days later, people stop to take photographs here. thousands of akp supporters answered erdogan's call to take to the streets to defeat the coup. >> we love our government and our president. we are strong together. our lives will now go on as normal. but we're coming out of this stronger. we won't let anyone bring us down. >> celalettin can is glad the coup was a failure. but he doesn't share the joy of erdogan's supporters either. he says this time, it's a battle between two authoritarian forces. in his view, that wasn't the case before. >> 36 years ago, the coup was not against the government but against a large portion of society, against those who were fighting for an emancipated and democratic future. regardless of whether these people were students or business people. the army wanted to stop this development. >> grief and defiance as the civilian victims of the attempted coup are laid to rest. "allah is great" mourners cry. some accuse religious authorities of using the funerals as an opportunity to display their might. in the cities, akp supporters have been patrolling the streets at night. >> soldiers should never again use their weapons against their own people. even if they couldn't be held accountable, they will never escape punishment from allah. >> critics of the government fear t f failed cocoup could cae islamist forces to rally around erdogan, further strengthening his grip on power. >> the attempted coup will make it easier for erdogan to impose his vision of an authoritarian, autocratic system. that's almost as bad for democracy as a military coup. >> for years, can has been fighting for the generals involved in the 1980 coup, as well as the authorities who tortured him, to face justice. but to no avail. still, for him, a military coup is never the answer. >> whatever side you're on, a military coup is never a good thing. no matter what it's against, in the end it's always the progressve forces and the kurds who pay the price. >> to this day, celalettin can continues to f fight for his beliefs, opposing autocratic forces and the military. he spent 19 years in prison following the putsch of 1980. but he believes a military coup can never be the answer. not even in turkey. >> for many years, it has been a crime in turkey to insult the president. but it was rarely enforced before president erdogan took officece in 2014. since then, almost 2000 criminal cases have been lodged against members of the public, from journalists and politicians to school children. now in the wake of the failed coup, critics fear a full scale assault on the freedom of expression. his opponents say that what would be considered normal criticism of a leader in another country, could lead to immediate arrest and criminal proceedings in turkey. >> erdogan and gollum. the comparison between the turkish leader and the character from the "lord of the rings" is popular among young opposition members. but the president isn't laughing and is quick to take offffense. the media is under pressure, says 17-year-old mehmet. >> people get into trouble for voicing even the slightest critique. magazines are punished for their covers. tv stations are closed down. turkey has moved to one-man rule. >> mehmet knows what he's talking about. he has first-hand experience of the consequences that follow public criticism of the president. mehmet lives in the central city of konya. with a population of 2 million, it's a stronghold of conservative islam. the party co-founded by erdogan, the akp, won 74% of the vote in last november's election here. by contrast, the opposition social democratic chp took just 9%. this is the climate in which mehmet gave a speech in the city center in december 2014, in his role as member of the chp youth branch. >> we do not see e erdogan as th head of state. we see him as the head of corrtion, ththeft and extortion. >> i was arrested the next morning. i got to school at 7:30 and the police were there by 9:00. they wanted to call my mother. i'm an only child, i didn't want her to be worried about me. so i begged the officers not to call her, but they said they had to. she was extremely worried. and that was my biggest problem. not the days i spent in custody, it was my mother's tears. >> there was widespread media coverage of mehmet's release when he was set free two days late his mother wasas there to wewele him. then he turneded to the cameras. he said, we are not terrorists. but prosecutors filed charges against mehmet, who was 16 at the time, demanding a four-year prison sentence. mehmet was soon expelled from school. turkish legal expert ibrahim kaboglu questions the prosecution's case against mehmet. he says police didn't have the right to arrest the boy, and the government wasn't entitled to order proceedings against him. the prosecution's investigations also constitute a statuatory violation. he says this amounts to an interference with the judicial independence guaranteed by turkey's constitution. >> the problem in the case of the boy from konya lies in constitutional violations first by the executive authority, then the legislative and finally the juicial authorities. >> the head of state himself, says kaboglu, has increasingly been showing disregard for the constitution. >> in institutions like the presidential office, which have a duty to uphold the constitution, violations against it have become the norm. >> we're driving through konya with mehmet. he points out his former school. he doesn't want to get out. he did that once with a camera team. they immediately attracted passersby, and there was trouble. he tells us the principal himself made it clear he had to leave school after his time in investigative custody. last fall, mehmet was handed a three-year suspended sentence of 11 months in prison. he got his diploma at another school. now he's trying to look to the future. >> i want to study law. yesterday i was arrested. tomorrow it could be someone else. i have a criminal record, so i won't be able to become a prosecutor or judge, but at least i can fight injustice as a lawyer. >> these days it seems certain turkey will need good attorneys for years to come. >> since the failed coup, several thousand suspects have been detained. including tens of thousands of civil servants, especially from the department of the interior and the ministry of education who were suspended and had to vacate their seats. the french celebrate bastille day much like the americans observe the 4th of july. with family, food, and of course, fireworks. but on that fateful evening, more than 80 people were killed and hundreds injured when a young man radicalised by the islamic state drove a truck into a crowd in france's southern port city of nice. the driver ploughed on for 2 kilometers along the promenade des anglais, turning this stunning stretch of the mediterranean coast into a grim and macabre scene. our reporter went there and spoke with the local community who shared their hopes that this latest attack would not further divide society. >> alex giroud is trying to get his restaurant back in order. the balthazar has been closed since the bastille day attack when over a hundred people sought refuge here. alex and his sister rebecca are finding it hard to deal with the constant media cerage. >> it is hard because it makes you remember again and again and again what happened. >> their restaurant is right on nice's promenade des anglais. the attacker's van came to a standstill just 100 meters away. the attack on this popular holiliy resort i in southern france was completely unexpected. >> everyone is really shocked. everyone is always saying it's paris, paris, and no-one never thought it was going to happen here. >> alex and rebeccgrgrew up in ninice. their family has run the restaurant for 10 years. on bastille night, they did everything they could to bring their r guests to safety. in the kitchen and the food storage rooms. the wholole scene was caught on camera. >> when n she is therere, you ul sesee. they arere just running here. people start t to understand.. wewe tell everyone t to get ins. >> we didn't know what was going on, we were afraid that maybe three or five with the guns. everyone c came in so fastst, 'e going to see s some pelele falling. >> you will see around here they fefell on the floor. and pepeople were walking onon , lilike the children. there isis a father with his so. he is breathing really fast because he w was afraid d and he -- >> over 80 people were killed in the attack. and dozens morore were injured. the attacker was a 31-yearar-old tunisian from the north of nice. local muslims there are devastated, grieving for the victims and fearing the impact on their community. >> we keep saying that religion has nothing to do with t these acts. people need to underststand the situtuation of muslims. we are caught in the crossfire. >> there is a considerable muslim community in nice and seseral mosques. there are fears that terrorist attacks will increase tensions. >> with everything that has happened, we know what conclusions certain people with more extreme views will draw. some w will blame muslims for nt denouncing what's going on. the peaceful co-o-extistence inn france has been hit hard by this. >> there are some holidaymakers back on n the beaches but fewer than usual. lolocal business owners aree worrieied about the longer-term effect on toururism in the citi. in the short term, ax and rebecca are trying to cope with their trauma by hanging out t wh their colleagues from ththe restaurant. >> we cannot get over it just on r own. we have to talk about it. we have to express our feelings, to cry, to be together, to hug people. and that is what we do together. we have bebeen through it, and r emplployees also say now we are like a family. we have been through it, now we are like a family. >> and the family wants to open the restaurant again as soon as possibible. to try to get back to normal, just like the whole of france. >> across europe, the fear of terrorist attacks is increasing. after the bombings in belgium and turkey, and the repeated attacks in france, many feel it was only a matter of time before germany found itself in jihadist's crosshairs. these fears seem to have become reality after an afghan refugee wielding an axe attacked passengers on a train in southern germany. as a result of this and what happened in nice, the continent is now on alert for what appears to be a new kind of attacker. there are terrorists who returned after training abroad, but there now seems to be jihadists who are self radicalising in a matter of days with the help of islamic state online propaganda, and who choose to strike alone. >> this is an islamic state propaganda video. featuring chanting that says "kill them wherever you find them." germany too is in the sightltli. security forces recently foiled an attack on dusseldorf where terrorists had planned to shoot at passersby and blow themselves up. >> there is a danger of attacks, the situation is serious. in recent years, is has developed into a monster which could not be predicted. we have to assume that anyone who was with is and was able to return could be a danger for our domestic security. >> is registers those joining up very precisely. these documents refer to 54 germans that went to syria to fight in the war. they include their names, profession, blood group, fighting experience. they were also questioned about their willingness to commit a suicide attack. the forms also include information about where people were recruited. berlin, hamburg, bremen, dortmund, frankfurt, kassel, lubeck, wolfsburg and many more places. this woman's son was on the list. he left germany early 2014 saying he wawagoing on holiday. didn't get in touch for wes.s. then he sent a message saying he had joined is inin syria. >> my world fell to pieces. i thought to myself my child is there. what's he doing there? what pushed him to go there? he had everything. decent schooling, he had more of less his own income, friends, a whole circle of friends. of course, i asked myself how it could have happened. it could have been any child. from any walk of life. >> the is propaganda seems to be effective at all levelels of society. >> the problem with those coming back from syria is that we can't tell what's going on with them, whether they are just laying low or following a plan of action. we can't lock them all up. we're a free society and one of its most important principles is that people cannot be taken off the stet and detained each time there is a mere suspicion. >> this man, who wants to remain anonymous because he's scared, explains how a former friend of his became a jihadist in syria. >> mohammed was a typical petty criminal, mugging people. bu then it went really fast. he started praying more often, stopped smoking joints, suddenly had a beard and had become radical. that's the worst combination someone who isn't clever and doesn't have any qualms about inflicting pain on others. and on top of that, religion and the wrong people. >> mohammed boasted on facebook that he had joined is and posted pictures from syria. there were even some where he posed next to severed heads. afteter nine months, he suddddey came back to germany. >> i was at the barber's and he told me that mohammed had come back from syria. friends also told me. lots of people think he's great , even though they're not religious. they say, look he's back from syria, he's fighting for islam. it is a kind of hero worship. >> mohammed was able to hide out with friends for a few months. he even went to pray regularly in his old mosque. his friend was incredulous. >> i i don't want him here. he's sick, he even tried to get a kalashnikov here. i don't know if he was planning an attack. but if you put two and two together. i i called the police but ththey just said, if you see him, contact us. i didn't believe it. i don't know what they were thinking. >> mohammed returned to syria in the fall of 2015. now his old friend fears he'll return to germany this summer. so, is anything being done to stop him? we head to the office of the federal prosecutor to find out. officials there don't want to comment on specific cases. they say it could hamper their investigations. but they assure us that they monitor such returns closely and are prepared for the worst-case scenario. >> anyone can carry out a terrorist attack, whether they're self-radicalised or returning from syria. they're dangerous in different ways. the girl who attacked a police officer at hannover train station with a kitchen knife is dangerous. as of course are people who have learnt to operate kalashnikovs, or are prepared to wear a suicide belt to carry out attacks on a soccer stadium or other big crowds of people. >> a detention center in frankfurt. two-thirds of germans who have traveled to i-s strongholds were already known to the police. many of them began as petty criminals and were radicalised by jihadists in prison. state authorites in hesse have launched a de-radicalisation program in response. muslim prison chaplain mustafa cimsit is one of those involved. >> the risk of being radicalised is generally pretty high. but of course it's even higher in prisons. the isolation means there's no one to ask for advice. there are only like-minded people. if others are already radicalised, they'll simply continue to radicalise others. that's why this preventive action is very important. >> the chaplain speaks to the prisoners one-on-one and uses prayers to try and prevent radicalisation. >> we have muslims who themselves come from germany, who say that everyone in the west is an infidel, even though they are themselves wewestern. so they're denyingnghemselves.s. we need to explain these contradictions to them. >> this prisoner is in investigative custody for violent crime. he's already been approached by jihadists. young muslims, he says, are especially vulnerable. >> t they hear thingngs like yoo therere, you get a gun, you can shoot peoplele listen to you, you're important, you have a position of power in a place you couldn't have been before. of c course that attracts young people. >> the so-called islamic state continues to attract new recruits in germany as well as elsewhere. >> the number of people leaving is no longer as high as it was in the summer of 2014, when the so-called caliphate was declared. the boom has diminished somewhat but at the same time, is is still attractive and continues to prompt people to leave every month. >> a heart-wrenching experience for their families. a year after her son left, this woman got a call from syria, telling her that her son had died, but was now in paradise. >> i couldn't believe it. i just sat there thinking it's all a nightmare, it can't be true. it is just some idiot making a prank, telling you your son has died in gunfire. it's unbelievable. they didn't give me anything. i wasn't allowed ask any questions. i was just left like that and supposed to live with it. after all, they consider you an infidel. >> why did her son have to die? it's a question this mother will never be able to answer. he was one of 800 germans recruited by is to sow terror. >> that's it for today. we know that we covered two really tough topics, this time, but those are the stories at the forfront of the minds of the people here in europe. please feel free to share your thougts with us via facebook, email or twitter. thank you for watching. in the meantime it's goodbye from me and the whole team. [captioning performed by the national c captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] g a:qwueeewep@1@xxxxxxnnnx ♪ >> too many outsiders, culture and los angeles is something that begins and d ends with h te movivies. but the city has alwayays been home to radical ideas and art, architecture, literal -- literature, and urban life. the profile of the city has run bigger and writer. with new cultural institutions, new approaches to art, and new ways of thinking about the landscape. join me asas we hit some of thee city's most importatant cultural landscapes.. "artbound."." [captions made possible by kcet television] we can exploree forever. >> amamazing people coming from all over the world. a maker and a designer. >> the better art happensns at e boundaries where the real gives up to the idealal. ♪ >> next on "artbound" -- >> los a angeles, a a chilled ot orange grove that became a movie capital and manufacturing center. now it's changing againin, in favor of a new kind of urbanism. los angeles is remaking itself. new train lines connect east and west. on per is coming back to life. christopher hawthorne takes us to this new panorama. >> what is the third los angegele it's essentialla a shorand.d. describing tyoyou shthanand s angeles is workingndnd rugglili to establish. the city is taking real, memeasurle, , ofn contntversial .teps includg the prate car,he freey, the sgle-fami house the lawn. it no loer dream of finite pansion e way of long dead, ofrowiwingts wayayut of every problem. increasinglyfffferina vavariy of ways to move arndnd theity.y. car share, bike share, new trsit t lis. it is too easy s say simply atat losngeleless movivi into a new asase of identity, from a b b. that i i can -- that idea loss er onenemportantact. manyf the ements we're loing to add or improve, archectuturecivivic buildings, longeles pduced in remarkab quantits at the d of the 19tanand stt ofof t 20th century's. in our cicic dna something bebeforehe c carbeforerehe freeway, before the concret l. river, the lawn andhehe smoke. as i see it, that's s the rst s angeges. fromhe880'through rld waii. that's thfirst los angele thsecondndos angeles, the l.a. atat proced d althosee familiar erereotys ababou car and the shrunk civic rlm, it rs the rghly the yr 2000. athe heart othe thirl.a. coept is t idea th the ci is noongerushing o at thedges, sawling a up emyn by gobbli land but lding ba ontself, looking developore intensely in i r race grow. this emeing cityhat we a seeingow, the cit rediscering its public spaces, viving pt cacar lture e d the singleamamilyousese, xiouss about economic inequali, , in many ways having to reararn th ararof sharing t thiany raraer -- tsaving chop it up ememerng citis best derstood as the thi los aeles. for much of the 19th an20th ntururies, l.aculture ke most of ameranan culture was obsessed with a ki of westrdrd pansion d the e nventional wisdom of the way to realolos angelelewas to move from east west. to startowntown,ear the river, a move towards the edgege, e beacac meaning saa monica was oneff e last cultural frontis s of experirintation. you wera young tist or architect in the 1970's s or 1980''s, chances are good you would set up hernenear the edge, ne thehe bch. it was effective ta. culture was informe by idea of expementatio at this ststern ge.. thanks to rising rents and gentfificati, ththiss no long t that nd o of ty. venice is no lonr r the place where ung artis s are ttining up shop. th a are dng i it rtherrasast in moror affordable rts of the city. meaning that the culraral ceer moving dramatically frowewest easast. the city is doubling back on seself. instead of lookingor new, frfresherritory, w edges to exndnd towards, it is looking ininsteato r redelop a aas of the ci t that ignored in many waysys iits rush to the weste ed. >> loo at the ocnfnfront all that you see is horizonff ter r ansky. it's inspining. that's totallinspirin fresh air is totally inspiring. abbo kinney,ho wanteto devep and ma mon, heent toood schos and udied the classics, studied in europe. hehe h studied iheidelbe, turk. wanted replica the beautyf f tharchitectu that he had sn aroundhe world sohe wou dig cans and then haveve waterwa set of reets. there was a seeses of jor r an minor c cattrophehe they put all the money into ee or, winwd avee. e sto destroyed it. the e la valaluehad plummeted om the 20's, 30's, the wartime. area-s anttracte it wasn't an attctctive area, nenecessilily. artist livedere. jazz musiaians, ets,s, writers. >>hat th wasas alace w wre artistcame in e 50's and 60's becausyoyou cod geget big warehouse spe fofor xt too nothing and yocan serve. it was low-cos placeo be a eative pson. >>t is usuly called wher the debr meets t sea. surrounded by alcohols, bon, and meally ill people. it rlly was ly that was cheap. he was able to ren303000 saree feet off space on manene, tw bloc from the beach, for $75 a nth. >> my rst pla is six- my fit place s $64 a mon. you n even sy here f one ght for64. yeah, $64 a month. >> i remember e e firsday i was hehe. i ke up in the morning. it was a beautifulororning and the e was dead bodjustst laying there. detectives we sming cicirettes, walking arou andnd cckingg jokes. th was my rst morng in nice. i'm notryiyingo make arime scene out ofenice, but it literayy was. the only people atat wercrazazy enough to really move into the ararea we arartis. people like really bankston, e moses, larry ll, bob graham. e rest ofhe neighborhood ss hooks s andrug d dlers. crazies. the crs s and e blbloo. bacally, vice was a very diffent t ace thanant is now. young artists could acally ist t do here.e. tserocally,ome of artis becameroperty ners thselves. theivery prence madet an atactive pla. theyrought i architects creang i intestingngooking houses tself.lt on thenou hadtockbrokerand te people ming in, chasin th b bohemiais him -- bohemiani.-- c cours it t habeen destroyed through thchchase. >> i came to vene e when wasas about seven year old. spliing withy mothernd fath l.a -- living wh my therer a fatathein l.a.. the first thing that r rememr ar their divorce, there was acach do there. thata's what we wanted to .. go down there, jump in the ter, feethe e sa. grandfaer, alfoe joseph first blackshe cecementontrtracr hereren los angele heound a aot of work. at this time the canals ee beg bubuil there are still a lot v vacan houses. werere into 2016. wewe havall of theseig mansns goingp. i oblem wi that ishey are tearing wn perfely good houses, buding the mansions. onofof theirstst this they d is put up an legal fee, tall bushes a things. you neveget a ahance to see themem. i like to know my neighbs.s. know m mt of them on this blk here. since gentrificati i is he, u don't get a chanctoto know them. there still are few pioneer mililieseft ear. bunonot ve manany. not very many. >> there wasn' even a place to get a mbmburge ththe was nothing down here. ifif y walk down market stre tohe boaoawalk and lookk towards santa monica and saw 20 ouldle all the waythat be big day nobodyame down here. w was ety.. we are now in fronofof 77 rketet street. i used to own number 76 mkeket reetet. snapchat started acquiri a all the prprerty around here. threntnt g too h hh. i think they have l l of t bubudings on this street. i don't know how iisis goi too play out. as it hascarries on be g goingyou u kn, litttt towns like this, a little house likeke this built in the 's will be worth $25illion f a litt shack lik tha >> fortunate, , los geleles s lots of underdeveleded ighbororods. erybody doesn't ha t to li ininhe same blocks. venice or atwate whever t t artist go, utiqiquewill follow and artists lead the way. evereryby elsese follows, the wy is s tritionanay. >> los angeles h a alwaybeenen known as the city of nehbhborhood e of the ones wi t the ststrongest cultural identity is thisarart. it was id out -is this park. 1920's.d out in the a a neigorhohoodhat was protecd d by rial l conants.s. it wasn't titil thracece rts of 19 65 and accelatating itee flight that the neighborodod came w wt we know it today as, a rerealenter r african-ameranan polics s an art. as we await the arrivalf f the crenenaw line light-rail route, bringing hopes o new invtment d develoent and xieties abougentrifitition a displacement, e e queson i is whetheheit can maintain that rereputati a as thhearart the centerff african-american culture in los anges and the reon.. >> how are you doi?? >> i'm good how aryou? >> good morning. i'm m gog to g g started. to the house.ow annene wit anything that the counity shldld be are e of weekwas contacted last [inaudible opportunity toet more properti, commity owne with mor propeies. thought we were doining,ccumululing all of the prproperes f for us. now that people are going to s the alonon coming. [indiscernible] everybody's gettg g seris now. this h h been going on f 30 years. since 1987. we havbebeen ting g toave this for aican-americans. ththiss noththg no -- nothing ne 's secret. we've been workingn n thisor a a long timim >> just haa a quick esestion i just had a quick question. the metro line wi b be upnd nning by the year 2020. 202020 visioisis somhihing tt ew out of our moay morning meings. it was a way f us to have a plan owhatat ts neneigorhoodod would look like when our ighbhborfrom a a over the world come up out of the meoo op. i think it's a itite unue thering of peopl it's a lot of the 60's children o are rered d tour the main sese of e pepeop doingnghe planning. it's al verery mu like a eam te. eachf themnow exactlhat ises need to take place. this is brother to.. changing the world, ma one of the greatest men on the plan rigightere. you are in good coanany. >> sings wonderfly. [improvisational singing] ♪ blacks is the center of cuculturin a ameca. ght ininhe middle of it. as i kn it, thiis a ver unique place th a sensive hisry. started around the same time of the 1932 olympics. the first totally plan neighborhood village -- totally planned neighborhood village. they didn't allow people of color to live here. >> it was all white. ere was no thoug o of anodyy se beiei here. people startedck moviving west. startn965 in e areaecameuch le white, muchore black ter th. after that, the bachman gallery started. the whole black tstsovement became place tgrow. >> the need for oppoununitie for rican-amican andther mirity artiss was the reason wepenened rockmkm gallery. o openeit u in 1967. i was 20. myrorother was 24.4. we automically kneit was going to bnique cause we re herto promoteinorit artist there wanothing like itn the mmunity. you think abouthe social impact, the political impacts of ththe time, we were ght for is oppounity. pe for r is oprtunity. the brockman galleris the reason that we are still on th map. it's a lot to say it's a proud moment, to be a partf this growing and ntinuing htory of e area a cultul h. th' changededhe gam theyought t jor piecec of , addi to the orory that we're goi to have >> ts place is drenched in art. l l kindof a. it's mamajor voice -- major force for change in th nehborhoho here. i say at, i'm flinching. here.re was a movement the mta was going touiuild t linehat stops at enenshawing , justalf ofhe area. ereasn outcry be that manyms to pelele in e viville aree nervous abouthahat th meaeans they wanted a train stopbubut with a a gain more desirable, thiningset more expensive. they are very worrd d abou gentrification. euphemism for white people comi in and changing the col of things. thiss knknowas a b bck, grassroo p place i would say atat it's s be a long time coming. 20 o yeaears in some ways it took tooonong. in other ws, it's comingoo fast >> we are 9% of e e poputionon of los angeles and we own 55% of ththiseighborhd. i don't think is about bad atisisti. ththonly thing we have to dis to fight, to make sure thaththe histororof our iolveveme and gagement in this neighborhood ststays at way. people rembeberingt soso i won't get run ov.. [cheering] check it out. evereryby holdldhe handout like this. riright? lowre gng to start in a tonethenen ware gogog to get highhehere istopops. 1, 2, 3. [cheering in unison] >> me and this gir named devon montgomery, she us t to ta mee to showst echo par diy type shows. i s s comi from a hip-hop babackgrnd.. battles and stuff. she thought it would be cool if we bughtht our worlds together i was like, tight. we started dng bananas. i helped to promote .. was rerely good at internet omototin i grew it into whaitit is w. [wrapping] ♪ sticking to the meme eth, oking bands. bookg wrwraprs. other genres, pelele whoo beats, who sing, stuff like th. ♪ >> itarted coming to b banas whent t was couple oyearars rolling already. i'm an avid suororter. i'm here every m mth, without fafail. it's like a pcece forellolowsp and art. where people can expressheir ideas, bounce ideas off e each othehe and collaborate with ea otr. i'm optimistic tt t it wl kekeep its esnce. there is no other placlilike is. it is mecca for culture, sisic. i think that's wh m makes it the park.ark -- la merck the people. ththe cuure.e. ♪ >> ♪ get ready get ready get ready ♪ ♪ >> theollywoodign ha liv three stinct lives. put up in 1923 to average -- to advertise an upscale subdisision callll hollywood land. followed, its that simply set hollywood, shn n of the lala four letters. itececame absbstrt symbol recognized across the wod for thee newly ambitus movie busiss and ihad d no connection to the neighborho orocatioiophysically in los angeles. now, in the third los anleles, thankskso a combination of seie culture, soci media, and dital mapping, its lolocati hasas become intensely imrtanant. there arincreasi numbersf pedestris tryingo make tir ,ay as close the sign closasas thecan n tot to t te a pho to post to instagm.m. ere arall sortrtof battles in the neiboborhoo about who should he accesso o the streres, sidewalks, and trails in the area. isis, inany y wa, is the third loangeles. this mix of techlology a obobructionism. battleover access to srered space e d how the city will be defined over it. anybody afraid of heigs? l right, cool. that's thtotop ofhe r recd building. it's built to look lika a stac ofof rords.. >> oh. 1, 2, 3. [l[laughr] the sign has always been attracng peopl this ithe quinssential selfie picre. ople comup here d immeately post to insta. i know that there have bnn mplainin, but at the same time when you buy a home ritt derneathhe hololwood sign, itititeral comomes with the territory, rhtht? know thathere is tt tensn betweethe resince of the area andsers of the park. >>t's an internationalymymbol of wits and glamour. bui ththina lot t times in lolos anles,s, sce it inception ahollllywd sig has been location point. the orinal holwood sig s built 1923,o adverse thnew devepment of hollywo land. it was built by a kind of consortium of heavyweight and early los angelesinincludg g eli clark and hibrbrotheinin-law people who felt thathehey were stuck in the grime and hustle and d bule of thbig cici would look uand sollywoodand anthink thathey cod live uphere le mount olpus. the gn that see tay is not the sign construed in 23. the sign that we see today was consnstrted in 1978, wn a grp of hollywood insiders, inincling huhu hefner,r,ene autry, and strgegely eughh alicee cooper got together and gaveve mey fororach letter. new hollywood sign wabubuilt. it's ngerous t there. the are pele just opping the mide of theoad wh theicars to t out and take ctctures didibeying traffic sns. bui also wt t s to peop -- youave chos to livender the moamous si in the world. u havehosen to le under theollywoodign. >> i a prey wewellalled d d fenced off i so, it hasn'bebeen mh ofof a issue other than occasionally oplele pking i ifront of my gate or whatnot. i ha a f frid on b bchwood drive who is bloeded in s iveway at least every other ek and h t to ca tow truc >> i found of his house, walked out t he, felllln love and thght -- isis is like being i lakeuouomo, ve m mines from the fun of majorolollywo ststios. i boughtt t immeatelely. you movento this ea, you thin that there is activity. just a neighborhood was few hike w with little bit of tourism until 2011. >> i in e laststour years or so we have had an extreme explosion p populity y of people coming up he asas aestinanaon. we expect it is main t throu ththadvent of people having gogoog maps on their cell phon. as traffic study showed 7000 exaa cars or weekend comg up he.. -- t last trfic studshowed 00 extra cars pereekend ming up. this tract was constructed in 1923. it was the very first papansio inin the hills. it was recreated with e e type of bandwidth in mind thawewe are experiencing tay. stst othese streets don't veve dewalks. it's a reci for daster. ere have been occasions ere re trucks and ambulances have nonot en ablblto get to the deinations becau of cars blocki them orhe streeee being too narrow. >> if u type hlywood sig into ggle map, if you are a tourt oror seone h he who nts to s it,t shows u a lile pain ere the gn is. if you ask for drivi direionsns t it, it will send yototo griffiths observatory infenced bybeen people in the city who say that th best place to go toeeee the signgns griffiths observatory. it doesn't actulyly telyouu that you can drive, park much clos, wawalkn publictreetsts hike on public trai. ase e kindf make this transition froa city that is kikind olockckednto our uses and yards to gng out into the streets and celebrining th pupuic spaces provided by th city, the are the peopleho don't want stranrs walki down t streetsa public street that anybo should able tuse. >> we d't wananto excde pele from ming up here. or discourage em even. it's s sily become untenable at is point people are tryintoto paint. homeowners, back-and-fth, guining tween n sidents. frfruently i have seen people jujustunningng bween stop signs and srsregarng t the no smoking signs, the lteriringnd whnot. --ould love to as them wod you like me to come to yoyour nghboborhd and d have like thi safe andt want to be share what we have a be asasonab. you don't carebobout yr puic safety, the public fefety of yououfriends and familil the you e e ignong s somhing t tt could killouou. >> the mern sing-family house on hillsidwas wher the drm o sond los geles s createand trsmitted to the re of the wld thankin large rt to imes fro the aritectural otograer juli shulmannd oers. at the picresuggestt was a deeply optimistic forward-looking prisise of postwar los anges.s. what does that dream lk k like now? even e fact tt empty piec of landn n whicto b bui these experiments are no loerer ailablbl it mostly means archecects dn thhill a a working in a range ofays to r rake or reimagi thidea o oresidentl chitectu in los anles fo a dser era. means lighthouses -- it means houses like this one are no longer faces to live, places to make a life, as much as they are museum pieces. plplaces to examine t experintation at markethe powar dade as ifhey are objects der glas relive to oer, veryense york,its -- new totokyo,ao p pau, mexixi city -- it's probably fair to say that l.a.as a a dpropororonately highumumber of single-family hohome this has been a place where peopleavave mod dudue get their little ploofof lanandd build their little hesestead the nuclear family is l longe thth model generating urban form the y y thatt generated in the 50''s. with all of these waysn n whic ththfamily is changing, i don'tt know a proliferation o thsands s single-mily homes of00000 sqre feet and upwards kekes see. i think that we've g to o chge the residential fabric to acmmodate e familyf the future. >> we are seeing the cy really transforand rebud itself a lot of the things atat we ve e here to stay. therare also parts oitit tha ararabout undergoing radica chchge. e city is trying out expemements ordrdero gett people back in t the cy anand usee the publitransportition. to be an architect, rtrt of at lows us to get outside of a p or kd ofof dign or sle discourse. en it cos to urb living and quality of lifas we nfront t realityhat the city wil cnge a loover the next 20 yes. lackbisal notio i is h do you ke theuality 18 sing-family house and pack tm into fe lots wh th added bus of a nse of mmunity. i thk it'a desi solutio to theuestion density to makehe part kindf neighbhood apppriate ece ise did whate cald ealth denty. sotimes th are twoouses t they lk like o house. some houses are threhohousesut ey look like one and a half hohous. is really very much a rtrt of is e expimentata tradition. >> dsity, i tnk, is o of thkey chalnges foros anges. -- has notis not realallyeen a a allenge that los anges hahas d to c cfront untilow and now it's coming out ke a a we. how weweake a more dense city work i iways tt are unique and real tthe e wa that we live rere. hethink that is one of great, imptant, prsising challelees for us. tha's meththinwe havavto figure outn n our n terms, as poposed importi models that might no fit so well from otrr aditioiol cities multifamily housing. a denser type housing is bemingng me andd more -- not ononly aecesessi, but t tually a quality that people are vyy terestst in here. one santfe was deloped oa sitehat manyeople di't know exied. beten is thresho the ts distrt, the rlroad, the river, and east los angeles on t o otheride.e. myajor gl was toake a buding athat scale aind ma differe ways foit to try to both weave into the cit ast exisis now, but also open up and anticipate th poibilitit of en more importanconnectis bween differensides ofhe city the fure. horizontal reali of the builng w waso deal with the realy ofof l angelel as a primarilyorizontacity. eryone tnks that city th sscrapers t he and devep vertally. at the same time, los angeles allyly h been a horizontal cityty. it is one of its quintessentia idtitieses atwere ryry muclookokin whetr that could ctinue to be aualilitycontinin to be a f thecharacteristic bubuildis ofof t city,y,ven as they g bigger and bigr. makehat building more part o th low slung fabric of the ty.. i don't think th t the singleleamily home disappears anime e so. nor ould it. much of e culturof theity habeen devoped in at way. arguably doesn't hahavehe capapity to continue to pushut furth and furer and rther. dotown andow that velops intesting noto mucin thatt will bome the nter ofos angel. is intesting beuse its anxperimenin how t denser nteredrecinct the cit can beeveloped maybe at'a model for theay th other cenrs in thcity cadevelop the fute. forearly l of itsodern history, l angel has bee known the cenr of archectural novation but has nev extendeto the skyline. it is rd to the govnment -- it is hard to think of anyone significant high-re e in t cici. all buildings ov 1 150 ft inin ighteeded hepads. thbuildi behind me,he wihire grandis reprentative of a new shift in skyscraper arctectctur it w wasiven a a variance, allod to h hava top th doesn't have a lilipad. w that hipadequireme has be done aw with together. we maye lookinat a new generati of towers at are re interting aritecturay. yrs, lolos geles came virally thenly majo city in thunited stes that limited e topsf buildis. alsot the height, but requirg that a buiuildg sixx storieor taller had toee fl. the fifi department decided it woululd saferero be able to ndnd a helicicter on the roof a talluilding case the was fire or some other kind of emergency. never as i know, it's evever bn usused thremoval flat ro requirent was anged byhe city counc about twor thre years o. i thk that is sho that th city has differe attite towas tl building in theore centl parts the city, wereunning o of spe. if y want tohange anrow you ha got to up rath than seading owards. it's only logical tt people wowoul start thinking mobout wh those bldings lk like d would become more acstomed looking upwards to the psps buildldgs. the wilshire grandroroject reprprents the first change in mamanyecadeses of the 60's,'s t gogoinback to e 20''s or the 30's, it will be thfifirst time that there is a new bubuilng wititsomething other than flat to >> when you see these ececes o plywood, that's a whol d't t lk on them. if you do, they ara a litt bitit of a traoline. this entire project 2 2.1 millioiosquare feet. it's over $1,200,000,000 i catal ininstment. ay off t cable. >> this is gndndale. pasadena. we l.a.a.. lax. of course,e e are 66. ifou are on the 73 f floor there is nok, hier s spa like e at in the city. here's a helicopt f flyinbelolow us, right? you casee it right out there. it's low us. downto l.a. is designed to have 500,000 people move ianand move o o every day. that's the regur r cour off sinessss 12 mlion people, 40 million pepeopleivining ound he can actual g get he. th can say -- hone letet's s go downwn to the wilshire gra,, to the p, takakour friend and ha a glass of wine. th''the e ecomic mod, by the way. that's what the wlele prese o of this is. we are angelenos. 'm ing totoo to the top of that. i'gogoing havave nner t tre. that's a real economic driver. at''s whatatntertainnt destinatio a are a abobout this projecteaeally flecects exactly what's gogg on in wnwntown l.a. entertainment, really hi quality. fo, rerestaunts,s, residtial. five-star hotel. it's s at t epipiceer whehe everything ldsds. it's a perfeclolocati. >> in the fit los anleles, i beforeorld w ii, thboyle hehts sectn of ea los anges just ross the river fr downtowwas real the ceer of jesh cultu in loangeles. as the sond los geles daed , thneighborod was ilated om the cy and thregion b a tane in thfreeway th was ing builall overhe regio of coue. where with a ram through neigorhohood with thentensity of the vlence th happened in ylyle heits. over timsesecondosos anges i in the postwarecade, the ololatioprovovedo be a a surprising source of strength in the neigorhood. it becaman encla of latin american and mican amecacan migrgratn. by the 70's and 80osositiv bebeme the settled neiborhood of not second but third-gerarationmmigigras andd a neighborhood with a strong sesense itstseland enengy. what that means now as money gentrificationd come, the neighborhood haseen le t to ght back against the forcesf f chan much mo efefctively than otr nehbhborhos around the region. the question is, wt will become of one of the sprising succs s stors ofof sond lolo angeles in ts s new ty with devepmpment ney y poing inin from all corners. one y y to awer r th queststn might be tgogo furer east, aw f from e shshinnew developments of ylyle heights, ggining neath h e surface of this placid, non-district -- nondescrip cul-de-sacs of eastern l.a.,here a new muiculturaenenergyf the third s angeles is coconstitingng itself andnd proving self in rprising waysmmune tohe flatting foes of displacement. >> if you look at a maofof boy heights, you are talking about fofour sare e mis. an area that is literay y hemm in by the construction of fee tersececng freeways in the ar. so, this area was litelllly aranantid by highway constrtion and urban renew in the 1950's and960' it wasne of thfirst surban redential comnities for businessn and famies w were td to thenitial velopmenof downtn los geles. time, ble heigh was wh we woulall fancy sidentianeighborod with victoria mansion the mographics were imimaril white, upper mdle class falies. probab around e 19 tee, 192's th we began to e a sht from t old dowown class ofntreprenrs and milies ta more raciay and hnicallyiverse iigrant a workg-g-clas community. it was iththe 5's d 60's when you gagan toee t the massive is placement of sisidentfromom boyle heights to make way for e interstion of e five jor freays. hee ve freew, the 10 10, the 6 they all conrge upon boyl heights. part of the city's effort to get rid of slums in los angeles. for the people who did protest the coming of the freeway, it was a lost battle. there was simply no way to fight a powerful highway buildi auorityy that bulldozed its way to b boy heights. stst los angeles and boyle heheightin p parcularr emerged s the epicenter of all of the thaemergedrment around t mexican american cil ririgh movememt. it continu t to reesenent e culture in the lifofof mexan scent peoples in the unidd ates.. it's stilththe vio - -- barrio capital b. >> my family fir a arriv here in the92920's bebecae of t t mexican revotition. they played an acte e rolen aping it. th arrivedn the mile of burbia. where do they goo meet pple? toind communi? identy? latinos re-creeded thain t the own y. are indefining who yo isis amecan n coext. goodt to show you a explple of frorontard shrine. the way at latinos use their fronyards to exess their cuurural identity. a lot ofhehem pushririnein their front yards. like my housesn the surbs, itas a garagin the fnt. like t one nexdoor is ere yosee it typicly. version ofino at.. it became a part of that indoor ouoor lifeyle. hind this the one freeway. -- the 101 freeway. on the eastside it w devasted and t communi fought bac it's beenn n impoant t pa of the identity. here, turning across, decorate you had time to s t the transfsfmation of the space on the e easide.. >> the million-dollaququesti isis how boyle heights is goingo fair in the face of ntririfition.. right now there a a bacashh against gentrification i cities throughouthe n natn. boe heights also statained thatatacklash. right now you are sengng a kd tension in the way that the dynamics are pying out. on the one hand, it's bemingng more integrated toto the city because ofhehe extsionon o new public tnsnsit pgramams. like the met r rail. on the other hd,d, thaveryry development ispepeninghe doors for neww phase of gegentricatition as follows echpark, so follows downtown, boyle heights, and beyoyondnto ththvalley. follows may not be the rhtht rd. it depends on whose perspeivive you are working from. >> the san gabel valley is owining . it's willing up rhtht now thth's e next chaer. how do we accommatate th? how do we keep the qlility o lili by? -- life high? it is a transit b.b. they are going tbebe ablto verage that, just likenyny her cici. >> running is a part of ee ready.y. to be able to escape a absorb thlalandsce ararou me. . i want to hear the sound of the woworl it's pa of exploring your ndscscap i grew up in the citand of always stayed within t v valle ititeels like home. i am the writer and direoror of "vararty punks." i wasn't finding success by sesellg the e ories. i said -- i'veotot to oducuce one. weanted tohoot something in thlolocal ighbhborod, shshing f f the culture and involving ruing.g. the fact that it was goi t to be my hometown, presenting a lturure at iss underrepresented , i think e e vall iss completely underrepresendd in hollllood movies. i don't ev t thinke arare the radar of a lot opepeoplen l l.a >> he's beeneaeally fectctivat getting the support and the excimentnt othe community. not him ining itlonene. it's really a cmumunityomining togethero suprt his project. anhavivingun wititit. as far as the role oarartistgo the role of gentrification, we d''realallyave rere estate devepepers lkingng tards what rsrsity nks s ar doing. as far as whetheththey suldd invest. what they are loining foourr communities where they are lele acquiui cheap property because ofhis invemement i ththe communities. they are lkiking f opportunities toakake moy anand there are other factors. >> capital development and investment is always looki t to conqueuenew frontie. ev i if th arere o frontie that have already become conquereanand dipidadate over time they can become new frtitiers r ininvement a a over again. about is one cotatant urn lilifen genenel. i think all ofhehese cmuniniti are e ing to be affected in popositi and negive e wa by the chang we are seeing rhtht w. -- the gentrifitition , it's pa o of imovining places, but as long ast't'donene the thought okekeepinthee community alive. it's a differt t plac iti's my place. the city has a l of things wrg wiwitht, bututt's home. it's s ouhome.. g a:nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnaxotx1y1y1dd