Dr. Maddock the real problem that we have is that with increasing populations and shortages of water, we are becoming very vulnerable. In the southwest, theres a very unique vulnerability here, simply because where do we get the water if there is no water . Narrator across the country in northern florida, the quantity of water isnt an issue. Rainfall averages an abundant 1 1 4 meters each year. Wendy graham and her colleagues evaluate and model the impacts of industrial and Agricultural Land use threatening the Worlds Largest collection of freshwater springs. Dr. Graham right now, the biggest question is how far we can stress the system and not push it past the point of no return. Narrator both researchers are working towards a Sustainable Future to protect the water needed by our species and our planet. Arizona is one of the fastestgrowing states in the u. S. The consequent demand on freshwater for personal, industrial, and agricultural use is depleting the Natural Resource and destroying the environment. Im tom maddock. Im at the university of arizona, and i study hydrology. I work in the area of groundwater surfacewater interactions. Basically, the difference between ground water and surface water is you can float a stick in surface water. In ground water, you really cant do that except maybe looking down a well and dropping the stick down the well. Narrator surface water is typically found in lakes, rivers, and streams. Ground water is found beneath the earths surface in small pores and fractures found within large rock formations. When this water is readily available for human use, these formations are called aquifers. Almost all of the natural surface water in arizona has been developed, leaving only ground water available for human consumption. Dr. Maddock the problem in the southwest is that we basically are having continued growth, and, in many places, the only place that you can get water to sustain that growth is from groundwater development. Unfortunately, ground water is more available near the streams than it is other places. Its what we call the Willie Sutton principle. Willie sutton was a bank robber and was once asked why he robbed banks, and he says, well, thats because thats where the money is. In the same instance, the wells go in near the river because thats where the water is. But, of course, the groundwater pumping interferes with the surfacewater systems. It essentially depletes surface water, and you end up with a conflict. This is a very, very limited quantity of water that you are essentially adding a lot more straws into. And ultimately what happens you run out of water. Narrator pumping a well thats near a stream creates a cone of depression that draws in water from the stream or intercepts water that would have arrived at the stream. As the demand on ground water increases, the level of surface water in streams and rivers decreases. A stream that was once gaining water from aquifers becomes a losing stream until it loses all of its water. Dr. Maddock its a physical problem in terms of the fact that youre taking water out of the stream. Its an ecological problem in the fact that youre reducing habitat for not only plants, but also for birds and animals that may live in that. And thents an intertionalroblem almost every country in the world that uses ground water as a resource is having troubles with it affecting surfacewater systems. And its an area which generally in the past hasnt been studied. Narrator to further understand the effects of water levels on the environment, maddock and his team analyze data gathered from the lush areas surrounding rivers and streams called riparian systems. Dr. Maddock basically, very close to the stream, youre gonna find an abundance of trees, like cottonwoods and willows, bushes, grasses, that eventually just disappear as you move further away. And this is called a riparian system. Because all the plants are there, the animals and birds habitat that area, too. So, if you reduce that habitat either by dropping a water table or reducing a surfacewater supply, essentially what youre doing is destroying not only plant life, but probably animal life, too. And that is the area that im trying to understand how little water can these systems survive with and how they work. Narrator to answer this question, maddock creates mathematical models. Dr. Maddock there are certain processes that can only be described mathematically. What weve been able to do is to introduce into groundwaterflow models transpiration processes which reflect the behavior of the plants if you raise and lower the water table. In the past, that hadnt been able to be done. Narrator transpiration is the process in which water vapor is lost from land plants to the atmosphere. This process causes movement of water through the plant from soil to air. Water enters a tree through its root system, mos through xylem tissue the very thin straws lining the inside of the tree before evaporating into the atmosphere through its leaves. Dr. Maddock some of the trees in the riparian system can use quite an astounding amount of water. Its been estimated that under, say, perfect conditions, a healthy cottonwood can take up as much as 90 gallons per day of water, which is about the same as half of a normal household here in the sohwt. T were taing aba irly substantial amount of water thats being transpired by the trees. One of the things that had been suggested at e time was perhaps one way to save water in the river is to cut down all the trees along it. The problem is, is when you do that, regular evaporation takes over and you can end up actually losing more water with regular evaporation than you would from transpiration from the trees. There were several studies done by the bureau of reclamation and one by the u. S. Geological survey that established this. Narrator to better understand the effects of water depletion in riparian zones, maddocks colleague, dr. Kate baird, is measuring the amount of water used by vegetation near the San Pedro River, a river that has been in decline over the past decade. For each tree, baird determines the volume of water traveling through that tree. To do this, she measures both the velocity of the water moving up the tree and the area of its xylem tissue. Dr. Baird so, if i wanted to understand how much water is flowing through the tree or howuch water this tree reallyeeded in any day, we would simply peel off a small part of this bark, drill two very small holes into the tree, and insert this heat probe. Narrator a double probe is used to measure the velocity of water moving through the tree. The lower probe is heated to a known temperature. The other measures the temperature of both the tree and water in the tree. If water is not flowing, the upper probe records the maximumtemperature difference possible. The faster the flow of water, the more heat is dissipated, and the more the temperature is similar. In this way, researchers can determine the amount of water used by that tree. Baird also takes small core samples of the tree to measure the width of the xylem and the total area of xylem in the tree. Various trees and plants in a riparian system require different amounts of water. With these data, the team can determine the water needs of the riparian system. What we do is develop a curve that relates the water level to how well the plant transpires, how well it uses the water. And we have three critical points. The first point is called the extinction depth, and that is if the water table drops below that point, the plant will expire. And then if the water table rises, there will be a point at where the plant uses the maximum amount of water. In other words, this is its most efficient point. And then as the water table rises even further, what happens is that you can actually end up to the point where you drown the plant, where it has too much water. And one of the things that our researchers do is to try and develop these curves for these plants for these various plant groups, rather than silepecies. , what happens is, is that we may have 5,00species but they may be able to be grouped as little as four or five different tys. Naator grouping the trees by such factors as rooting depth, waterlevel tolerance, and transpiration rate, scientists can detmine the water needs of this ecostem to ensure its future health. Dr. Baird the San Pedro River is one of the last remaining freeflowing rivers in the semiaridouthwest. Our research is showing that the river is already in declin and possibly at a critical rning point. Narrator if the problem of the San Pedro River is ignored, it may share the fate of the Rillito River, just 160 kilometers away. Were standing along the banks of the Rillito River in tucson, arizona, and looking at what happens to a river once it becomes disconnected from the ground water. Historically, this dry riverbed had water flowing through it, and lining the banks were cottonwoods and willow and other natural vegetation. Years of groundwater pumping for human use have caused the groundwater table to decline, and once the groundwater table declines below the riverbed, the river essentially becomes disconnected and you lose a functioning river. Dr. Maddock the trouble is that most people dont understand what the sustainability is in their particular area. If youre lucky enough to have a mixture of surfacewater and groundwater systems that you can extract water from to get your water supply, youre in better shape than if you have either one of these and not the other, and the reason for that is, is that in wet years when you have lots of war, you can maybe recharge the aquifer. In dry years when you dont have a lot of surface water, you can extract water from the groundwater system. So, theres kind of a sustainable quantity. The primary issue that cities, particularly in the southwest, are having to look at is the idea of sustainability. In other words, how much water does it take to sustain a certain lifestyle, a certain quality of life . Narrator maddock hopes to use his models to educate people about the effects of Falling Water tables and to help deter overpopulation of these areas in the future. Dr. Maddock the research that were doing on surfacewater groundwater systems is tied in to the management of a Regional Water supply, which, in turn, is connected to a state or country water supply, which, in turn, is connected into International Issues involving water supply, so that the things that we study in our area ultimately lead to producing watermanagement capabilities that are used in other places throughout the world. Narrator while maddocks research is based in the semiarid southwest, professor wendy grahams Research Lies across the country in an area where the quantity of water isnt an issue with 50 inches, or 1 1 4 meters, falling annually. But the quality of the freshwater is in danger of being irreparably damaged. Northern florida is home to cattle ranches, industrial agriculture, and a human population growing at an unprecedented rate. All of these users have the potential to degrade the abundant Water Resources that flow here. Dr. Graham my name is wendy graham. Im a professor and director of the Water Institute at university of florida. A very interesting place, hydrologically. Theres a lot of freshwater and a lot of people and a lot of landuse changes going on. Well, the largest user of water in this region of florida is agriculture. And, in fact, in florida, in general, the largest user of freshwater is agriculture. But public water supply is a close second, and, in the not too distant future, im sure will catch up and overtake agriculture as the major user. I grew up in the bahamas. We lived on a little island, and we had our well here, and then we had our septic tank here. And that proximity i always found kind of fascinating. And id spent most of my time out of doors. There werent a lot of indoor distractions very few movie theaters, no shopping malls. So we spent our fridays and saturdays on sailboats in the ocean. And then wed get home to shower, and the water would be off cause we only had water from 6 00 a. M. To 2 00 in the afternoon. So, we had very limited freshwater and very abundant salt water. And i just got interested in Water Resources, thinking about that dichotomy. Right now, most of the field work im involved in is in the Suwannee River basin in florida. Narrator a basin is a geographic region that contributes all of its surface water to a river system. This map shows the area from which the Suwannee River gets its water. Dr. Graham and the Suwannee River basin is one of the largest unregulated rivers left in the u. S. Its not interrupted by dams or hydroelectric power. Its just allowed to flow freely in its natural state. And there arent too many rivers like that left in the u. S. There is a lot of freshwater. The highest concentration of first order springs in the world, it occurs right here in northcentral florida. Theres a huge reservoir of freshwater under the land surface that, even in times of drought, is emerging in the springs and flowing into the rivers. So, we dont get to the point here in this part of the state where we have utilized and overutilized the resource so much. Narrator currently, the Suwannee River basin has enough water to sustain the natural ecosystem. But there are everincreasing temptations to dam and divert the rivers to supply water to other regions in the state. Theres a lot of development pressure. Theres a lot of competition for those Water Resources. If people in tampa and miami look up to northcentral florida and think, hmm, you know, if california can move their water across the state, why dont we go ahead and do that . So, we are interested in understanding what the requirements of the natural system are and also understanding how Major Land Uses in that basin, particularly agriculture, affect the Water Quality in the river. Narrator the Suwannee River basin faces two major obstacles in the future increased demand and increased pollution. An average 1,000 people move into the region daily, using freshwater for their homes and septic systems. Pollution levels in the basin are also increased when farmers spread fertilizers high in nutrients such as phosphorous and nitrate, on crops for increased yields. The excess fertilizer not used by the crops can be carried to rivers, causing algae and other plants to grow. This can change Water Quality, rendering it unfit for human consumption. Dr. Grahams task is to produce mathematical models used to predict how these factors and others Work Together to determine the health of the ecosystem. With these models, she hopes to avoid some of the mistakes that were made in the past in florida. Dr. Graham well, the Suwannee River basin in florida is relatively undeveloped, as opposed to south florida which was heavily developed in the 1950s after the huge drainage project that basically drained the everglades and created Agricultural Land and urban lands for people to live on. But 20, 30 years after that process, people started discovering the harm that it was doing to the everglade systems. Narrator over the last 100 years, the everglades have been systematically dammed and pumped for agricultural and urban development. 40 of floridas residents currently live in the area. And crops grown here supply half of the winter vegetables sold in the united states. But the cost to the environment has been astonishing. Because of overdevelopment, the flow of freshwater has dramatically decreased, and excess nutrients from farms and ranches have changed the ecosystem to the point where the region is said to be on the verge of biological collapse. So, what we would like to do is understand the needs of the natural ecosystem as well as the needs of humans as welas the needs of agriculture so that we dont pass that Tipping Point and have to spend 8 billion restoring the Suwannee River basin like were having to do in the everglades. Narrator to predict the future of the Suwannee River basin, scientists first have to understand how it is presently functioning. Dr. John martin is a colleague of professor grahams at the unirsy of florida Water Institute. His team studies the healthof, sampling and testing its water for signs of pollution. Because of sandy soils and the soluble limestonebedrock geology in this part of florida, rivers here run above ground and then flow underground through sinkholes. Above ground, water can be sampled directly. But underground, the water fills and moves through the porous rock aquifer. This water can be accessed through a series of wells. The aquifer water here, the water thats contained in the rocks in the very small, microscopic, pore spaces within the rock, is whats utilized for Drinking Water and, actually, allater, so agricultureirrigation water, bottling water, any kind of water usage is almost all from ground water. Narrator by carefully measuring the depth of ground water, mains team can calculate how much is being used. 17. 29. They also record the waters chemical composition to determine nutrient levels that could adversely affect the health of the water. Okay, were ready to sample. Narrator one key nutrient they sample for is nitrate. Actually, nitrate is regulated in Drinking Water standards by the environmental prottion agency. Theres been monitoring of the nitrate levels in some of the springs around here for decades. And the nitrate levels have been shown to be increasing over that time. Narrator if nitrate levels continue to rise, algae will continue to flourish, creating nets that prevent light from reaching plants living in the water. If these plants are lost, the oxygen they produce will also be lost, resulting in an anoxic environment. This can cause the death of animals and beneficial organisms living in the water, rendering the water unusable for human consumption. This is not natural, the algae. This is all algae that comes from higher nutrnt levels than there should be in this water. There shouldnt be any algae growing here at all. I mean, ive never seen it this bad. I mean, this is really kind of disgusting. You can see it all along the banks here. Nitrate comes from fertilizer, predominantly fertilizer and animal waste, including human waste. But theres a lot of agriculture around here, so they fertilize their crops, and it runs off through the surface water into the ground water and then comes out here. You want another one, or is that. The whole area is highly agricultural, so there are cattle feedlots, poultry farms, row crops. The cattle provide animal waste, which are highnutrient loads, and row crops provide a lot of nitrogen thats not a natural source of nitrogen, through fertilization. Moore human activities basically can degradate the river to the unseen eye, right . To the naked eye, you just look its a pretty river, it flows, it does its thing, but whats going on chemically . And just like if you go out today, you can go out there and see the duckweed and the algae, and these are things that historically have not been there. Well, basically, what you have happen is if you get too much of a biomass in there, then you can start destroying the water that way. Narrator increased nutrient levels are a concern for water basins worldwide. But the unique geology of the landscape here makes the danger all the greater. The geology of this area is known as karst. Below the soil layer lies limestone dissolved by rainwater. This dissolution of rock creates an underground system of caves and porous rocks that allow water and the pollution that its carrying to move rapidly. Flow in karst systems is very rapid because it has these caves or conduits that essentially have infinite permeability. There is no resistance to water flow. Dr. Graham and theres very little biological activity that would reduce nitrate levels, and thats one of the concerns. If you have a typical riparian zone or a sort of sandy superficial aquifer feeding a river, theres lots of biological activity along the riverbanks. But these springs are just coming out in sort of holes in the rock, and theres no biological remediation that happens. Narrator in a typical water basin, water moves slowly through soil layers containing a vast array of biological organisms that help to remediate excess nutrient loading. But because of the geology of this region, water and dissolved nutrients move quickly to the aquifer with little chance for remediation. And a second feature of this landscape poses an even greater risk. Underground caves can collapse, creating sinkholes that are a direct connection between nutrient runoff and Drinking Water. Dr. Clark one of the critical aspects about these direct connections that sinkholes provide between the surface and the aquifer is that if theres any kind of pollutants or contaminants that are associated wi that water, that waters now going directly into the aquifer, directly into the ground water. So, its really these sinkholes are a direct connection between potential contaminants that we might apply to the surface and our Drinking Water supply. And in the case of nitrates in the ground water, it really has to do with something were doing up on top of the soil where it may be an inappropriate amount of fertilizer being applied or maybe in a difficult area to try to control that. Narrator the problem of identifying specific sources of pollutants in the basin is complicated. By using data gathered from Field Research to build computer models, dr. Graham and her colleagues can predict overall future trends. Wh iclear is that if the population keeps increasing and nutrient levels in the water increase, then the water in the Suwannee River basin will not be fit for human consumption. However, if land use is changed and pollution levels decrease, grahams models predict more positive outcomes. Dr. Graham what were trying to do with our models is fill the gaps between our observations. When we observe the environment, were only seeing the conseqnc of what alady haened, and we have no control over that. Sols allow us to take that understanding d project it into the future and provide information to planns and Decision Makers about how our actions affect Water Quality and the flow of water througour environment. What i would envision is looking at alternativeirrigation practices, alternativefertilization practices, alternativecultural practices that keep most of the nutrients in the root zone, where the plant can use them. On a watershed basis, there are more vulnerable and less vulnerable areas of landscape. If you want to grow corn in your watershed, there will be better places to grow corn and worse places to grow corn. If you want this many people in your watershed, there are better places to have urban centers than others. So, i think itll be a balancing act, but what we hope to do is be able to understand the tradeoffs because to have no impact, there would have to be no humans. And theres no optimum solution, but theres a sort of a tradeoff curve where, in the end, people have to decide what kind of world they want to live in. Funding for this program is provided by annenberg media. For information about this and other annenberg media programs, call. And visit us at. Annenberg media captioning sponsored by annenberg cpb narrator the region of Southeast Asia and South Pacific includes