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like you. thank you. >> ifill: they say they've got their man. now, they're trying to figure out his motive. an arrest this morning in new jersey has ended a manhunt in a series of bombings-- and attempted bombings-- around new york city and new jersey. ahmed khan rahami was loaded into an ambulance, bloody and dazed after a gun battle with police. the 28-year-old naturalized u.s. citizen from afghanistan, wasom captured in linden, new jersey after he was recognized sleeping in the doorway of a bar. that was just hours after police sent text alerts to millions in the new york metro area to be on the lookout for him. after the shootout, in which two police officers and the suspect were injured, new york city mayor bill de blasio firmly labeled the bombings terrorism.i >> we have so more much information obviously than we did even a few hours ago. there's new information coming in all the time, based on the information, we have every reason to believe this was an act of terror. >> ifill: it all began on saturday morning, in a bomb attack in the beach town of seaside heights, new jersey,er before a charity race to benefit marines. no one was injured. later that night, in the chelsea neighborhood of manhattan, another bomb went off, injuring 29 people. surveillance video allegedly- caught rahami planting the v device. a second device, made from a pressure cooker filled withke shrapnel, was found undetonated a few blocks away. and last night, five more pipe bombs were found at a train station in elizabeth, new jersey. as robots worked to dismantle them, one exploded suddenly. officials linked all of the attacks to rahami, but offered limited details about how. but with rahami as a named suspect, police descended on his family home in elizabeth. >> he's a very friendly guy, that's what's so scary. it's hard when it's home. they never seemed out of the ordinary, they just americanized. you would've never knew k anything. >> ifill: at a midday pressfi conference, an f.b.i. official said the agency cannot yet say why rahami planted the bombs, but that he appeared to have acted alone. >> i have no indication there is a cell operating in the area or in the city, the investigationon is ongoing, but i have no indication there is a cell operating here. >> ifill: president obama weighed in from new york, whereo he's attending the united nations general assembly. >> even as we have to be vigilant and aggressive, in making sure we find those who carry out attacks, we all have a role to play as citizens making sure we don't succumb to fear. >> ifill: in the wake of the attacks and with hundreds of world leaders converging on the city, police and bomb sniffingrl dogs swarmed new york's penn station today. in addition, 1,000 national guardsmen have been deployed ona the streets of new york city. rahami underwent surgery earlier today. he was shot in the leg during and the arm during the shootout with police. we'll have more on the investigation right after thegh news summary. >> woodruff: in the day's other news: the president said there's "no connection" between theti bombings in new york and new jersey, and the stabbings at a minnesota mall. ten people were wounded in the saturday night incident.ig the islamic state claimed it inspired the attacker, who was killed by an off-duty policeman. he's identified as dahir adan, a college student from somalia. >> ifill: the syrian military declared today that a week-long cease-fire is over, and within hours, launched dozens of air strikes. the u.n. confirmed a humanitarian aid convoy was attacked, and oppositionat activists said it was hit by russian or syrian planes. in new york, secretary of state john kerry refused to concede the truce is dead.uc >> the russians need to control assad, who evidently is indiscriminately bombing--ly including on humanitarian convoys. so let's wait and see. we'll collect the facts. we need to see where we are, and then we'll make a judgment, but >> ifill: activists said thesa various air strikes killed more than 30 people, including a dozen in the aid convoy. >> woodruff: u.s. air strikes may have accidentally killed at least eight police officers in afghanistan. an afghan commander says it happened sunday near tirin kot, the capital of uruzgan provinceu the u.s. military confirms planes carried out an air strike there, aimed at taliban forces. >> ifill: in russia, supporterss of president vladimir putin won a landslide in sunday's parliamentary elections. the united russia bloc took three-quarters of the seats in the lower house of parliament. the party will have enough votes to pass constitutional amendments on its own. turnout was down sharply fromn the last election, in 2011. >> woodruff: scientists now sayy the haze from forest fires in indonesia may have led to theed deaths of more than 100,000 people. that is based on new analysis of mortality data. the fires were used to clear land, and burned for weeks last year. researchers at harvard and columbia universities say most of the deaths occurred incu indonesia, singapore and malaysia. >> ifill: signs of progress i today against the zika outbreak in miami, florida. health officials dropped their warning to pregnant women to avoid the city's wynwood arts district. they credited aerial spraying of the mosquitoes that transmit the virus. >> woodruff: for the first time, federal prosecutors say new jersey governor chris christie knew a bridge was being closedcl to punish a political foe-- as it was happening. the governor denies that, but the prosecutors say a witness will so testify at the trial of two christie allies. it opened today. a defense lawyer called theop witness a "habitual liar." >> ifill: and wall street was mostly uninspired today. the dow jones industrial average lost three points to close at 18,120. the nasdaq fell nine points, and the s&p 500 slipped a fraction of a point. still to come on the newshour: a deeper look at what we know about the bombings in new york y and new jersey, the presidential candidates' respond to the attacks, u.n. leaders search for solutions to the world's refugee crisis, and much more. >> woodruff: we return now to the attacks in new york and new jersey. with the capture of a man suspected of planting bombs in both states over the weekend, come new questions about the terror threat and stoppingst radicalization in this country. joining us now to address them: juliette kayyem, she's a former u.s. department of homeland security official, and author of the book, "security mom: an unclassified guide to protecting our homeland." and lorenzo vidino, the director of the program on extremism at george washington university's center for cyber and homeland security. and we welcome both of you to the program. lorenzo, let me start with you. what do you make of this manma ahmed khan rahami and what he did? >> we don't know a lot of facts at this point. i think most indications point to the fact he had some kind of political motivation. everybody is talkingca about terrorism. we don't know much about his radicalization. we're getting tidbits here and there of visits to afghanistan, which don't mean much because he's of north african descent. if you look at the tactic, you look at a pressure cookers, it's something al quaida sympathizers used in the past. the targets seem to have some political motives, a certain neighborhood in new york, the marine corps marathon. we don't know much. i think we're starting to get a picture of somebody who had some signs of radicalization. >> woodruff: juliette kayyem,te what do you make of this, the sophistication of it, how he carried it out? >> not very citiescated in terms of the pressure cooker. how to make it can be foundun online and the different elements are pretty rude manner. he did make a large quantity of them, but just to remind viewers, if all of these incidents are connected, he had about a 25% success rate. what i'm carious about is how quick was that radicalization process, you know, was this over three months and he figured it out how to do it quickly or was it over two years and were there a number of people involved inlv the action. i think that whether be relevane to determine whether it was just him as a parent, or a larger network. so i wouldn't close anything off yet solely based on theba materials or the bombs.bo >> woodruff: lorenzo vidino, what work needs to be done now to figure out if others need to be involved.ed >> his connections overseas and domestically. we'll figure out his acts if he had facebook, twitter account, who he was talking to, his cell phone. i think most immediately are his contacts here in the states. the assumption, i think, isis there are no contacts trying to plan follow-up attacks, but obviously, obviously, that's not a guarantee. but trying to see who he had contact with in the united states. contacts oversarks if he had somebody directed him or at least aware of what he was doing overseas. >> woodruff: juliette, we learned his family moved to the united states in 1995, we figured he would have been 7 years old then. he grew up in this country in that new jersey community, did travel back to the region, we believe, the last few years. but what does that add up to? >> it has up to that we don't necessarily have an immigrationm problem, we have a citizen problem. i mean, unless someone ison willing to say anyone who's been naturalized here is automatically suspect, most of these men are u.s. citizens, but the good news is it's a very small percentage of the islamic community so far.so so what we need to look at isn't so much -- is maybe what happened when he traveledle abroad. we know there is a couple of trips. we know there is a discussion of a potential of a marriage he may have had, so we may need to looo at the review process, the interview process when hen returned from afghanistan, butis also the radicalization processi at home or online. so this investigation will look very familiar, because they will be talking to friends and family of his, and then there will be,, you know, basically the online footprint review, who is hehe talking to online, was there encrypted information, to get aa better picture of who he is andn of course, the most important thing, the radicalization t process, the only way to stop it from happening in the future. >> friends described him as more serious and religious as he came back from one of these or all of these trips to afghanistan. a what does it take to put somebody on a terrorist watch list? >> well, it's obviously not becoming more religious.e that's something that cannot by in itself lead authorities to profile and say just because somebody has become more conservative and more religious, that he can be seen as a security threat. that element together with other elements can lead us to put somebody on the radar screen or a watch list. it's obviously very difficult. in many cases, we're talking about just internal, psychological processes which are, at times, put online, manym other cases they're not. so it's very, very difficult for authorities, if there are no connections, no communications, to really know if somebody is of interest and potentia potentialy dangerous. >> woodruff: so, juliette, what can be done in theseoru circumstances? as lorenzo said, just because someone becomes more religious doesn't mean that they are automatically considered suspicious spicious. >> and lorenzo is exactly right. that's why people who have been in government or homeland security talk about the homeland security enterprise because the idea that the government ise going to be able to prevent alll these things from happening is just a fiction, so that is why there has been a tremendousn focus on outreach to muslim and arab and other communities to integrate them into law enforcement to have the kind ofd relationships that are necessary. in all of these cases, and i'm sure we'll find this in this case today, but in all previous once, a some person knew it was not a guy in the f.b.i. or surveillance, it was the ex-wife, the wife, the father. so at a time when discussions are heated about what to do about the islamic radicalization problem, the better way to think about it is it's not a problembl and to integrate and assimilate with these communities will be the best way to minimize the threat that's sometimes coming from those communities.co >> woodruff: what would you add tot that, londerso? we had this conversation after san bernardino, after orlando with those incidents. what more does it take to try to anticipate these things before they happen? >> the reality is some incidents are impossible to prevent. another illusion is we can prevent anything. unless you completely militarize a swoit nobody is arguing that we should, you can prevent anything. juliette is perfectly right in saying we should work more with communities. i think you can add more resources in terms of what we're doing online, getting all the social media companies to workk with the government. again, understanding the balance of civil liberties and first amendment with the need off security and obviously it's a very difficult balance to maintain there. there are realities that not everything can be prevented. it's ugly to say but a reality.e >> woodruff: one last question, lorenzo.on what are the questions you haveh in mind now that you think authorities will trying to get answers to.s >> i think the context in the community, i think who he was talking to, a friend, part of a study group, generally in termse of what we see in terms of radical sarks even lone wolves, at time are interactive with people both online and offline. even a little group of five or six individuals decided to act but the others had the same kind of mind set. maybe they stopped one step short of acting.n will some of them act? was he talking to other people? maybe he was not. but it's very important to know who he was talking to.g >> woodruff: lorenzo vidino, juliette kayyem, we thank you both. >> thank you. >> woodruff: and online, follow everything we know about the bombing. plus, watch as science correspondent miles o'brien explores the difference betweenr a pressure cooker bomb and a pipe bomb. >> ifill: the attacks were alsoh the focus on the campaign trail today as hillary clinton and donald trump pushed to convince voters that they can keep americans safe. john yang reports. >> reporter: with terror threats suddenly center stage, hillary clinton used her years as secretary of state to say she's ready to handle national security. >> i have sat at that table in the situation room. i've analyzed the threats. i've contributed to actions that have neutralized our enemies. i know how to do this, and i >> reporter: donald trump used this weekend's attacks to underscore a defining theme in his campaign. >> we have seen how failures to screen who is entering the united states puts all of our citizens-- everyone in this room-- at danger. so let me state very, very clearly: immigration security is national security. >> reporter: both candidates also tried to highlight their foreign policy credentials: clinton, by meeting with ukrainian president petro poroshenko and japanese prime minister shinzo abe on the sidelines of the u.n. general u assembly in new york. she and trump are also to meet separately with egyptian president abdel-fattah el-sisi.b meanwhile, clinton and running make tim kaine campaigned separately on college campuses. young voters were a key part of the coalitions that twice elected president obama, but this time around, clinton isis having trouble winning them over. >> even if you're totally opposed to donald trump, you may still have some questions about me. i get that, and i want to do my best to answer those questions. >> reporter: clinton has a light campaign schedule for the rest week, ahead of the first debate with trump a week from today.ru for the pbs newshour, i'm johnr yang. >> ifill: and with 50 days left until election day, we turn to politics monday with amy walteri of the cook political report and tamara keith of npr. tam, let's talk about what the say on theead to attacks. first, we hear hillary clintonar trying to sound knowledgeable and donald trump trying to sound strong. which of them wins the day on days like today? >> and this is really a microcosm of the campaign. donald trump comes up and he says things that are big and bold and in some ways controversial saying maybe we need to bring back profiling and profiling at mosques, possibly, and says that i.s.i.s. wantss. hillary clinton to win. meanwhile, hillary clinton comes out and says, i was in the situation room, i have all these plans, i've got a plan for i.s.i.s. and this is the way the campaign goes, you know, day after day after day. >> ifill: and yet, amy, you write this week and when hisht trips and falls, stumbles, it's because she's encountering head winds of her own making. >> yeah, i think this race is coming down to the structural advantages that hillary clintonl has, but she has some enthusiasm problems. donald trump is trying to facece off the structural disadvantages. unpacking, what i mean, is yes, she's had a very tough couple of weeks, who it was her off-the-cuff statements at the fundraiser about basket of deporables, whether her healthh care and not being up front about what it really was, but also donald trump has not given her much fodder over the lastt few weeks. he has been much more disciplined and you're seeing republicans starting to come home and t getting more enthusiastic about him than thea were when the focus was on his self-inflected wounds. now that the focus is on hers, you're seeing diminished enthusiasm from her supporters. tam talked about this as well, the young voters, who hillary clinton was talking to up in philadelphia today, clearly,y, she's got a problem getting those voters who supported barack obama, who don't like donald trump, but now are splitting their votes between hillary clinton and the third-party candidates.th >> ifill: tam, i read somewhere today that perhaps part of her problem with millennials is she's seen as a hawk. >> partly, and news like today doesn't help because she's talking about her time in the situation room where she was one of the people encouraging the president to go for it with the bin laden raid.ra that turns out to be a positive story for her. i spent time on the temple university campus today talkingc to college students and recent grads about hillary clinton, and i met one trump supporter. everyone else i talked to is in the camp of, well, i guess i'm with her, which is the challenge. she needs to find a way to get them more enthusiastic. instead there is a lot of, well, i'm more afraid of the other guy. i heard that a lot, a lot of lesser of two evils type talk.ta >> ifill: there is no question there isth an enthusiasm gap, that's well documented in all follows. but why is it that the team has perceived hillary clinton has stumbled she immediately pays a price in the polls, and when donald trump stumbles, he doesn't seem to pay the same price. >> i would argue that when theth focus is on either one of them and the things that they've said that becomes much more controversial, that you will see the polls move up and down. when the focus was on donaldal trump and his attacks on the judge who is overseeing theo donald trump university case and his mexican heritage, you saw the numbers spike up, he went wt down, she went up. after the republican convention, where the focus all alll anti-hillary clinton, you saw her numbers go down.. after her bad week with the f.b.i. director come out, her numbers went down.er when he made the focus about the gold star family, his numbers went down. so it's -- you know, this is aa crazy race. both these candidates decided to make it a referendum on the orthoperson. when you focus on the other side, your side gets excited,xc but when it comes to you the other side gets excited. >> ifill: tam, let me read something the president said in a fundraiser last night aboutab hillary clinton: he said we as a society still grapple with how to see powerful women. >> he goes on to say if this race is tight it's not becausec of hillary clinton's flaws.fl i think back to what amy is talking about, there's also howo the two candidates are judged.ju hillary clinton is judged as a politician, as someone who's been in public life, who is careful, who is measured, whosu gives a lot of speeches, who is a politician. and donald trump is often judgej on the standard of someone who hasn't been a life-longlo politician, someone who's new to public life, who has donee reality tv and has been an entrepreneur, and the president labels thate sexism. other people label it other things. there is a dynamic there that it's there. >> ifill: and the campaign is happy to label it sexism as well, as far as i can tell. but let me take an example of commission we talked a lot about today. the presidentt was at the u.n. general assembly, a lot of conversation about refugees ando what the u.s. responsibilityre should be to refugees especially from syria. once again, we're back at the dichotomy we saw at the beginning, toughness versus empathy, i suppose, and i wonder do the way do these two candidates respond tell us something, amy? >> well, hillary clinton definitely wants to make this race a referendum on temperament and donald trump wants to make t it a referendum on change and big, bold change.d now, the country itself is sortr of torn. t it is slightly leaning toward change this, idea after eightte years and one president and the anxiety that a lot of americans are feeling about the status quo, wanting to shake things up. but they're nervous about what that would lookt like.li so he wants to definitely keep that focus on shaking it up, being the big and bold candidate. her only option is to say that big and bold is too dangerousa and, so, stability is the answer because she's not the big and bold candidate, the new county or the change county.co >> ifill: tam, we know for sure that the alleged suspect in the weekend's bombings is not a refugee but he was a nationalized citizen from elsewhere, and i wonder if that elsewhere, the opposite makes it difficult for hillary clinton to defend? >> well, i think that it is a challenge for her because, you know, she talks about vetting and we need good vetting of people who come to this country. often her plans she talks about are not quite as satisfying as sort of a trumpian, well, we're going to fixwe this or we're gog to blow them out of whatever. the things that she says because she, you know, has been part of the obama administration just generally, you know, don't have the same splash as what donald trump would say. >> and i would also say where you sit derms how you feel -- determines how you feel about these issues. are you concerned about being a victim of terrorism?te trump supporters 68% said yes,ye clinton supporters 29% believe they will be a victim. they're speaking to the base. >> ifill: how do you vet somebody coming into the countre at seven years old? so many questions. we're done for them on this week on "politics monday." we thank you very much. >> woodruff: stay with us. coming up on the newshour: a writer's take on why he says the u.s. political system has devolved into chaos, and what it will take to modernize the world's largest library. but first: at the united nations general assembly today, aod first-of-its kind summit on refugees and migrants was held, led by the secretary general ban ki-moon. tomorrow, president obama will lead a second meeting on the t crisis. william brangham has more. >> reporter: an estimated 65es million people worldwide are nop considered refugees and migrants-- that's an increase of five million people over last year alone, making this the largest refugee crisis since world war ii. to discuss the plight of these people, and the current global response, i'm joined now by filippo grandi. he's the united nations high commissioner for refugees. mr. high commissioner, thank you very much for being here. i understand today you reached a big agreement at the united nations. can you tell us a little bit about what was agreed to? >> question. the general assembly, meaningy, all the states in the world, have issued a deck -- declaration which will be knownn as the new york declaration committing themselves to protecting and assistingnd refugees but also finding neww ways the organize better the response to refugee crisis. you know, for a long time we've struggled with the resources. we have been able to give the basics to refugees, maybe some food, but what refugees want also is a future, is education, is jobs, and it is an effort to try to expand our support to them that this declaration will help us carry out. >> brangham: obviously, a global agreement is important, but this agreement is not binding on any of the nations that put their name on the line. so how confident are you that this will really have a meaningful impact?c >> well, first of all, it's the first time in history that the general assembly issues such a declaration, so there is a lotis of political weight behind that. then i think, also, everybody realized, especially whenpe refugees in the last couple of years started arriving in europe, started moving on from places where they have arrived first, i think there is a realization this is not a problem of one or another country, this is a global problem. just like think of epidemics of climate change. i think there is a growing realization that there arehe global issues, global problems that affect the whole of humanity, and working together we can address the root causes, what pushes people to move on. so i think that there is a necessity and not just a moral commitment to do that. >> brangham: i want to ask about head winds facing the u.n. and all the nations grappleling with this. we saw in germany a very big welcome mat thrown out, and now we've seen the rise of a far right nationalistic party in response. here in the u.s. we've also seen a very strong anti-immigrant sentiment, driven mostly out of fears of terrorism. i'm curious, when you're talking to leaders of world nations, what do you tell themna about those sentiments?se how do we counter those and where do those feelings lead? >> i think theread are always to sentiments in every society. there is solidarity, and we've seen it very much in europe when refugees arrive, but there is also a feeling of apprehensionap and rejection, and what people are, i think, worried about is when they see that the response to these flaws is not orderly,r is not organized, is not structured, this is why this declaration also invites everybody, all the states together with the united nations organization to work on these responses, to make them more predictable, more cooperative. if europe had reacted in that manner back last year when people started arriving in large numbers, i'm persuaded thatt there wouldn't have been such a negative reaction growing withn the passage of time, that people would have accepted that it was important, necessary principle, that it's possible to give refugees asylum, people fleeing war and persecution. this is the value of this declaration, it will help us work toward that organizationti and give us the resources hopefully to do that.ho >> brangham: the issue of settlement is a crucial one,on finding a more permanent home for these people so they don't live in camps in perpetuity. but today the original draft of that agreement asks for a 10% annual rate of reassessment of refugees but was scrapped because of resistance of many of the donor nations. if 10% per year resentmen resetn too much, what does that tell you about the future? >> to issue this document, all 193 states have to agree. this is very difficult. so there couldn't be anld agreement on percentage of refugees to be resettled. but resettlement especially for most vulnerable people is in the declaration as one of the things that we need to work on. so the declaration is the preamble to a global conflict that we hope we will be able to issue in two years ago' time. during this time we will work on these concrete commitments. i don't know that we will comewi up with a figure, but i think what we must do is increase the present very low percentage.es we talk about 10%. right now it's less than 1% of the refugees that are resettledl so we need to improve on that. >> i'm curious about theth financial status of your organization. we saw requests go out last year for $20 billion and only half of that was returned. how able are you financially to deal with this crisis this year and years into the future? >> this hase been a chronicro problem for us humanitarian organizations. my organizations has a budget of $7 billion annually and we receive about 50, 55% of this money. once again, this is another important element of what was decided in new york today.d it was decided that the response to refugees flaws should not simply be humanitarian.ma it should involve big development actors like the world bank who made very strong commitments today and that willt bring new, fresh resources, different resources to theth table, and they hope that that will also be a big progress.pr >> brangham: filippo grandi,gr united nations high commissioner for refugees, thanks for being here. >> thank you. >> woodruff: almost everyone agrees american politics hasn become more chaotic in recent years, that it's changed, and not for the better. scholar jonathan rauch has a theory about why, and he shares it in a recent article for "the atlantic" magazine. >> the article is about what i call "chaos syndrome," and that is the steady decline in the ability of the political systems to organize itself whether in campaigns, or in government. people think that politics just somehow magically organizesho itself. it doesn't work that way, you need to assemble these huge coalitions of 535 politicians oo capitol hill. and tens of thousands of interest groups, and tens of millions of voters, and assemble all those in government to get stuff done. that requires a lot of middle men, and a lot of people in between, doing a lot of bargaining and negotiation. you cut those people out, you get chaos. what we've done over the last 40 or 50 years is systematically d attacked and weakened the parties, the political machines, the professionals, and insiders, and hacks, and all the tools that they use to get politicians to play well together. and with those gone, you get chaos. >> woodruff: well, let's go back and talk about the way it used to be, what was it that worked about what you see as the kind of ideal-- or close to ideal-- political system in this country. >> starting in, really, the very beginning of the republic, we began building parties with political machines, and hierarchies, and things like seniority systems on capitol hill. so there are people to call when you had to get stuff done. and if judy needed jonathan to vote on a bill in congress to keep the government open, or raise the debt limit, or do something for the team. judy could call me up and say, "you know, if you do that, you're going to get money forng your campaign, you're going to have an easy reelection campaign, you're going to get that extra runway for the airport in your district. we're going to be able to make this deal behind closed doors,ea you could do all that stuff." virtually all of that stuff nowa is difficult, or impossible, and all you can do is beg me, and i say why should i do any of that, it's just going to get me in trouble in my district. here we are. >> woodruff: why were those transactional relationships important to make governmentt work, to make politics work, in this country? >> the transactions allow forll compromise, and compromise is what it's got to be all about when you're governing, becauseov no one is ever going to have a big enough majority to just do what they want to do all thet time. well, to get people to compromise you have to give them stuff. a famous example of this-- but far from the only one-- is the 1964 civil rights bill, only passed because lyndon johnson bought support from republicans. he went to them and said what do you need to put this billyo through? and the republican leader in the house-- a man by the name of charles halleck-- said, well, how about a big fat researchre grant for my district inic indiana? l.b.j. said done, halleck said done, that bill went through. >> god damn it, did i help you on civil rights? >> yeah, you sure did. and you helped yourself. course y'all want civil rights as much as we do. i believe it's a non-partisan bill. i don't think it's a johnson bill. >> no, no, no, you're going to get all the political advantagea we aren't going to get a god- damned thing.d >> no. no, no. >> is that dishonorable? no, it's politics. is it pretty? no, it's politics. but that's the kind of lubricant that you need to give people incentives to work together. >> woodruff: and all of this entails, a measure of secrecy behind closed doors, smoke filled rooms... >> ...smoke-filled rooms. >> woodruff: and we've come to.. believe in this country, by 2016, that transparency is good, that we need to know everything, open books, open doors.or >> yes, put them in the fisht bowl, and of course the problem with that is if every negotiation is conducted in public, then the minute one person says, well, what if we try this?th next thing you know the interest groups have piled all in, and the political opponents have shot it to pieces. >> woodruff: fast forward, president obama is in office, and he's trying to get his health care reform legislation proposal, through. >> well, obama of course campaigns on sunshine. we're going to have the whole process be open to the public, he gets into office and discovers it is not possible to write a very complicated piece of legislation involving hundreds, if not thousands of interest groups, and multiple working parts. you can't negotiate that inat public, you'll be shot to pieces on day one. so what does he do? he goes behind closed doors. not because he wants to, but because he has to. if you open the doors the negotiations often die before they even start. >> woodruff: and you're sayingf: he, you know, for him it never would have, it barely passed,u but it---- >> it wouldn't have gotten done. >> we are done. >> woodruff: president obama's crowning legislative achievement came early in his first term, in 2010. soon after, democrats lost theio majority in the house. then in 2011, the president attempted to negotiate the so called "grand bargain" budget bill with republican house speaker, john boehner. this time the results were different. >> we were really this close to a very good budget deal in which both parties, and conservatives, and liberals, were all going to give something, and we wouldme have substantially reduced long term deficits, reduced entitlement spending, raise taxes some. the kind of package that ultimately pretty much everyone agrees we're going to have to do, in order to solve our long term fiscal problems. the speaker of the house, john boehner, wanted to do it, but he could not get his own caucus organized enough to back him up on it. and that's when i realized that groups of obstructionists were now able to basically hold the system to ransom. >> woodruff: and in 2013, g.o.p. leaders could not prevent their renegade members from shutting down the federal government. >> no one wants it to shut down, including a lot of the people who voted to shut it down-- they were kind of hoping that wouldn't happen. ted cruz wanted to shut it down because it was good for his presidential campaign. >> do you like green eggs and ham? >> so john boehner, appearing on "the leno show", and leno says, why did the government shut down? boehner says something that's stuck in my mind ever since: >> a leader without followers is simply a man taking a walk. >> this is the speaker of the house who no longer has enoughho incentives, enough tools, enough organizational power to get people to follow. we don't have a crisis of leadership in washington, judy, we have a crisis of followership. >> woodruff: when did things start to go wrong, in your view, when did the system that was working so great, with the patronage, with pork, when did it start to change? >> well, caveat, i don't want anyone to think it's just all the golden age and everything was perfect. there were big problems with every system, and there always have been. it's a question of over correcting. the needle went too far one way, so we over corrected and went way too far in the other, threw the baby out with the bathwatert >> woodruff: some of this must have been in reaction toto watergate, to vietnam, the pentagon papers, the idea the government lied to the american people, so the desire was to fie that. >> that and the idealism of a generation which was, in many ways, to its credit, very v idealistic. and said, well, surely we can do it better than that. they start passing a wholee series of reforms. so we moved to direct primary elections, we started reducingte the role of appropriations committees, we started tearing down the seniority system on sor capitol hill. all of that begins in the '70s, it accelerates and continues inc the '90s, and it's going on to this day. >> woodruff: moving toward i guess what some people would describe as small "d" democrati politics, where more and more people are involved? >> well, that was the ideal, but it didn't work out that way, ofo course. as you know, the number of people who actually vote in primaries is very small, donald trump basically clinched the nomination with the support of about 12% of republican voters, that's about it. because it turns out that when you remove these intermediaries, these political professionals from the system, who you really empower are the small minorities of activists who are best organized, and either most passionate, or have the narrowest interests, but you kind of turn it over to them. >> woodruff: and has that happened in both parties? p >> yeah. both parties are. look, judy, this is the first time in my life-- and i'm 56 years old-- where of the four final finishers-- set aside john kasich-- three of them were renegades who had run, as outsiders, and against their own party structures. bernie sanders, not even a democrat, donald trump, in no meaningful sense a republican, ted cruz shut down the government, hurt his own party, campaigned against his own leadership. parties and political systemsli used to be about excluding renegades who would never play well with others in government, now it's actually systematically screening them in. that's new. i think it's very important for my friends who are democrats who are kind of thinking, well, hillary clinton will win, and then the republicans will get their act together, problem solved. no, donald trump did not cause chaos, chaos caused trump, there will be more coming afterwardsoe if we don't re-empower politicians to get organized and work together. >> ifill: finally tonight: the 14th librarian of congress was sworn in last week to lead one of the nation's oldest institutions into its next chapter. jeffrey brown visited carlarl hayden as she began her new position. >> reporter: it is the largest library in the world. founded in 1800, with some 162 million items, the library of congress in washington d.c. is a repository of books, yes, but also a storehouse of history and culture-- filled with recordings, photographs, maps and manuscripts charged withth preserving national treasures of all kinds. the new librarian of congress is carla hayden. why did you want to take on this job? >> it's a librarian's dream. and in the field, it's seen as f job that really epitomizes what libraries can mean and symbolize. so this library can really help libraries throughout the country show the worth of a library and a community. >> reporter: it's pretty spectacular new digs for you. >> well, it is quite something, it really makes you realize what this library symbolizes to be at the seat of government.th >> reporter: while most of the past 13 heads of this historic institution have come from scholarly backgrounds, carla hayden is a librarian through and through, and a strong advocate for their continuing relevance.g she headed the enoch pratt free library in baltimore since 1993, and before that worked for the chicago public library-- a career coinciding with enormous changes in information technology. >> technology has such an impact on libraries in the last 20 years, and the last ten years in particular, because it's a wonderful tool. the opportunity to make those items available online, for everyone, is daunting, but also exciting. and it's a pivotal time to think about what can be done with technology to make those things available. >> reporter: this is where the library has been hit with criticism, though, in several independent assessments, that it has fallen behind, has not modernized its technology, has not digitized much of itsti collection. is that a fair assessment? >> it's an assessment that i believe reflects the fact that with the largest library in the world-- 162 million items-- that's a pretty substantial amount of material to digitize. there's a lot involved with these rare and unique materials, so this collection will be digitized. >> reporter: in the bowels of the library we were shown part of that effort-- a scanner that can photograph 200 pages anot hour. here a delicate persian history dating to 1825.ti but these are still initial steps to make more accessible a collection said to stretch overs 863 miles of bookshelves. in your life, in your career you've had to defend libraries? why should we give you money? >> yes, why should you invest in libraries-- particularly, a library building in the time of the digital age? what we found is a library's place is even more important. there is a hunger in this digital age to hear authors together and just be in a community space. >> reporter: i asked carla c hayden if she worries about the privatization of digital media m from companies such as google. >> it can be a public-private partnership, and there's room and space for everyone. i get excited thinking about those partnerships and the opportunities, there are so many items that are not in the copyright domain. and the library of congress, people might not realize, manages the copyright process for the nation, and you do have items that are available to beva digitized that a partner couldth help quite a bit. >> reporter: you've also been known as a privacy advocate, right? as the president of the american library association in 2003 your argued against some aspects of the patriot act. are you worried about, still, about government surveillance of information, even what's available at libraries? government watching what people read? >> librarians were called during that time "feisty fighters for freedom," and we were very proue of that label. national security, that there was a balance with a person'sth right to know. just because you're interested in what jihad is doesn't mean you intend to join. >> reporter: so you don't think americans need to be worried? that, whether they're checking out a book, whether they're going online to search something? >> the safeguards are there, there are measures in place thas ensure that at least the proper cause for examining records isca in place, and that was what we were concerned about, wide sweeps of records with no indication of intent. >> reporter: you look at the country today and much discussion about divisions-- economically-- what can you doon politically, culturally, economically-- what can you dot about it in your new position? >> make information free for all. is just about the number oneou thing that people go into public libraries and connect to publicr libraries for. they're also looking for information about things that can make their lives better. it's a great equalizer. so there's an opportunity forre the library of congress to supplement what is happening, and not happening, in many public and school libraries. >> reporter: you are the first woman to have this job, thee first african-american to have this job. do these things matter, and if so, how? especially at the library of congress, heading it. >> i'm really smiling because of mr. melville dewey, who so many people know as the pioneer in librarianship. and in about 1876, he decided that it might be good to have women join the profession, because as he said, and i love this quote, "they can endure pain with fortitude, and they can perform monotonous tasks with patience." but more seriously though, being the first african-american really resonates because for so many years during slavery, slaves were forbidden to learn how to read. some of the laws back then, amputating fingers, 40 lashes and more, just to learn to read. so to have an african-american head up the largest institution that signifies knowledge and information resonates with mein quite a bit. >> reporter: carla hayden, thank you very much. >> thank you. >> ifill: a footnote to this story: on wednesday, hayden, the library of congress, and the carnegie corporation of new york will present more than 163,000 pages, books, manuscripts, and maps to the government of o afghanistan. it's a digitized archive thatit goes back to the 1300s. and online, we have more from b carla hayden. we asked her to pick the children's book she loves the most. hear her answer in a bonus video on our facebook page: facebook.com/newshour. >> woodruff: a news update before we go. late today pos curators in new jersey charged the suspectey in this weekend's bombing attacks with attempted murder.mu ahmed khan rahami faces fiveve counts of attempted murder of police officers in connection with the shootout that led to his capture. federal prosecutors are still weighing charges over the bombings. and that's the newshour for tonight. on tuesday: we'll look at a new documentary, "defying the " nazis," by ken burns and artemis joukawsky that tells the story >> ifill: and i'm gwen ifill. join us online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbsal newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by:ov lincoln financial is committed to helping you take charge of your future. >> and by the alfred p. sloan foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financialpr literacy in the 21st century.n h >> supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthurer foundation. committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. more information at macfound.org >> and with the ongoing support of these institutionson in >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc y captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org ♪ >> announcer: this is "nightly busine with tyler matheson and s. choppy start. stocks continue their recent volatile ways to start the week and appear un phun-fazed by thi weekend's bombings. >> confidence surges as home buyers appear more eager than ever to sign on the dotted line. >> talking a big game. why oracle's larry ellison is making a brash prediction, attacking amazon in the process. those stories and more tonight on "nightly business rep for monday, september 19. >> good evening and welcome. a major breakthrough in the new york and new jersey bombings. we'll have more on that later in the program. but we begin with the volatile

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