we are actually doing the science. >> ifill: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> some say it's a calling. some say they lost someone they loved. many say it's to save lives, as many and as often as possible. there's 100 reasons why someone becomes a doctor, but at m.d. anderson, it's because there's nothing-- and we mean nothing-- we won't do in making cancer history. >> you were born with two stories. one you write every day, and one you inherited that's written in your d.n.a. 23andme.com is a genetic service that provides personalized reports about traits, health and ancestry. learn more at www.23andme.com. >> lincoln financial-- committed to helping you take charge of your financial future. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions: >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> ifill: iran has closed its largest deal with an american company in over three decades. airplane manufacturer boeing announced it's signed an agreement to sell commercial jets to iran air, the country's main carrier. iran's transportation minister said the sale could be worth up to $25 billion. it marks iran's first major deal with a u.s. company since last year's landmark nuclear agreement. attorney general loretta lynch traveled to orlando today, as the justice department pushed ahead with its murder investigation. omar mateen killed 49 people at a gay nightclub there more than a week ago. this afternoon, lynch visited a memorial at orlando's city hall. she signed a note of condolence, and stopped at a display of wreaths honoring each victim. >> the message of orlando that i have seen today, and what the american people have seen in the wake of this horrific assault, is a message of determination to remove hatred and intolerance from our midst, to live our lives freely and without fear and to stay true to the principles of liberty, justice and equality that define america at our best. >> ifill: lynch said investigators are still working to determine whether they missed any warning signs that would have confirmed mateen was a threat. maine republican susan collins led senate colleagues from both sides of the aisle today in unveiling a compromise on gun control. the measure, which would bar anyone on the government's no- fly list from buying guns, comes after the senate rejected four bills from republicans and democrats last night. collins said it was time to put aside party differences and end the senate gridlock. >> all of us are united in our desire to getting something significant done on this vital issue. surely the terrorist attacks in san bernardino and in orlando that took so many lives are a call for compromise, a plea for bipartisan action. >> ifill: but republican senator john cornyn of texas, whose own proposal failed last night, cautioned that people on government watch lists who have not been charged with a crime should not be denied due process. >> i remain concerned about a provision on the back end, after you've been denied a constitutional right. but we'll see how the votes come out. i think it's a slippery slope when an american citizen is denied a constitutional right without forcing the government to come forward with some evidence on the front end as opposed to leaving that on the back end. >> ifill: the senate could vote on the gun control compromise bill as early as this week. long-time pennsylvania congressman chaka fattah was convicted today of racketeering. a federal jury found the 11-term lawmaker guilty of all the charges against him, including fraud, money laundering, and bribery. prosecutors said fattah routed federal grant money to non- profits he controlled, so he could pay off debts from his failed mayoral bid in 2007. the 59-year-old democrat will be sentenced in october. the obama administration today o.k.'d routine commercial use of small drones, after years of grappling with rules to govern them. the federal aviation administration's regulations mean operators can fly without special permission. the rules require drones to stay within visual line of sight, no higher than 400 feet. flights are prohibited over unprotected people, and pilots must pass an aviation exam at an f.a.a. testing center. the u.s. led coalition today reported only a third of fallujah has been cleared of islamic state militants. that assessment comes days after the iraqi government declared victory, and nearly a month after the iraqi army launched its offensive there. meanwhile in syria, activists said isis militants have now retaken all the territories in raqqa province that it previously lost to syrian government forces. british prime minister david cameron made a last-ditch appeal to britons today, urging them to vote to stay in the european union. it came 48 hours ahead of thursday's referendum to decide whether or not britain will remain a part of the e.u. speaking in front of 10 downing street, cameron warned leaving the bloc would be "irreversible." >> to put it as clearly as i can our economic security is paramount. it is stronger if we stay. if we leave we put it at risk. that is a risk to jobs, a risk to families, a risk to our children's future and there is no going back. >> ifill: the latest poll tilts narrowly in favor of britain remaining in the e.u., but that support is dwindling. back in this country, strenuous new physical testing for u.s. marine combat posts are weeding out most female recruits. that's according to new data obtained by the associated press. the pentagon opened combat jobs to women six months ago. but about 86% of female marine recruits, or roughly six out of seven women, failed the tests. that's compared to 3% of men. on wall street, stocks finished the day with modest gains after federal reserve chair janet yellen said the central bank will remain cautious in raising interest rates. the dow jones industrial average gained more than 24 points to close above 17,829. the nasdaq rose six points, and the s&p 500 added five. still to come on the newshour: donald trump's campaign cash crunch. the international olympic committee upholds an olympics ban on russian track and field athletes. revamping science standards for more effective classroom learning, and much more. >> ifill: the summer presidential campaign got underway with news of a striking fundraising gap between hillary clinton and donald trump. >> he's written a lot of books about his business. they all seem to end at chapter 11. >> ifill: democrat hillary clinton, returned to the swing state of ohio today to take aim at donald trump's business record and economic experience. >> you might think because he has spent his life as a businessman he'd be better prepared to handle the economy- well it turns out he's dangerous there too. just like he shouldn't have his finger on the button, he shouldn't have his hands on our economy. >> ifill: recent polls show clinton leading donald trump nationally, but the divide is even bigger when it comes to money raised and spent. may fundraising reports released yesterday tell the tale. clinton ended the month with $42 million in cash on hand. by contrast, the trump campaign reported it has 1.3 million. that's less than primary candidates ted cruz, at $6.8 million, and ben carson, at $1.7 million. they dropped out months ago. even democrat bernie sanders, who has not formally ended his campaign, still had $9.2 million at the end of last month. trump said he is unconcerned about the gap, and will raise more this month. he spoke by phone on this morning's "today show." >> i'll just do what i did in the primaries. i spent $55 million of own money to win the primaries. 55. that's a lot of money by even any standard. i may do that again in the general election. >> ifill: the trump campaign put out its very first fundraising email today with a pledge from the candidate to personally match contributions up to $2 million over the next 48 hours. on the campaign trail, it was business as usual. trump met with evangelical leaders in manhattan. in video posted from the private session, trump raised questions about clinton's christianity, cautioned attendees that they should be careful how they decide who to pray for. >> we can't again be again politically correct and say and we pray for all of our leaders because all of your leaders are selling christianity down the tubes are selling the evangelicals down the tubes and it's a very, very bad thing that's happening. >> ifill: trump also said he would continue his criticism of clinton with a major speech, also in new york, tomorrow. we take a closer look at how donald trump is faring financially and what that could mean for his chances against hillary clinton with the "washington post's" matea gold and "usa today's" washington bureau chuef susan page. on the campaign trail, louisville, kentucky "usa today" " >> ifill: matea, donald trump says he's just being lean and mean. how much of that is is even conceivable. >> the problem here is it's not just trump he's raising money for. it's the republican party as a whole, and the entire ghop ticket ballot that's relying on his fund raising to put money into thecoffers of r.n.c. to finance a "get out the vote "operation. i think trump's reaction to the fund-raising report and the backlash was very telling this morning. he threatened to actually just self-fund and leave the party on its own if g.o.p. leaders didn't rally around him and help him bring in the funds, and that's caused alarge among republican strategists today. >> ifill: you have been covering campaign finance issues for a while now, matea. how unprecedented is this, this gap? >> if trump's campaign is unprecedented we have not had a major party nominee self-finance this way. up until the primaries it was less of a question of hoich cash he had on hand because he was putting substantial sums into his campaign, at least in the forms of loans every month. that changed in may, when he only fronted his campaign an additional $2.2 million, raised $3.1 million. this is the month where he effectively clinched the republican nomination. those figures are very, very small for summer heading into the key summer months. >> ifill: so when you clinch a nomination, the theory is you unite the money and the money starts flowing it. that doesn't appear to have happened, at least not yet. >> it doesn't come in unless you ask for it. and donald trump has not done the meticulous fund-raising every other presidential candidate has done when they clinch of nomination. he hasn't done the other things that conventional candidates have done since clinching the nomination. republicans look at this and say seven weeks in which he hasn't broadened his message. he hasn't built up the staff in key states, and he hasn't raised the money that he will need in the campaign to continue. >> ifill: explain to people what this money goes for. because you could understand someone saying, "she's just fat and happy. she doesn't need this money. she's being greedy." >> you pay for staffers who are going to walk around key states, identify your voters and turn them out on election day. they pay for tv ads. hillary clinton and her super pacs have put on more than $23 million worth of ads in eight battleground states compared to zero spent on campaign ads by donald trump's campaign. and that is setting an impression. there are some positive ads, more of them are negative ads. they're setting an impression of donald trump and he is not responding to it soals the campaign goes on, that impression gets more and more set and it gets harder and harder to change that the longer you wait. >> ifill: let's talk about hillary clinton's $42 million. where is she raising money from? >> last night in new york secretary clinton had three my-dollar fund-raising events in conjunction with the democratic party. this is a strategy she has actually been pursuing since last fall when she formed the largest joint fund-raising committee. that is helping her bring in not only small donations to her campaign but much-needed large donations into the d.n.c., suffering from a long debt they were holding. so the d.n.c., which has not raised as much money as the r.n.c. this cycle, is getting a big boost from clinton's campaign. that is something trump is just starting to chip away at with the republican party. >> ifill: it's fair to say she raised more last night in three high-dollar events than he has on hand right now. >> i would imagine so. and she has tapped into a very active, small-dollar donor base. really, after getting a scare from senator sanders who managed to finance almost all his entire campaign with small, online conations, clinton's campaign has upped on up efforts in that area and brought in substantial money online in small donations. republican strategists are scratching their head wonder yg donaldonald trump is not doing e same with his supporters. >> ifill: that support is predicated in part, susan, on the fact he's a millionaire and has a lot of money and throughout the primary talked about how he was paying his own way. but a lot of paying his own way were loans. there are two things we discovered. he lent himself some of that money, and the other part is a lot of the money that was spent went to trump's own companies. >> that's right. to his-- for the airplane, the trump aircraft that he uses, toward the resorts that he owns, or his companies own where he's used them for news conferences and rallies. so some of this money has gone back to him. he's sent mixed messages on whether he's willing to put a lot of money into a general election. and you see that-- >> ifill: isn't that part of his appeal, i'm a rich guy and i can't be pawt? >> that's right. one thing republicans will say he hasn't done things in the conventional way this far and he's gotten the nomination. i think it's true his core support remains behind him, and maybe if he appealed to them for small donations, maybe they would come through. but there is this sense of the clock ticking. we were just 20-something days away from the republican convention. >> ifill: matea, you talked about the small dollars. what about the big dollars, people like charles coca-cola who helped mitt romney. it'>> it's a really mix the picture, the koch s is completely focused on competitive senate races right now and is staying out of the presidential race. there are some along-time veteran party fund raisers who have signed on and lent their name to the trump fund-raising effort with the r.n.c. however, i've been told a lot of those people are sort of signed on in name only, and there are sort of limited amounts of inthact they're able to vtrying to get people to sign up to bundle checks from their friends and family. so i think it's a mixed picture right now. >> ifill: you're waiting to see what happens with the next campaign finance reports in june. that's what he said today. >> and let's see what happens in the polls, too. one of the surprising things sas terrible a time as donald trump has had the last couple of weeks, he has not-- hillary clinton has only a small lead nationwide, and you had a quinnipiac poll coming out today that showed it basically tied up in pennsylvania and ohio, two key states. and this gives republicans some hope with the shake-up in the trump organization, the departuf corey lewandowski, as the campaign manager, maybe trump is ready to make some of the changes that republicans really believe he has to make if this is going to be a competitive race. >> ifill: susan page of "usa today," and matea gold of the "washington post," thank you, both. >> ifill: just last week, the international association of athletic federations, also known as the i.a.a.f., voted to ban russia's track and field team from competing at this summer's olympics in rio because of widespread doping. today, the international olympic committee meeting agreed -- but added one significant loophole. john yang has the story. >> yang: the i.a.a.f. decision was unprecedented in olympic history. russian president vladimir putin slammed it as unfair collective punishment. today's move by the i.o.c. seems to send contradictory signals. on the one hand, the i.o.c. did uphold the ban. but it also said russia's track and field athletes could participate if they pass follow- up drug tests administered in other countries. there was lots of confused reaction to all this. christine brennan is back with us to help sort through it. she's a sportswriter, columnist and commentator with "usa today" and abc news. christine, this is very confusing. on the one hand, they uphold the ban, and they say that the i.a.a.f. was-- they respected their right to impose the ban. but they also opened the door for athletes to compete. how does this work? >> oh, it's going to be confusion. i've never seen-- i've covered the olympics, john, for 32 years. i've never seen anything like this where six weeks out from the rio opening ceremonies and this could be a situation where we don't know who is marching in under the russian flag or the olympic flag in terms of athletes, track and field athletes from russia, until they march in, in the opening ceremonys. this is a beatle right now we're seeing between the i.o.c. and the international track and field federation. we have never seen anything quite like this. >> yang: why is this going on? why are these two organizations battling this out? >> i can blame it on vladimir putin? he-- putin put an olympics in the middle of nowhere, spent $51 billion-- billion with a "b"" dollars to do that. and i think we're talking about an old boys' network here, very old boys' network, with the i.o.c. think fifa. and putin did them a big favor to the tune of $51 billion, john, and there is no doubt putin has a voice and has a say within the international olympic committee. if they had just said, "no russian athletes at all," the i.o.c. has said this, which is what the i.a.a.f. has basically said. the i.a.a.f. has gone against putin. the international olympic committee has 11 the door open a crack, and that is all because putin bailed them out a few years ago. >> yang: the i.o.c. publicly says they're doing this because of the presumption of innocence of these athletes being damaged. >> right, but we weren't born yesterday in terms of the politics of international sport. i will say this-- the the idea of having clean athletes at the olympics, the russian system is rotten to the core. that is what we've seen over and over again. the world anti-doping agency saying you cannot trust anyone who has gone through the doping system in russia. and so the idea of finding clean athletes, you would almost need a time machine to go back and test them under, say, u.s. or western european rules. and because we can't trust the russian system and they've been door, their doping facilities, i don't know how we're gog get clean results for these athletes in sux weeks. you will see someone who say, they ran the new york city marathon fthey had a clean test there, that's one. but that's something i don't think would give us any confidence that, that athlete has been clean for the last couple years. >> yang: do we know how they're going to try to prove thif innocence and what the i.o.c. has in mind when they say they have to pass these follow-up tests? >> i think the end game here is they want to get some resolution athletes into the olympics. i know this sounds cloak and dagger and like some bond movie but i think they're there with this because of this unprecedented battle between these two powerful organizations. the fact that you've got track and field athletes. you've also got russian swimmers, john, and several others. there's another report coming out in mid-july about the state-sponsored systemic doping among the russian athletes. so at that point you might hear the cry to have the russian athletes to be completely kicked out of the olympic games. but that's only two weeks before rio. i think what we could see happening is many more russian athletes than we can think about right now being allowed in only because they're going to run out of time to prove they're guilty. >> yang: we have less than a minute left and we have all sorts of issues. you have the zika swriefer, the questions about health and safety, and now you have thp will there a be a big cloud over these olympics. >> there could be. and then nothing bad happens. the question here is maybe will rio be that first olympic city to be consumed by the olympic games because as you said so many things to their plate. and then you throw in this russian controversy. and i hope that's not the case, but i think rio might really be that first olympic city to have real trouble hosting the games gli two months away. christine brennan, thank you. >> thank you. >> ifill: stay with us, coming up on the newshour: venezuelans hit their breaking point as food and resources become scarce. addressing the high population of prisoners with disabilities. and breaking down the genius of cole porter's most famous songs. but first, for years, common core academic standards for math and english have been the subject of battles all over the country. but there's also a move afoot to set new standards for science as well, and a number of states are starting to adopt them voluntarily. special correspondent john tulenko of "education week" reports. >> reporter: it takes just 10 minutes to cross through gillette, wyoming. this small city sits in the northeast corner of the state, surrounded by hundreds of miles of prairie. but schools here in campbell county are on the edge of something big: the next generation science standards. >> you are going to build a strand of d.n.a., then you are going to decode it and figure out what that d.n.a. actually says. >> reporter: for christy mathes, at sage valley junior high school, the new standards are about learning to think like a scientist. >> there's a lot of really good stuff in them. every standard is a performance task. it's not, the child needs to memorize these things, it's the student needs to be able to do some pretty intense stuff. we are analyzing, we are critiquing, we are creating, we are actually doing the science. >> reporter: take today's lesson on genes. mathes had her students pick fictional "character cards" with the name, height, hair and eye color of each character. >> this is a secret, just you and your group know. >> reporter: in teams, they built a genetic model of their character's traits and then the groups traded models. >> and then they're going to figure out who you had based on who you code for. >> reporter: ok so orange, red red represents what? >> she has blue eyes. >> reporter: what did you grasp about genetics from doing this exercise today? >> that there's so different many parts of genetics that go into so many different things. something as small as, like the size of a gene, its really, really small, it can change drastically how your life turns out. >> reporter: developed by the national academy of sciences and others, the next generation standards are more comprehensive than what teachers here had been using. >> you might have had a teacher that liked a dinosaur unit and they taught in the 2nd grade and then the same unit gets taught in the 3rd grade and in the 4th grade and you're like, well i know a lot about dinosaurs. >> reporter: before the new standards, middle school teachers like mike mahoney were left to fill the gaps. >> i'd always have to start at the-- like nobody knew anything. at the very beginning. what is science and it's kind of tough to get into a lot of the different curriculum things that you want to teach when you have to spend so much time just on the basics. >> reporter: the new standards brought more structure spelling out for the first time what should be taught, grade by grade, in elementary school. >> every 5th grader is going to have this experience, every 4th grader is going to have this experience then those kids come to junior high and it's not a catch up game, you know what did you miss? what did you get? what do i need to do? they are always building on what came before and what comes next. >> reporter: in wyoming, campbell county is leading the way with these standards, which the state has yet to adopt officially. 17 other states are already on board accounting for an estimated 35% of public school students nationwide. david evans heads the national association of science teachers. >> i think that the most important reason for developing new standards is that we've actually learned a lot about the way children learn and children learn science best by actually doing it. >> reporter: so far there's been little pushback. unlike the common core they're aren't yet state level science tests to hold schools and teachers accountable and the federal role has been different too. >> the federal government and the department of education really hasn't had anything to do with the next generation science standards. it's really just that simple. there have not been strong incentives and there hasn't been any arm twisting. >> reporter: but these new standards still have a long way to go. >> there's an established line of data right now that documents the fact that we're not spending very much time teaching science in elementary school. >> reporter: nationwide, schools spend 143 minutes a day on math and reading but only 20 minutes on science. and there's another big concern. >> the majority of elementary school teachers don't feel comfortable teaching science. most elementary school teachers don't receive a lot of preparation in science itself or in science education. >> so how does the light travel? >> reporter: to help its teachers, campbell county is using a federal grant that's just under a million dollars to develop new lessons for every grade. jamie howe teaches 4th grade. >> i've learned to step back and let their exploration take over. before, you know you'd always want to help them and guide them and tell them what the answer should be. so i've had to learn to step back and let them be in charge. >> we got it. >> reporter: that's gillette, a good size city for wyoming. but the rest of the state looks more like this. tons of open space and very few people. that means the schools out here are often very small and they face a unique set of challenges in implementing next generation science standards. wright junior senior high school, 40 miles south of gillette is a good example. it has some 200 students and only three science teachers. >> one guy teaches seventh and eighth grade, one guy teaches nine/ten, i teach eleventh and twelfth. >> have you guys converted celsius to kelvins? >> reporter: small schools like sara seamands, can't support having specialists to teach just biology or physics. she has to do it all. how many subjects do you teach here? >> i teach four subjects. i teach anatomy, chemistry, environmental science, and physics. >> reporter: what's that like for you? >> it's challenging. some weeks, i nail the chemistry and physics and maybe environmental science and then, my anatomy class, i neglect them. so then i do really interesting things with anatomy and then, my chemistry class kind of falls off. at least that's how i feel. >> reporter: with the new standards, teachers like seamands will have to change not in one subject, but four. >> they've just told us it's coming, that it's on its way. be prepared because things are going to change. >> reporter: ready or not, wyoming is on the verge of adopting the new standards statewide, but with one big exception. this is coal country and officials removed language that had emphasized the major role of human activities such as fossil fuel combustion when teaching students about the causes of global warming. >> changing the standards to prevent teachers from teaching what is clearly scientifically accepted documented information is unfortunate. but the practices of science and the way that science is done and teaching students to be able to go out and ask their own questions, collect the evidence and know how to engage in a scientific argument is very encouraging. >> reporter: today wyoming has put its modified standards out for public review. they could make it to the governor's desk for approval by late fall. in campbell county wyoming, i'm john tulenko of education week, reporting for the pbs newshour. >> ifill: the fall in world oil prices has likely hit no country as hard as venezuela. once flush with cash, the country is now in crisis, with a collapsing economy, skyrocketing crime and inflation rates, and major food shortages. all this as the government of president nicolas maduro tries to maintain control. for more on this dire situation we turn to nicholas casey of the new york times, in caracas. thank you for joining us. nicholas, give me a sense about how long this collapse. it feels like a slow-motion collapse. how long has it been going on and what has caused it? >> it's been going on for a couple of years now. and it's been tied to the collapse in oil prices in venezuela. venezuela gets almost all of its revenue from oil. so when these prices started to collapse, the first thing you saw was that some of the foods started to disappear, not in huge quantities, but enough that there were lines in front of stores. the electricity started to disappear. there's even problems with water right now because the government doesn't have the money that it needs. now, what's happened with the food is that is there there has been so much which has gone at this point, that people are starting to get hungry. and last week and the week before, we saw a wave of lootings of stores, people basically left these lines that they were gathered in and started to go directly into the stores, break down the doors, and take things that were inside. >> ifill: you say that the collapse of the oil-- of oil prices contributed to this. how much was that tied up with the collapse in faith of this current leadership, of president maduro. how much of one thing creating the other? >> well, it's not just, as you point out, the collapse of the oil prices, which hases caused what's happened here. there are other countries, like mexico and brazil, which have a lot of oil revenues themselves, and don't have the same problem as venezuela. venezuela and maduro came after years of what a lot of economists say was economic mismanagement by hugo chavez, who totally transformed the economy here. the government spent lots of money, lots of money, and didn't save much for a time when the price ofile wouldn't be as high as it was before. so now venezuela finds itself in the position where it needs money. it doesn't produce a lot of food. it needs money to import food, and it doesn't have anything right now. so in the short term, it's the price of oil which has got us here. but in the long term it's a lot of economic changes that took place in this country in the so-called bolevarrian revolution. >> ifill: you are witnessing food riots and a lot of economic angst, as well. is there hording going on, individuals or merchants who are just keeping it to themselveses? >> well, that's one thing that the government is blaming on what's happening. personally, as a reporter. >> have not seen people able to horde large amounts of food because there's not a loof food to find. the idea of being able to horpd eggs or sugar or rice seems almost impossible given the aims of these things that are arriving. and even on an individual level, there are a lot of people who would love to be able to have a stash for the event that they couldn't get any more, but most people are just thinking of day to day, what they're able to get. >> ifill: are there any efforts under way by organizations, like to try to intervene, to try to help? >> the o.a.s. is trying to put pressure now on venezuela. it's more political pressure right now. there is an effort under way to rerecall president nicolas maduro, largely because of all these economic problems which the the country is having. the government seems to be trying to slow the process down, or at least fight it. and what's happened now is that the organization of american states is holding a special meeting this week to try to determine whether venezuela is in violation of its democratic charter. now, this could eventually result in venezuela being kicked out of the o.a.s., which is kind of luke a u.n.-sort of body that is in the western hemisphere. this would be an embarrassment for venezuela. but in terms of changing the situation with how much food is here, that doesn't get venezuelans very far. they're not going to see suddenly their eggs and rice on the shelves because of the political pressure that's going on against venezuela from the international community. >> ifill: you wrote one of your stories that eggs used to be used for celebration but now an egg is like gold. nicholas casey of the "new york times," thank you for your reporting from caracas. >> thanks for having me. >> ifill: now to our series on broken justice. tonight we look at a part of the criminal justice system that tends to get less attention: prisoners with disabilities. judy recorded this conversation yesterday. >> woodruff: a new report breaks down public data to outline the scope of the issue. it says more than 750,000 people with disabilities are behind bars in the u.s., including more than half a million with cognitive impairments. at least 250,000 with mobility problems. and 140,000, who are blind or have vision loss. the report was issued by a nonprofit disability group known as respect-ability, which also hopes to cast a spotlight on what happens to individuals after they leave prison. jennifer hasly misrohi, is the president of this group and she joins me now. >> thank you for having me. >> woodruff: why was this important for you to focus on? >> this was a great injustice because what you predominantly see is african americans, hispanic, new immigrants, whose new disabilities were never appropriately diagnosed or addressed. i myself am somebody with a disability so i know it can be hard tore get ahead, but if you are doubly disadvantaged, if you have multiple minority status, the school-to-prison pipeline is almost a direct ticket. >> woodruff: i was just look at some census data this afternoon, people with disabilities make up something like 19%, 20% of population overall, but your report finds there are over 30% of people behind bars in this country. how did that happen? >> it really happens when young people who have dyslexia or executive function disorder, don't get the diagnosis or accommodations and services they need while in school. they wind up getting in trouble, getting suspended, dropping out of school. they're not graduating high school and getting in trouble very early. so you can really see the problem already almost predict the outcome when somebody is in the third grade if these issues are not addressed. >> woodruff: is one of your arguments that they were wrongly convicted? >> in some cases, yes, because in some cases, what has happened is they have an intellectual disability that they don't understand the charges that are against them, and they have not gotten the legal-- the legal support that they need. and in some cases, they're very, very smart, and they might be deaf. there are all kinds of situation where's individuals who are hearing impaired are not given the right language supports with a.s.l., american sign language. so they can defend themselves. so we have real injustice for people who are in jail and there are people who committed crime because their footing success was not in place. >> woodruff: to what extent are our jails, our city jails, can county jails, and state and federal prisons equipped to deal with these issues? >> they were not even remotely equipped to deal. and most of it is not equipment, it's actually for example, somebody lived in a house with led paint poisoning, like freddie gray, he didn't have the awbility to follow multistep instructions. in school, people thought he had behavior differences when it was really learning differences. he was suspended and then he didn't complete school, and then he was in and out of the correction system. and then when somebody like that goes into incarceration, again, lot of complicated instructions, and before you know it they're in solitary confinement. >> woodruff: to what extent are either legislators, the congress, looking at this issue, addressing it? you and i were speaking about efforts right now to look at prison reform. but you were saying disabilities are not a part of that. >> unfortunate, the data has not been known. it's sort of like the housing crisis, where all the data was sitting there hidden in plain sight but nobody was looking at it. it's really this explosive bomb information that no one was looking at. so the new legislation being propose disd not address any of these issues at all. by the way, i do support these prison reforms. there are people who really should not be in the prison system because of their long sentences for nonviolent offenses, but you've got to have a pathway to get a job because the way things are now, these individuals who leave incarceration, they're not lit rate, and they wind up back in prison. >> woodruff: and it is, as we said a moment another it is part of the focus of this report, what these individuals with disabilities face once-- if and when they are released. >> right. what we see is that three-quarters of individuals who are released from incarceration-- by the way, that's 600,000 people every single year-- within five years, three-quarters of them are back in jail. the system is broken, and it absolutely must be fixed. >> woodruff: jennifer mizrahi, how do you even begin to get your arms around this? what are the steps you argue need to be taken immediately and in the near term? >> well, in terms of thinking about when people re-enter the community, you need to be ready to have scaffolding for success so that people can get a job, so that they can get their medication. people with significant mental health differences who need medication to keep from having psychotic episodes leave incarceration with no health care and, therefore, no medicine, and then it's not surprising that they're doing something that's putting them back in jail. so there are basic things on the exit. there are things you need to do for accommodations while they're incarcerated, especially around literacy and training, to help them build those skills, and then there is to ensure the prison pipeline doesn't continue, starting, really, very much wearly intervention, particularly in minority communities to make sure they're getting the tools that they need to succeed. >> woodruff: how should people think-- i know there's been a lot of, of course, publicity of crimes of all sort that get attention in the news media all the time. people read about it and they hear about it. how do they understand and weigh the difference between a disability that is causing someone to do something to commit a crime, and one that where there's will involved and a disability and it's something for which one has to serve time, must be be held accountable? >> well, a crime, clearly, is something that harms another person. and so if you're harming people, then there has to be something to be done. now, in many cases you can go to a mental health treatment program or an addiction program or a work program. the alternative sentences is really important because america has only 5% of the world's population but we have 25% of the world's incarcerated prisoners. it's incredible. 2.2 million americans are currently incarcerated. >> woodruff: jennifer laszlo mizrahi, with the group respectability, we thank you very much for talking with us. >> thank you very much for your focus on these issues. >> ifill: cole porter left a legacy as one of the nation's finest composers and songwriters. he was born in indiana 125 years ago this month. to celebrate, jeffrey brown once again joined composer and musicologist rob kapilow at signature theater in arlington, virginia. it's the latest in our occasional series on what makes great music, "great." >> brown: rob kapilow, welcome back. >> so great to be here. >> brown: cole porter this time, okay, so you've picked one of his most famous songs, you're the top. >> who could forget that? >> brown: you're the coliseum, i mean it shows that he's a man known for the sophistication of his language, the sort of high- brow but low-brow as well. and for the songs, because he did both. >> he did both, but the truth is though he's really famous for these incredibly sophisticated lyrics with these erudite rhymes and imagery, it's actually the way they combine with the music that makes it- it's the way they combine with the music that makes it so unforgettable. and people often underestimate how crucial the music is to those famous lyrics. >> brown: okay, how does it work? >> let's take the most famous one, "you're the top," the opening one. it seems like who could possibly ruin that- who could possibly ruin that great lyric, i mean it's got an exclamation mark, you're the top! but let me ruin it for you. he could have written this- now i mean the lyric stays the same. my version simply leapt one octave to the same notes. he leaps one note higher to this great dissonance, but then a full octave higher, this huge leap, it's a leap up to the top. and in a way, that leap, all the energy of the leap and the dissonance already tells us what you're the top is about before we've heard a single note from the voice. ♪ you're the top you're the coliseum ♪ ♪ you're the top you're the louvre museum ♪ >> brown: i was thinking, this song, it's not a story, right, there's not much happens, it's just over and over again, you're the top, in different language. but you're saying it's also in different music. >> it's the music that makes the language so witty. just that difference. it could have been after this leap, all even notes, you're the top. but instead of square on the beat- it's syncopated, not just the top- but even "you're." and it's that swingy rhythm that tells us what you're the top feels like. so instead of a boring version- it's the music that makes it- that's what makes it so fantastic. >> and he was one of these composers who did both music and lyrics. >> he did do both the music and lyrics, and that makes people tend to think that somehow it really matters which comes first. it's the most frequently asked question of all songwriters, which comes first, the music and the lyrics. it makes no difference. in a great song- >> brown: no difference. >> no difference whatsoever. in a great song, once words and music combine, they- once words and music combine, they become a new completely interdependent element. words cease to have a purely literary meaning, and music ceases to have a purely musical meaning. though it's true, these are enormously sophisticated lyrics, without the music, they would never work, and the last line of this first verse is a perfect example. i mean it's everything that people think of when they think of cole porter. you've got these three great images. so what are you, you're a bendel bonnet - that means a bonnet from that upper class women's store, bendel's. ♪ you're a bendel bonnet and a shakespeare sonnet. this- first thing that makes it great is this syncopation. he goes- same thing for- now, even that's not all. ♪ you're a bendel bonnet a shakespeare sonnet ♪ you're mickey mouse so what do we finish with? you're mickey mouse. incredibly low-brow, popular in the '30s, introduced in 1928, but to make it special, he could have just done- no punchline he syncopates everything, three, four- and it's that combination of the syncopation and the music underneath that makes these simple lyrics- no- that makes these witty, sophisticated lyrics unforgettable. ♪ you're a bendel bonnet a shakespeare sonnet ♪ you're mickey mouse ♪ yes, you're mickey mouse and we're back ♪ for another round of great the piano almost speaks to you- and we're back for another round of great porter. >> brown: this goes to what we often talk about, what makes a great song. >> what makes a great song is not the great words and it's not the great music, it's the combination of the two. words mean nothing by themselves, music means nothing by themselves, the two reinforce themselves and become a new unit that cannot be understood separately. and in porter's case, he wrote both and they are both great. >> brown: cole porter, rob kapilow, thanks. >> thank you. >> ifill: now, an on air peek at our new online series, "sciencescope." in the first episode, newshour science producer nsikan akpan delves into the world of smells, and how every sniff we make changes odor itself. >> whoa. what's that? it looks like a space alien puked. you can guess what it is? that is an odor, or at least what an odor looks like. ode roars normally invisible, swirling around us. but i'll tell you the secret behind why you can see this one. hey, there, my name is niskan akpan, and you've landed upon the first episode of "sciencescope." here, we'll put science itself under a microscope, showing you how amazing discoveries are made and the people behind them. first up, these trippy looking waves. this smell-scape is brought to you by high-powered lasers, a gigantic tang of water and this guy. >> you can learn more about this probable prb some sitting and look at this than just any anybody else. his lab studies have smells move through space. do they drift like clouds or curl like smoke, or do smells have another shape all together? the answers will lay the foundation for a nationwide product that is studying how animals and humans use smells to map they're surroundings. >> if we have situation where's we want to detect, say, a location of a chemical weapon or we want to try and find hidden contraband or we want to find somebody that's trapped under the snow in an avalanche, the tools we use in the 21st century to do this are animals. >> or people. and that put both at tremendous risk. they want to outsource this risk to robots by teaching them how to smell. that sounds pretty wild, i know. but think about it. we are machines to replace our other senses, such as cameras with facial recognition or implants to restore our hearing but we don't have similar technology for smell. step one is learning how air carries odor into our our nose. air isn't static, it's turbulent like a river. >> one of the ways of thinking about turbulence is it's a collection of rotating pieces of fluid that people often called eddies. and there are bigger eddies and inside those edreas smaller edes. but point is what flow is structured. it's not-- it has an element of randomness but at has a high degree of structure. >> smells are tiny temical molecules that get swept around by terbulent air but these odors can also travel underwater where creatures like fish and hermit crab smell them, too. >> the physics of flows in air and flows in water are exact let's same. >> his team measures these odors under water. they start by pumping 5,000 gallons of water through a 50-foot-long tank. next, they spread laser light into a sheet that slices through the water, and then finally comes the dye. >> and so what we're doing is we're using a special kind of dye as a surrogate for the odor. and this dye has exactly the same types of properties that an odor would have if it were in this flow, but it has a special property that if we shine a laser light on it, then it florescs. >> what they found soard moves like taffy. it's constantly being pulled and stretch into thin filaments. if you've ever caught a whiff of a bakery when you walk down the street, you've picked up a filament. in some areas, odors get dragged away, leaving a blank space. this blank space is called intermittency. small disturbances like a quick sniff ( sniffing ) are the tugs in the smelly tug of war. here's a demonstration built by crimaldi's team. a tube is standing in for an animal's nostril. now breathe in. now exhale. and you create an olfactory cyclone that changes want structureust odor plume. so whenever you're nay garden and you stop to smell the roses, just remember that every sniff you make is changing the aroma for someone else. i'm niskan akpan, and this is scyllo-inositol from the pbs newshour. >> ifill: check our website in july for the next installment of "sciencescope." later tonight, be sure to check out the first of a three-part series on the history of ancient greece and its people, from cavemen to the rise of western civilization. produced by national geographic studios for pbs, "the greeks" traces the journey of an ancient civilization, as historians, archaeologists, scientists and artists explain how the past shapes the future. it premieres tonight and continues over the following two tuesdays on most pbs stations. and that's the newshour for tonight. i'm gwen ifill. join us online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> you were born with two stories. one you write every day, and one you inherited that's written in your d.n.a. 23andme.com is a genetic service that provides personalized reports about traits, health and ancestry. learn more at www.23andme.com. >> lincoln financial-- committed to helping you take charge of your financial future. >> the ford foundation. working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change worldwide. >> carnegie corporation of new york. supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and security. at carnegie.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org this is "nightly business report" with tyler mathisen and sue herera. extreme caution. fed chair janet yellen warns of considerable economic uncertainty and gave no indication interest rates will ride any time soon. housing heats up. linnar posts a strong quarter. why does the ceo want to get back to basics? rainy day funds. we all need them but millions don't have them and there's one group of americans who especially lack a financial umbrella. all that and more tonight on nig"nightly business for tuesday, june 21st. good evening. i'm sharon epperson in for sue herera. >> welcome, i'm tyler mathisen. considerable uncertainty. that is how janet yellen characterized the