on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> some say it's a calling. some say they lost someone they loved. many say it's to save lives, as many and as often as possible. there's 100 reasons why someone becomes a doctor, but at m.d. anderson, it's because there's nothing-- and we mean nothing-- we won't do in making cancer history. >> you were born with two stories. one you write every day, and one you inherited that's written in your d.n.a. 23andme.com is a genetic service that provides personalized reports about traits, health and ancestry. learn more at www.23andme.com. >> lincoln financial-- committed to helping you take charge of your financial future. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions: >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> ifill: the search for answers in orlando is taking authorities down new avenues tonight. emerging accounts today raised more questions about the man who killed 49 people before police killed him. william brangham reports from orlando. >> when you saw his picture, what went through your mind when you saw his picture? >> we just went, "oh, yeah, that makes sense. there, that's omar." >> reporter: it's a new wrinkle into the investigation of omar mateen. some of the patrons are now saying mateen was a frequent >> he used to come in the bar about, on the weekends. sometimes he would be there. sometimes he would miss a couple of weeks and then be in again. he was a regular. >> brangham: this afternoon, the nightclub's owner said through a spokeswoman that the reports are "untrue and totally ridiculous." but the associated press reported the f.b.i. is investigating those claims, as well as whether mateen may have used a dating app for gay men, >> the last contact was about three months ago and as soon as i saw the picture on the news i quickly noticed the person's face. >> brangham: these allegations come as something of a departure from what was previously said about the attacker. mateen's father has said he became upset months ago after seeing two men kissing, but otherwise, never seemed homophobic. investigators are also talking to the gunman's wife. nbc news reports she told federal agents that she tried to talk her husband out of carrying out the attack. she also said she was with him when he bought ammunition and a holster, and once drove him to the club because he wanted to scope it out. meanwhile, some of those who escaped with their lives, spoke today at orlando medical center... >> i hear him and he's shooting everyone that's already dead on the floor making sure they're dead. shotguns closer and i look over and he shoots the girl next to me. and i'm just there laying down thinking i'm next i'm dead. >> brangham: angel colon was shot several times. fighting back tears, he described his rescue by police. >> i don't feel pain but i just feel all this blood on me from myself from other people and he just drops me off across the street and there's just bodies everywhere. we're all in pain. >> brangham: all this, as the f.b.i. continues to scour the scene of the shooting. lines of agents and officers worked through the club's grounds this morning, laying down markers and identifying potential clues. as the investigation here in orlando enters its third day, there's been a flurry of activity today in washington. both president obama and members of the u.s. house were briefed by top national security officials. today, he called again for cracking down on assault-style weapons, and barring those on a terror watch list from buying guns. >> otherwise, despite extraordinary efforts across our government, by local law enforcement, by our intelligence agencies, by our military-- despite all the sacrifices that folks make, these kinds of events are going to keep on happening. >> brangham: after the session with the president, f.b.i. director james comey also briefed members of the house on the investigation, behind closed doors. and around the country, thousands of americans are responding in their own ways, with tributes and vigils in a number of cities last night. in new york, supporters gathered in front of the historic stonewall inn, where the modern gay rights movement began. and back in orlando, thousands met in the city's downtown. there they lit candles and read aloud the names of the 49 killed. dew sizemore, who lost six of his friends to the shooting, said the ceremonies gave him a small sliver of comfort. that i can leave here and start to heal. it's the beginning. the beginning of a long road ahead of us, but hopefully tonight will help a lot of people. it helped me. >> brangham: the president is planning on coming to orlando thursday, where he'll likely meet with survivors and family members. for pbs newshour in orlando, i'm william brangham. >> ifill: in the day's other news, president obama rebuked donald trump for his renewed call to ban muslim immigrants. in a sharply worded speech, the president dismissed such appeals as "not the america we want." the republican nominee-to-be fired back in an e-mail to reporters, saying of the president: "he continues to prioritize our enemy over our allies, and for that matter, the american people." we'll listen to some of the president's speech, after the news summary. >> woodruff: donald trump took a new broadside from his presumptive november opponent, as well. in pittsburgh, hillary clinton accused him of falsely claiming she'd curb gun rights or let in a flood of new refugees. >> these are demonstrably lies. but he feels compelled to tell them because he has to distract us from the fact that he has nothing substantive to say for himself. >> woodruff: the republican national chair, reince priebus, defended trump against both the president and hillary clinton. he said their policies would not prevent terror attacks, but instead, take away americans' gun rights. but the top elected republican, house speaker paul ryan, put some distance between himself and trump, on the issue of keeping muslims out. >> i do not think a muslim ban is in our country's interest. i do not think it is reflective of our principles not just as a party, but as a country. and i think the smarter way to go in all respects is to have a security test and not a religious test. >> woodruff: all of this came as donald trump turned 70 years old today. if elected, he'll be the oldest person to assume the office of the presidency. >> ifill: in france, police carried out a series of raids after an attacker killed two police officials overnight at their home outside paris. the killer, larossi abballa, claimed allegiance to the islamic state. he was shot dead by police after a three-hour stand-off. a prosecutor said abballa had a list of other targets, including public officials and journalists. >> woodruff: french police also detained 43 russian soccer fans, suspected of attacking english supporters, at the euro 2016 soccer tournament. reinforcements deployed across northern france, ahead of upcoming matches. and, the european soccer federation warned russia faces expulsion, if there's more violence. >> we have reaffirmed our desire to work directly with the security forces, with the police forces here in france to make sure the security and safety of all participants is of the utmost priority. >> woodruff: adding to the trouble: labor protests in paris once again turned violent as demonstrators battled police. 20 officers and six protesters were injured. >> ifill: back in this country, the senate defied a presidential veto threat and overwhelmingly passed a defense policy bill. it authorizes $602 billion in military spending, but it also bars the guantanamo bay prison from closing, and it blocks any new base closings. similar provisions are also contained in a house bill, but the white house has warned the president will not accept them. >> woodruff: wall street fell for a fourth day over worries about interest rates and britain's vote on the european union. the dow jones industrial average lost 57 points to close near 17,675. the nasdaq gave up five points, and the s&p 500 slipped three. still to come on the newshour: new efforts to counter violent extremism before an attack. a look at the gun used in the orlando and san bernardino shootings. russian hackers steal democrats' research on donald trump, and much more. >> ifill: how much do words matter? donald trump has regularly criticized president obama and hillary clinton for not using the term "radical islam" to define the threat of terrorism. but mr. obama, in extensive remarks delivered at the treasury department, struck back today, saying the presumptive republican nominee's plan to ban muslims from the u.s., and the language he uses to make his point, is "dangerous." >> there is no magic to the phrase "radical islam." it's a political talking point. it's in the a strategy. and the reason i am careful about how i describe this threat has nothing to do with political correctness and everything to do with actually defeating extremism. groups like isil and al qaeda want to make this war a war between islam and america or between islam and the west. and if we fall into the trap of painting all muslims with a entered brush and imply that we are at war with an entire religion, then we are doing the terrorists' work for them. but we are now seeing how dangerous this kind of mind-set and this kind of thinking can be. we're starting to see where this kind of rhetoric and loose talk and sloppiness about who exactly we're fighting, where this can lead us. we now have proposals from the presumptive republican nominee for president of the united states to bar all muslims from immigrating to america. we hear language that singles out immigrants and suggests entire religious communities are complicit in violence. where does this stop? the orlando killer, one of the san bernardino killers, the fort hood killer, they were all u.s. citizens. are we going the start treating all muslim-americans differently are we going to start subjecting them to special surveillance? are we going to start discriminating them because of their faith? we've heard these suggestions during the course of this campaign. do republican officials actually agree with this? we've gone through moments in our history before when we acted out of fear, and we came to regret it. we've seen our government mistreat our fellow citizens, and it has been a shameful part of our history. this is a country founded on basic freedoms, including freedom of religion. we don't have religious tests here. our founders, our constitution, our bill of rights are clear about that. and if we ever abandon those values, we would not only make it a lot easier to radicalize people here and around the world, but we would have betrayed the very things we are trying to protect, the pluralism and the openness, the rule of law, our civil liberties, the very things that make this country great, the very things that make us exceptional. and then the terrorists would have won. and we cannot let that happen. i will not let that happen. >> woodruff: that was president obama speaking today. >> woodruff: omar mateen didn't come to the u.s. from another country to carry out the attack in orlando, he was born and raised here. authorities suspect he was radicalized, and then turned to unimaginable violence. stopping radicalization here in america is a national security priority of the obama administration; newshour producer p.j. tobia has the story of one part of that effort. >> america, you claim to have the greatest army ever assembled. >> reporter: this is a call to arms by the so-called islamic state, aimed squarely at young, disillusioned american muslims. >> liars, fornicators and for the freedoms of sodomites. >> reporter: this is the the u.s. government's digital counterpoint to isis' call for recruits it's the f.b.i.'s "don't be a puppet" website. an online role-playing exercise. in a choose your own adventure experience, users walk through the steps of extremism, and the evolution into a violent radical. >> when a rock comes through your window and you're eating supper, you'd better have a plan. >> reporter: and this is the government's off-line strategy. a program where the elderly, like this 89-year old japanese american woman, share their own stories of discrimination with muslim teens, hoping to prevent their anger from festering into violence. >> this business of becoming terribly bitter and unkind to others is not the way out. >> there are some people here who have been through some pretty messy things. >> reporter: it is all part of the obama administration's efforts of "countering violent extremism" or c.v.e. opponents argue it's a way for the government to spy on muslims. advocates say it's a way for american muslims, to work with law enforcement. identifying and preventing radicalization before attacks happen. mehreen farooq runs a federally funded c.v.e. initiative in montgomery county maryland. it's the program that pairs muslim teens with the elderly >> so what that means is that we have brought together various members of the community- different n.g.o.'s different faith community leaders, educators, counter terrorism experts, gang prevention experts-brought everybody together to understand what are the resources we have here in we do to build community resilience and to prevent violent extremism. >> reporter: one issue has been getting young men to participate but there are strategies for reaching them as well. >> they're genuinely good kids and everything, but they may be a little lost in life. >> reporter: this man is a member of a large muslim community in the mid-atlantic region. we'll call him mohammed-- we've concealed his identity and altered his voice. mohammed isn't part of any government program, but he seeks out young muslim men, usually in their early to mid-twenties, who have explored the dark message of islamic extremism. >> my goal is to take them away from that and let them know that that's just a bunch of fantasy >> reporter: teens who think the deck is stacked against them, are an easy target. >> well they really just want to have sex but the only way to have sex is to be married; and the only way to get married is to have a career. and the only way to have a career is to go to college or go get some kind of a skill. and that's for them, it looks like an awfully-tall mountain to climb. >> reporter: isis propaganda on the other hand, offers immediate gratification through jihad. >> you need to be coming over to syira, or somalia. there's free sex slaves and wives and utopia. that resonates with them because now they see a path to having a proper family. >> reporter: mohammad introduces these young men to male role- models in the muslim community. >> this is south asian food for south asian households. >> reporter: rizwan jaka argues for working closely with the government. he's the board president at the all dulles area muslim society in suburban virginia. the society doesn't receive federal cve funds, but partner with the local f.b.i. field office and department of homeland security. it also sponsors boy and girl scout programs. >> if you see someone that is going to do harm to our country or you hear about it-we absolutely must tell law enforcement. that is our islamic duty and >> reporter: secretary of homeland security jeh johnson visited the society's mosque twice last year. this year the organization received a community leadership award from the f.b.i. last night, members took part in an interfaith vigil for those killed in the orlando attacks. >>we bring the fbi here for townhall meetings and speaking to the community for various townhall services; and mutual >> reporter: parents have brought troubled youth, who have broken no laws but shown an interest in ideology of the islamic state. to the society's imam, mohamed majid. >> imam majid actually talks with them and challenges them especially when they ask about isis because there's this twisted idealism that people have of isis-these few individuals and he challenges them. imam majid says look, where does it say in the koran that you can burn someone alive? >> reporter: the push for c.v.e. comes straight from the top. in 2011, president obama released his first c.v.e. strategy. last year, the white house hosted an international summit with representatives from more than 100 nations and dozens of american muslim groups. the department of homeland security's c.v.e. task force provides oversight for the entire government's strategy in this area. the president is asking for more than $96 million for these programs in 2017. >> this is as critical as any other homeland security mission that we have going right now. >> reporter: secretary johnson has spoken widely about the role of america's muslims in stopping terrorist attacks. newshour co-anchor judy woodruff discussed it with him last week. >> the global terrorist threat has evolved to include, not just terrorist directed attacks, but terrorist inspired attacks by home-grown, home-born violent extremists. in this environment it's critical that we commit ourselves to c.v.e. >> reporter: secretary johnson describes the initiatives as a way to connect with minority communities. >> to build bridges, send the message that, 'ilet us help you in your efforts to counter violent extremism in your community. if you see someone going in the wrong direction... >> reporter: some argue the approach is too soft, ignoring what they see as the real problem: islamic terrorism. meanwhile, some muslim groups and civil libertarians say the c.v.e. program turns teachers and imams into spies, and innocent muslims into suspects. >> stigmatizing people does not make us safer, it actually alienates young people and can make them more susceptible to more vulnerable to the propaganda of extremists. >> reporter: dalia mogahed researches american muslims and is the co-author of "who speaks for islam." >> it's premise is that a community is predisposed to violence. for no other reason than because of their faith they are essentially a pool of suspects. and are engaged on that premise. there is a securitization in the relationship between the u.s. government and muslims. >> reporter: she thinks that this securitization can have ripple effects within the community. >> when you get to a situation where educators or mental health professionals are being asked to act as informants, you are going to create an environment where people aren't trusting their teachers, people aren't seeking >> it's not at all throwing a net of suspicion on these groups. i totally agree that we should not do that but, if they see somebody traveling in the wrong direction, contact law enforcement, contact a community leader, say something to somebody. >> reporter: meanwhile some muslim parents fear that if a child suddenly has an interest in the so called islamic state, reporting that interest could lead to a jail cell. >> parents should encourage someone who is upset about something, who finds a certain appeal, to channel that energy into a more positive direction. there are many ways to c.v.e. beyond just contacting law enforcement. >> reporter: many of those ways hope to build trust, in muslim communities that feel under the microscope. >> ifill: the weapon used in the orlando shootings is at once one of the most popular and most- reviled weapons in america: the ar-15, the civilian version of the u.s. military's standard issue rifle. john yang has a closer look. >> yang: the farr says it's america's most popular rifle, used legally and safely by millions of people. a lawyer for victims' families says it's the gold standard for mass murder of innocent civilians. [gunfire] the ar-15 has been used in some of the nation's worst mass shootings, at the sandy hook elementary school in newtown, connecticut, a movie theater in aroar remark colorado, an oregon community college, and now an orlando gay club. to lea more about the rifle, its popularity muck gun enthusiasts and its place in american culture, we went to a northern virginia gun range to speak with former deputy assistant defense secretary philip carter, himself a gun owner, who knows the ar-15 well from his service as an army officer. why is this weapon so popular? >> well, the ar-15 is america's rifle because it's what america's military carries. it's modeled on the m-16 that's been carried by america's army and america's marine corps and the rest of our services since vietnam. today roughly 20,000 troops carry a similar rifle in iraq and afghanistan, and even those who don't serve feel that they're part of that effort when they carry the ar-15. >> yang: i've read that the recoil is a bit gentler than some other rifles. >> so the recoil on the m-16 or the ar-15 is designed to be light, which you can keep it on target and continue to shoot bullet after bullet after bullet by design. there's massive spring here in the stock that absorbs quite a bit of the recoil. there's also by design a gas system that takes a lot of the gas from the firing of each bullet and it evaporates it so that when each bullet is fired, that recoil coming back on the shoulder each time happens in a more constructive manner. >> yang: that feature would also allow a shooter to keep steady. >> it's a military rifle. it's designed to deliver masses of bullets to a very specific target over time. this is a weapon designed to kill in mass quantities. it's a military weapon. >> yang: so this is essentially a civilian version of the m-4 or the m-16. >> this is very much like a civilian version of a humvee or other type of military gear. there are some modifications that have been made to make it a civilian variant. what's different on the civilian version is it only allows semi-automatic fire. so you flip this, and it allows you to shoot one shot at a time. the military version would allow you to switch to semi-automatic and then once more, either for three-round bursts or for fully automatt of course you're shooting an older variant of the m-16. >> yang: fully automatic meaning? >> you squeeze the trigger and the weapon keeps firing until the magazine runs dry. your ability to put bullets in a range is limited by your ability to reload it. the magazine for this rifle looks like this. this is a 30-round magazine that carries 30 bullets of the 5.56 millimeter variety. it goes into the magazine well right here. it's very easy to reload. it's very easy to get more ammunition in there and continue to shoot at your target. the ammunition for the m-16 or the ar-15 is our 5.56 millimeter bullet. it's a very small and very fast bullet that does a lot of tissue damage when it hits a person. so just the tip here is the bullet. it's roughly the size of your pinkie tip. but it's propelled forward by a massive cartridge of powder that shoots this at a very high velocity, creating a bullet that can punch through targets, whether they're human or otherwise, with a great deal of lethality or power. the other thing tact bullet is because it's so small and moves so fast, it tends to tumble or become volatile when it hits a person, so it tends to create very large, difficult-to-treat wounds. again, it's a military weapon. it's not designed for hunting where you might want to preserve the meat that you'll be eating. it's designed to wound and kill soldier centers combat. >> yang: hundreds of companies in the united states make verges of the ar-15. the n.r.a. says the weapon can be used not only for hunting but for sports shooting and self-defense. for the pbs "newshour," i'm john yang. >> ifill: stay with us, coming up on the newshour: an aquarium moving its dolphins to an ocean sanctuary. and, one year after the mass shooting in charleston, how that city's mother emanuel church a.m.e is healing. but first, the democratic national committee said today russian government hackers have penetrated its computer network. breaches by two separate groups allowed hackers to access opposition research democrats have compiled on the presumptive republican nominee donald trump. hackers may have had access for a year. the "washington post" reported that computer networks for hillary clinton and trump were also targeted. we get some insight on how this happened and why. dmitri alperovitch is the co- founder of crowd strike, the intelligence company that is investigating the breach for the d.n.c. and sasha issenberg is a contributor for bloomberg politics and author of "the victory lab: the secret science of winning campaigns." dmitri alperovitch, how significant an intrusion was this into the democratic party's file? >> this was a pretty scary intrusion. in fact, there were two intrusions in place here. two separate russian government affiliate actors we believe that are part of the intelligence services of russia infiltrated the network first in the summer of last year and were able to get access of the communications service at the dnc, essentially giving them the ability to monitor the e-mail traffic going through their servers, and a completely separate actor that penetrated that network in april of this year and went straight for the research department of the democratic national committee, specifically looking for the opposition files on the republican presidential candidate donald trump. >> ifill: how were the dnc alerted to this intrusion and how were you? >> well, in early may they discovered that there was something off on the network that was highly suspicious. they called us in. >> ifill: their internal i.t. people? >> their internal i.t. people determined that something may be off. they didn't yet know, so it was a breech. they asked us to come in and evaluate. within 24 hours we were able to ascertain there were two breeches from two separate russian intelligence services inside that network. >> ifill: sasha issenberg, you wrote a book about how dependent campaigns have become on data and the things needed to support that amount of data, specifically about the 2008 obama campaign some in this case what kinds of things exist in these records. >> yeah, you know, parties at this point are largely hubs of information. they gather intelligence on the electorate, data on individual voters that they use the make tactical decisions, and then they're kind of a permanent research operation, especially at times like this when there are open primaries within a party, and you don't know who the nominee is going to be. the dnc has basically said to the clinton campaign or sanders or o'malley campaign, we will spend the year building resources for you that we can hand to you when you're the nominee. in this case a dossier on donald trump, probably the dnc has more information in its files on its servers than any other organization researching donald trump for a year, not just trump but his circle, his advisers, his staffers. so a foreign intelligence organization that wants to understand who those people are, the relationships they have, potential points of leverage or influence would probably find that the dnc has more of it sitting around than anyone else. >> ifill: sashback it should be said that clinton's campaign says they were not compromised, which doesn't mean that information that they, as you point out, have on file with the dnc was not compromised, but we're not talking about financial or donor records, are we? >> from what we quarter from the report, and as dimitri says, there was a goal to go to the opposition research department. somebody like hillary clinton, who has been in public life for a while, you have to imagine that foreign intelligence gathering operations have tried to gather information on her so they can try to game out how she thinks and how she approaches things and who her contacts are. donald trump is sort of new to the world as a political figure. and so for foreign governments that want to assess risk, geopolitical decision making or potentially understand how to get at him, you imagine that the dnc just has that information available. a lot of this is stuff that is in the public domain, stuff from court files to... >> ifill: but it's all in one place. >> it's all in one place and they've done a lot of the legwork for you. >> ifill: mr. alperovitch, why do we believe russia is behind this? >> we actually believe it's not just rush, but two different agencies, the military intelligence agency and the other is fsb, the successor to the kgb. we saw no collaboration whatsoever between hose two threat actors. >> ifill: one hand didn't know what the other was doing? >> not only did they not know, they were doing some of the same things repeatedly not knowing that someone already had that information they were after. this is not unusual for russia. they have a very aggressive competition between their intelligence agencies. they're always trying to one-up one another, look better in front of putin to get more budget, more power. >> ifill: what uses of this kind of information, especially if a lot of it is in the public record any how? what use is it to foreign governments like russia? >> well, one, they really want to understand what is donald trump thinking. no one knows. he doesn't have a long history in politics. he said some complimentary things of putin is. that something he's going to continue if he's president following that policy? but the other thing is that is interesting is they probably didn't know what they would find. they didn't know all this information was public. in the russian... in russia, you have political parties engaged in all kinds of nefarious activity. and they may assume that in america it works the exact same way. >> ifill: what do you do to stop it from happening again? >> this weekend we did a complete remediation of that network. we kicked out both adversaries simultaneously. so as of this week that network is now clean and dnc asked us to monitor it with our software going forward because we are certain the russians will try to reagain access in that network. their interest in the political system of the united states is certainly not going to go away. >> ifill: sasha, what do come pains do as they become more and more dependent on this kind of electronic web of information to protect themselves? >> well, you know, we saw a different type of data breech at the dnc six months ago when a bernie sanders' staffer was able to access information the clinton campaign had developed on individual voters. you know, that type of tactical information you imagine is if the of much use to foreign governments. and i suspect that foreign governments will find that a lot of the information that they would get through an opposition research department isn't particularly strategically valuable. the goal of opposition research is to get this stuff enter the public eye. so if the dnc thought it was revealing about donald trump, they would probably be similarly angle to get it out into the public. this is not information that's designed to be kept under wraps for too long. >> ifill: and the rnc should be worried, as well, i imagine. sasha issenberg of bloomberg publics and author of "the victory lab" and dmitri alperovitch of crowd strike, thank you both very much. >> thank you. >> thanks, gwen. >> woodruff: next, our weekly science segment. there's a sea change coming to one of the country's most popular aquariums. as many have grown concerned about keeping dolphins in captivity, baltimore's national aquarium announced today it will move its pod of dolphins to the first sanctuary for these mammals in the world. the decision to end the dolphin exhibit comes after sea world and ringling brothers have announced their own changes. science correspondent miles o'brien broke the story for our "leading edge" series. >> this is chesapeake. >> reporter: oh, this is chesapeake, hi chesapeake. it's time for a quick physical exam, and "chesapeake" the bottlenose dolphin appears to be doing fine. she is one of eight dolphins held by the national aquarium in baltimore. >> we're going to take a look in her mouth. they have teeth and they grab each other and they break teeth. >> reporter: she doesn't need the orthodontist, they're nice and straight. born into captivity 24 years ago, she has always lived indoors, in a concrete tank. a sterile, artificial world that bears no resemblance to the natural environment where dolphins belong. but it appears she and the rest of this pod are destined for a sea change. >> we're announcing today that we are moving our dolphins to a sanctuary, a seaside natural seawater sanctuary by the end of the year 2020. >> reporter: john racanelli is c.e.o. of the national aquarium and he's announcing something that has never been done before. the aquarium plans to build a large outdoor marine mammal sanctuary in florida or the caribbean. a seaside pen carved from nature. >> this is a million and a half gallons. we'd be looking at tens of millions, maybe hundreds of millions of gallons of water; seawater, not manufactured saltwater as we do here. >> reporter: the decision comes amid a rising tide of opposition to dolphinariums all over the world. heather morris is a frequent protester at the inner harbor in baltimore. >> i think that is a crucial step in them pioneering a path to what is the right thing for us to do with these animals now, and to get them back at least into an environment that is like their natural habitat. it's just there is no okay scenario for them to be in captivity. >> reporter: and yet the national aquarium is alone in taking this bold, expensive step. about 30 other dolphinariums just in the u.s. >> leaping three feet out of water and through a small hoop is only one of the accomplishments of flippy the pride of the studios at marineland, florida. >> reporter: humans have been capturing and training dolphins for entertainment for about 80 years. over time, the shows got more elaborate, even garish, the crowds larger, and the venues added the dolphins' cetacean cousins, orcas, to the marquees. a multibillion-dollar business evolved that forces wild animals and their progeny to perform for humans, in exchange for food. they are trained to do circus tricks. give thrill rides. and be docile with customers in glorified petting zoos, often called a "dolphin experience." looking at their permanent smile, it is easy to misconstrue what this experience is really like for them. >> it's really the dolphin smile that has created this multibillion dollar industry and it's literally an optical illusion. >> reporter: ric o'barry was once the highest paid dolphin trainer in the world. he began capturing, training and breeding dolphins at the miami seaquarium, in the 1960's. he eventually became the head trainer for a tv series that launched the cetacean show business to a new level. >> ♪ they call him flipper, flipper, flipper, faster than lightning ♪ >> reporter: flipper aired on nbc from 1964 until 1967. flipper was actually five female dolphins. the pressure to perform and the stress of captivity took its toll on the dolphins' health. one of them became despondent. >> flipper died in my arms of suicide. yeah, i know that's a very strong word to use for an animal, but it's the only animal that is not an automatic air breather. every breath they take is a conscious effort. think about that for a second. every breath is a conscious effort, which means they can end their life any time they want to if it becomes too difficult, too stressed by simply not taking the next breath. >> reporter: by 1970, o'barry had a complete change of heart. ever since, he has tirelessly traveled the world crusading to shut down the shows, and end the era of captivity. >> we have to admit we made a mistake. >> reporter: we found him at the hague, testifying before the dutch parliament, which is pondering the fate of a controversial dolphinarium. >> it's been a failed experiment. it's time to admit that. and we're going to do the best we can, it's going to phase out, it's going to take many years to phase it out. >> reporter: his long campaign picked up a lot of steam in 2009 with the release of the academy award winning documentary "the cove." the film reveals the brutal reality of the annual corral of wild dolphins in taiji, japan. fishermen there identify the more desirable dolphins, separate them from their families, and sell them to dolphin shows for big money. the rest of the animals are slaughtered and sold as meat. >> they only get $600 for a dead dolphin but they can get more than $150,000 for a live show dolphin. >> reporter: while the taiji capture and slaughter has not ended, o'barry believes it is just a matter of time before the dolphin shows will, and sanctuaries are built. >> i first started doing this work trying to educate the public and i was coming from a place of guilt. yeah, there is no question about that. and people thought i was crazy. "dolphin captivity issue? what are you talking about? that's not a problem." well, today, it's a mainstream issue. and so i see a lot of change. i'm encouraged. i'm very encouraged. >> baby boomers grew up on "flipper" and millennials grew up on "free willy." so attitudes are changing. and that is certainly a factor. it's something we'd pay close attention to. >> reporter: so are the researchers who make it their mission to seek out these fascinating, intelligent mammals in the wild. marine mammalogist denise herzing is founder and research director of the wild dolphin project in jupiter, florida. >> it's definitely time we look at creating dolphin retirement centers. we've done it for other species. we've done it for chimps, elephants, giraffes, you name it, we've done it. dolphins are hard. it's a different environment in a big sea pen. it's expensive. but we owe it to them, i think. >> reporter: for more than 30 years she and her team have studied wild spotted dolphins that live in shallow water off the bahamas, hoping to understand the depths of their intellect. >> that's tristan again. >> that's a nice whistle. >> reporter: over the years, they they've built a catalog of 300 dolphins. in a typical field season, they will carefully track, observe and record video of about 100 individuals. herzing is focused on dolphin communication. what might the whistles and clicks mean? how smart are they? >> very smart. they problem solve. they can think in the abstract and recognize that. they have very good comprehension and cognitive skills so they can understand artificial languages that are presented to them. they understand word order, word meaning. >> reporter: smart and adaptive as they are, captive dolphins will need a lot of help moving from indoor confinement to a sanctuary, even one that is cordoned off and human tended. in baltimore, the man in charge of the transition is veterinarian and chief science officer brent whitaker. he's been here since the first dolphins arrived in 1990. >> these animals have been born in pools without fish, without rocks, without seaweed, without natural sunlight, without thunderstorms, without hurricanes, without all sorts of things that other natural dolphins have already experienced growing up with. they don't know that. they are going to have to learn those things, and we're going to have to help them learn the best we can, but we're not dolphins. so, there is a challenge there. >> reporter: and if all goes as planned, by 2020, parents and children will no longer be able to see the dolphins here in the flesh. will future generations be missing out on a teachable moment? >> i really wonder what are you really teaching your kids? are you teaching your kids it's okay to confine an animal, to capture an animal for human viewing? >> i think we will be able to ensure that people still get a chance to tune into the lives of these dolphins in a way that still inspires them yet not have to have them here in baltimore. maybe dolphin skype is in our future. >> reporter: and maybe then, when people dial up the dolphins for a virtual visit in their more natural habitat, their smile will be more than an illusion. miles o'brien, pbs newshour, baltimore. >> ifill: next, we revisit the city of charleston, south carolina, which suffered through its own mass shooting, one year ago this week. nine people were gunned down inside emanuel a.m.e. chuch, including its pastor, the reverend clementa pickney. alleged white supremacist dylan roof was charged on multiple counts, including murder and hate crimes. he could face the death penalty. this past winter, the reverend betty deas clark took over as emanuel's pastor. jeffrey brown spoke with her recently, before this week's shootings. she traveled to orlando yesterday to support families there, and to speak out in favor of gun control. >> brown: rev. dr. clark, thank you for letting us come visit. >> thank you for coming. >> brown: let me ask you, one year later, how is your congregation faring? >> well, i'd like to think that they're processing yet still grieving. it's a process that may take years, but it's good to see signs of them being able to smile, to laugh again. >> brown: right away of course there were expressions of forgiveness to an extent that i think amazed many in the nation and around the world. is that still the sense that is there, the forgiveness, or are there other emotions involved as well? >> there are an array of emotions. but forgiveness is more than an emotion, it is a choice. and so while we confess forgiveness, we yet still have feelings of many different degrees, and that's okay. >> brown: anger? >> it's okay to be angry. it's okay. it's okay to be tearful. it's okay to sometimes want to pull away from the world and just be by yourself. it's okay. because the road and the path for grieving, it's different for every individual. >> brown: as a pastor, i wonder do you think, how could this happen, where is god, where was god at this moment? >> well my first response was just as they were in bible study on that wednesday night, so was i. and so i guess my first line of questioning was, why them. and then it was to say, it could have been me. but to say where was god, i never asked that question. simply because i truly believe that god is omniscient. in other words, he's everywhere at the same time. and i believe that if god allowed it, he had a reason for doing so. >> brown: this congregation and you yourself have spoken out about gun control issues in the aftermath, correct? >> correct. >> brown: and what would you like to see happen? >> well, i'd like to see situations such as the case with dylann roof and not having a proper complete background check, i'd like to see that come to an end. i'd like to see that loop closed, because it has already shown us how dangerous it actually is, and can be again until we do something positive and permanently about it. >> brown: dylann roof himself now faces the death penalty. do you yourself have feelings about that? >> i never considered myself neither judge nor jury. but what i see is a young man who- someone once asked me if i were to meet him, if he were to ask to have an audience with me, what would i say. i'd tell him jesus loves him. i'd tell him that there is life beyond june 17. and that's what i would say. i had the opportunity a couple of weeks ago to meet his aunt. she came to me, and she was a little timid, probably wondering what would i say and how would i react. and i saw that she was crying. and i reached out to her to give her a hug, and she stepped back, and she said, "well let me tell you this first," she said, "i'm dylann roof's aunt." i said, "but you still need a hug, can i hug you?" and she said yes. >> brown: and then you talked? >> and then we talked, and then we prayed. we did. >> brown: i asked you at the beginning how your congregation is doing a year later. what about the city, the culture, all that that provoked about race relations in this country. where do you see things? >> well, while it may have provoked the need to deal with race relations, it also brought to surface how loving, how caring and how united this city really is. because in the aftermath of june 17, the community joined together, walked together, prayed together, worshiped together. and so while we do have a way to go, we have come a long way. >> brown: you feel that. >> i honestly do. >> brown: rev. dr. betty clark, thank you so much. >> thank you. >> woodruff: finally tonight, we take a moment to remember the 49 people whose lives were tragically cut short sunday in orlando, florida. here are their names and faces. i'm gwen ifill. >> woodruff: and i'm judy woodruff. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> the ford foundation. working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change worldwide. >> carnegie corporation of new york. supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and security. at carnegie.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org this is "nightly business report." with tyler mathisen and sue herera. seeking safety. investors dump stocks and flock b as uncertainty looms over the outcome of the uk referend ju how worried should investors be? buckle up. while you may want to keep the money you're saving at the gas pump to hedge against rising rates. a new record is set for charitable giving. all that and more tonight on "nightly business report" for tuesday, june 14th. good evening. welcome. i'm sue herera. tyler mathisen is on assignment tonight. leave or stay? investors around the world are starting to pay close attention to those few words. as we've been