there are parts we don't like. but we need to know so we can move forward. >> woodruff: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> you never discriminate. you want everyone -- the young, the old, the soft and the strong -- but cancer, we're fighting you with immune therapies and genetic testing, with laughter, with strength because every one of us is doing one thing only, making cancer history. >> you were born with two stories. one you write every day, and one you inherited that's written in your d.n.a. 23andme.com is a genetic service that provides personalized reports about traits, health and ancestry. learn more at www.23andme.com. >> lincoln financial-- committed to helping you take charge of your financial future. >> and by the alfred p. sloan foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financial literacy in the 21st century. >> supported by the rockefeller foundation. promoting 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more were wounded in the attacks. one targeted a majority shiite neighborhood and another an army checkpoint, 12 miles outside the capital. iraqi officials said the bombings are counterattacks to the government's military offensive to recapture fallujah. israel sent hundreds of additional troops into the west bank today after palestinian gunmen killed four people in tel aviv. the israelis also revoked entry permits for more than 80,000 palestinians to cross into israel. meanwhile, security forces raided one of the suspect's homes. and, they cracked down on workshops suspected of making homemade guns, like those used in yesterday's attack. back in this country, the house of representatives moved to address puerto rico's debt crisis. a bipartisan bill will create an independent financial control board and restructure some of the island's $70 billion in debt. supporters, including republican jim sensenbrenner, said it's the only option. >> let's get puerto rico back on track. and this is a way to do it with some help from the oversight board. puerto ricans are going to have to do this themselves. they haven't been able to do it without a tap on the shoulder. too bad there's an oversight board but that's the only game in town. >> woodruff: minority leader nancy pelosi and other democrats also backed the bill. but some conservatives complained it amounts to a federal bailout. others, like democrat luis gutierrez, who's of puerto rican descent, argued it takes too much authority from local officials. >> let me suggest to you, if you give power to a control board unelected and unsupervised by anyone here. be careful. be careful. remember flint. remember the poisoning of the people. what the control board did there. that is exactly we should suspect will happen. >> woodruff: puerto rico has a $2 billion debt payment that's due on the first of july. change is coming to the pentagon's century-old promotion system. currently, troops who don't advance to a higher rank within a designated time frame are pushed out. today, defense secretary ash carter called for exceptions to the timeline to keep high-tech experts and other specialists. he also wants to let the services schedule promotions on merit, rather than seniority. some of the proposals will need congressional approval. thousands of people turned out today for a memorial prayer service for muhammad ali, in louisville, kentucky. muslims and members of other faiths gathered in an arena to begin two days of memorials for the boxing legend. it's part of a memorial plan designed by ali himself. the three-time heavyweight champion will be laid to rest tomorrow in an interfaith service, also in louisville. and on wall street, the dow jones industrial average lost just under 20 points to close at 17,985. the nasdaq fell 16 points, and the s&p 500 slipped three. still to come on the newshour: what's next for bernie sanders after president obama endorses hillary clinton. the secretary of homeland security talks long airport lines and terrorism threats. making sense of why power corrupts, and much more. >> woodruff: today president obama made it official, endorsing secretary hillary clinton to be his choice as the democratic nominee. the president also met with senator bernie sanders who didn't drop out, but did pledge to work toward party unity. we have our reporters at both ends of pennsylvania avenue tonight, political director lisa desjardins on capitol hill, and john yang at the white house. so, john, the president was all in today, wasn't he? >> absolutely, judy. his aides say he can't wait to get back out on the campaign traivment even though senator sanders wants to fight on for the final primary, it's clear the delicate dances for the fall campaign are underway. >> tens of millions of americans have made their voices heard. today, i just want to add mine. >> reporter: the president made his formal declaration in a web video: >> look, i know how hard this job can be. that's why i know hillary will be so good at it. in fact, i don't think there's ever been someone so qualified to hold this office. >> reporter: within minutes, clinton tweeted her response: "honored to have you with me. i'm fired up and ready to go!" all of this, not long after the president met with bernie sanders at the white house. the vermont senator emerged to say he'll press on through next week's washington, d.c. primary. he again declined to endorse clinton, but did promise every effort to beat the republican nominee-to-be. >> i look forward to meeting with her in the near future, to see how we can work together to defeat donald trump, and to >> reporter: the other outstanding question for many democrats: how to get sanders to stand down without offending his base. senate democratic leader harry reid met with the candidate this afternoon. >> of course, he'll be involved in the process of what goes on in coming up with party platform, and elections in the future. he's not holding out for anything, other than what he believes is principled. >> he goes out of way in praising sanders as in a taping for nbc's tonight "newshour" shw >> it was a healthy thing for the democratic party to have a contested primary. i thought that bernie sanders brought enormous energy and new ideas, and he pushed the party and challenged them. i thought it made hillary a better candidate. >> reporter: in today's endorsement video, mr. obama added a nod to sanders' legions of youthful voters. >> there are millions of americans, not just democrats, who've cast their ballots for the very first time. and a lot of that is thanks to senator bernie sanders, who has run an incredible campaign. >> reporter: while sanders ponders his next move, the president will join hillary clinton on the campaign trail, for the first time, in green bay, wisconsin, on june 15th. significantly that event is the day after the final contest, the d.c. primary. tonight sanders kicks off his d.c. campaign with a big rally. judy? >> woodruff: looks like the white house, the president put a lot of thought, took a lot of care in how they dealt with bernie sanders here at the end. >> today they say bernie sanders has earned the right through what eh's done in this campaign season to end this campaign on his own time, on his own schedule. they're giving him the space to do that. that endorsement video was taped tuesday here in the residence of the white house. the plan was always to release it sometime after the meeting and the indications are that the meeting went better than expected, and they actually moved up the release. judy? >> woodruff: we know the thinking is among many democrats that it's really important they treat standards well because of what's he's brought to the party. >> they really do. you will notice in all the comments, he's really been praising sanders for bringing young people in, first-time voters. they want him to keep that up, to keep those young people in the fold so that they'll vote for hillary clinton in the fall. >> woodruff: all right, john at the white house. let's turn to lisa desjardins whoas at the capitol. lisa, you have been talking to a lot of folks up there. they're watching this closely, weren't they? >> they are, judy. an important endorsement is expected tonight. the "boston globe" and others report elizabeth warren is planning to announce her endorsement of hillary clinton tonight, her voice so important because sanders voters may respect her voice somewhat more than the president's. tonight democrats feel not just relief but move right into exuberance, almost. some saying if they can unify the clinton-sanders camps, they have a shot at major gains here at the cal capitol. >> woodruff: bernie sanders was as we know the democratic socialist member of the senate from the state of vermont. he'll come back to the senate in a different place, won't he? how do members of the senate democrats see what he's done in this campaign? >> democrats here in the senate, i talked to senator dick durbin earlier tonight and he says he feels bernie sanders played a key role in marking the important part of the democratic identity. democrats tonight in the senate are both figuratively and literally embracing bernie sanders, chuck schumer giving him a hug. one of my colleagues reported seeing him earlier tonight. they want him to feel that they respect him and that he's a powerful figure. all that said, of course, judy, questions remain as to whether he will get what he wants at the convention, all this good support and nice talk, what does it bring bernie sanders in the end? that's a question for us to watch. one other anecdote, up here at the capitol, judy, republicans, meanwhile, they are not following the kind of choreography we saw from democrats today. i ran into ted cruz coming alone from the senate floor today, asked if he heard from the trump campaign and said, pause, i decline to comment on that. so not unity on that on the republican party front. >> woodruff: i wanted to ask you about that quickly, lisa. republicans are not volunteering much now about donald trump? >> no, i put in a lot of phone calls to republican members and one after another they told me we actually don't want to talk about donald trump right now. they're in a very difficult position and they know it. >> woodruff: lisa desjardins at the capitol, john yang at the white house on a momentous day here in washington. thank you both. >> you got it. >> woodruff: the first official day of summer is just around the corner, but the summer travel season is well under way, and travelers at major airports across the country are enduring record wait times at security checkpoints. meanwhile, travel warnings have been issued for americans heading to europe, over fears of terrorist attacks there. all this comes as the threat of terrorism here at home persists. joining me now to discuss all this, is the man who oversees homeland security. secretary jeh johnson. and mr. secretary, we can withum. >> thanks for having me, judy. >> woodruff: so what is the status of security screening at american airports right now? we heard so much about it, about the problems a week or so ago. >> first, we are not going to compromise aviation security in order to expedite wait times, in order to shortcut wait times. we're going to keep passengers moving but we're also going to keep them safe. so beginning last year, we began to really take a hard look at aviation security and refocus our efforts, and we knew then that it would lead to longer wait times for a lot of travelers in the busiest airports. couple that with the travel volume we're seeing this summer, and that has led to the wait times in some of the nation's busiest airports at particular times of the day, like the situation in chicago o'hare a couple of weeks ago. >> right. in the meantime, we've brought on to full-time status a lot of t.s.a. officers that you see at the airport, we authorized a lot of overtime for them, using more canine teams and right now we have pending in congress a request to do what we call reprogramming of more money to bring on more and convert more part-time to full-time t.s.o.s which will add to the screening capability and lower the wait times. >> woodruff: how did it get to this point? t.s.a. is what, now, 15 years old. >> we have rededicated ourselves to aviation security in response to the world situation, frankly. that is something that i directed t.s.a. to do about a year ago. that has led to added wait times, and you couple that with the increased travel volume we're seeing, and it has led to some of the very long lines in the nation's busiest airports. >> when you say rededicate yourself to yourselves at homeland security to figuring out what the problems are in dealing with them, does that mean you found deficiencies -- >> well, as a lot of people know last summer, there was an inspector general's report that, unfortunately, leaked that revealed certain flaws in a specific type of screening that we conduct at certain airports, and that required us to take a real hard look at aviation security. so the new t.s.a. administrator took office on july 6. i swore him in and gave him a ten-point plan for rededicating ourselves to aviation security in reaction to that i.g. report and the world situation that we're seeing with some of the challenges across the globe. so the administrator has implemented that, and that has added to the security at screening checkpoints. >> in addition to that, you have, of course, the brussels attack where what the terrorist did was attack the area outside the secure part of the airport. what has that meant here in the u.s.? >> we have been focused on airport security now for almost two years, really. we've directed continuous random screening of airport and airline personnel. we've reduce number of access points to sterile areas through which airport airline employees pass. but in general, an airport, before you go through security, is a public area, just like a train station, just like a bus station, just like an athletic event. so there we feed to work with local authorities, airport security, to ensure that travelers are safe when they're in these public places. >> we mentioned, as part of all this, that warnings have recently been issued to americans planning travel to europe, you know, in connection with the terrorist incidents over there. how concerned should americans be? >> my advice is americans should continue to travel. they should continue to travel during the summer months but be vigilant, be aware, pay attention to state department advisories about particular countries, particular places, particular times. but in general, we're not discouraging people from traveling but should pay attention to state department advisories. >> couple of other quick questions about the terrorist aspect of all this. one of the criticisms that grew out of the attacks in brussels and paris is poor intelligence sharing between countries in europe, the members of the european union. how much of a problem is that and does that affect the united states? >> i think we're moving in the right direction with your european allies. i've spent a lot of time personally with my european counterparts, ministers of interior and those in the law enforcement intelligence community and we are seeing in general a greater level of information sharing with our european allies. i think european nations realize, now, the value of information sharing both with each other and with the united states and just since i have been secretary i've seen that level of cooperation increase, and we're going to keep at this. >> woodruff: finally, mr. secretary, we've recently seen several prosecutions of americans who were trying to join i.s.i.s. how big a problem right now does this country have with americans who are trying to join i.s.i.s. or simply inspired by i.s.i.s.? >> in this environment of not only prospect of a terrorist-directed attack like -- you know, where somebody is recruited overseas and exported to another country, but we're also now dealing with the prospect of terrorist-inspired attacks as you just mentioned and this other category entitled terrorist-enabled attacks. we have to focus on countering violent extremism at home and monitoring the travel of suspected terrorist individuals. there are two components to that which i think are two center pieces of our homeland security efforts. >> finally, what's the main thing that keeps you awake at night that has to do with your job. >> a lot of people ask me that. i would say there are a lot of things that keep me up at night. homeland security is counterterrorism, cybersecurity, border security, port security, response to natural disasters, and we've got to keep an eye on all of it, and i think we do. >> that's a lot. secretary jeh johnson, thank you very much. >> thank you. >> woodruff: stay with us, coming up on the newshour: the world bank president's take on brexit and concerns of pandemics. an american opera returns to the city that inspired it. plus, what it takes to make a great podcast. but first, in an era where the inequality gap has become ever more pronounced, and people are much more conscious of those gaps, assumptions are frequently made about the behavior of the wealthier. but recent work on understanding power is more complicated. and the focus of economic correspondent paul solman's conversation tonight, part of his weekly reporting, "making sense." >> power, new studies in economics are showing, comes from sharing resources. >> reporter: power comes from sharing, says professor dacher keltner, who studies economic behavior. but the title of his new book is "the power paradox." >> we gain power by advancing the welfare of other people and yet when we feel powerful, it turns us into impulsive sociopaths and we lose those very skills. >> this stretch of park avenue, on the upper east side of manhattan, is the wealthiest neighborhood in new york city. but this street is about a lot more than money. it's about political power. >> reporter: we all know it: wealth buys us what we want, and much of what we want is power, over our own fate and that of others. a 2014 study found that america's wealthiest are the only group to influence legislation. but money isn't the only route to clout, says keltner. >> what studies find is if you're enthusiastic and you're open to new ideas and you listen really well and you express gratitude and you share resources, really simple strategies, you rise in the ranks in just about every context that's been studied. >> reporter: well, nobody studied renaissance florence, right? it may not have been true in the past. >> machiavelli wrote in what people think may have been the most violent time in human history, very violent period of renaissance italy. so, if you wanted to rise to power, you killed people. and as history's evolved in those 500 years, we've seen, and really even in the last 40-50 years, we've seen this dramatic shift in what it takes to get power. >> why would there be such a difference? how is it that we have evolved? >> one is work has changed. most work today is much more collaborative, interdisciplinary, complex than it was 40 to 50 years ago. i think another reason power has changed is the influx of people from different cultures in the united states; much more multi- ethnic and that's changed the face of power. and then women, there are more women in leadership positions and they have a different way of leading. >> reporter: so evolution, but only up to a point. >> when we feel powerful, we have these surges of dopamine going through our brain. and we feel like we can accomplish just about anything. and that's where the power paradox begins, which is that very sense of ourselves when feeling powerful leads to our demise, leads to the abuse of power. >> reporter: in a series of studies we featured here on the newshour in 2013, keltner and colleagues at the university of california, berkeley showed that the wealthier and therefore more powerful tend to behave like, well, "jerks." they help themselves to candy meant for children; cheat-- in keltner's lab-- in a game of chance. and those who drive pricey cars- - b.m.w.'s and the like, are four times more likely to speed through crosswalks with pedestrians, even though it's illegal in berkeley. >> who's more likely to think that my time is more important than the safety of the pedestrian? it's people driving more high power, wealthier cars. >> reporter: but it's not just the more affluent who act more entitled. its also those induced to feel rich and powerful in the lab, as i experienced in a rigged game of monopoly. researcher paul piff randomly gave subjects all sorts of advantages over their randomly disadvantaged opponents: more money at the start; twice as much for passing go, and yet, piff told us, despite their presumably egalitarian bent going in, this being berkeley... >> when we asked them afterwards, how much do you feel like you deserved to win the game? the rich people felt entitled. >> reporter: ...entitlement. it was demonstrated in one of keltner's favorite experiments. >> we brought three people to the lab. we pointed to one person and said, "you're in charge," right? so that person kind of felt powerful. then they had to do this really boring task. and they're getting kind of bored. we bring a plate of chocolate chip cookies. everybody takes one cookie. so the key question is who takes that fourth cookie and indeed, it's our person in the po of power reaches out and grabs the cookie and says that's mine. eats it. >> reporter: so, power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely? >> well, i think lord acton was on to something, right, which is that there are dozens of studies showing who's more likely to speak rudely in an organization: high power people or low power people? high power people. who's more likely to have sexual affairs? high power people or low power people? high power people. who is likely to walk into the store and pocket something that they don't pay for and indeed it's high power, wealthier people who are more likely to shoplift. >> reporter: and yet, social science research on the benefits of generosity is clear: >> if i share resources until you prosper, i feel as much pleasure as if i were to keep those resources for myself. it's been built in to our evolution to derive benefits from being grateful or pro- social and when we abuse power, we lose those benefits. >> reporter: but if my group becomes stronger because i'm a good leader who shares with the other members of my group, doesn't that present a danger to the world in a sense that you see in the countries of europe and even here in the united states, people who are specifically appealing to the group within the country and excluding quite explicitly people who are not in the group? >> yes. it's worrisome and i think people who have thought deep about the evolution of morality say this is one blind spot in our moral predilections, is what makes us good for the group may make us really antagonistic to the other groups that make up the world today. >> reporter: but hey, dacher keltner runs the "greater good science center." so doesn't he have some solution to the power paradox? >> i always go back to the science. >> so you can start the video now. >> i'm 12 years old. it's a very rare cancer. >> we've done studies in our lab. if i'm led to feel compassion and kindness, the divide between us and them, and i'm talking about between republicans and democrats, is smaller. and the same is true with gratitude, which is that when people are shown appreciation, when then they are given gifts and they get to express gratitude, the basic metrics of us versus them tend to be lower. it tends to work against this us-versus-them divide. >> reporter: to which many of us would say these days: we sure hope so. for the pbs newshour, this is economics correspondent paul solman, trying to practice kindness and gratitude as much as i possibly can. not always easy. >> woodruff: now, how the world bank is changing its response to fast-moving crises. in 2014, it took months before international agencies ramped up their approach to the ebola outbreak, and that included getting money to hard-hit countries. eventually, more than 11,000 people died in west africa and the economic cost topped ten billion dollars. now, the bank is creating a fast-disbursing fund to provide assistance during pandemics. hari sreenivasan spoke with the bank's president, doctor jim yong kim, recently abt that and other humanitarian crises. >> sreenivasan: thanks for joining us. you launched the pandemic emergency financing fa sivment what is this? >> hari, we were thinking what can we do to prevent what happened with ebola from happening again. the response was too late. the money didn't start flowing really until about october, ten months after we knew that there was an outbreak. so -- >> sreenivasan: and during that time, people are getting infected. >> absolutely. so we said, can we somehow use our experience with catastrophe bonds? we have now developed this way of pooling country together. the caribbean countries who couldn't afford to get insurance policies on their own, we pulled them together and when a catastrophe happens we have an instrument to immediately release funds to respond. we thought can we do that with pandemics. we started looking at it and talking to insurance companies. insurance companies never had a policy for pandemics before. they said we've learned how to insure a lot of different things, let's give it a shot. it's a $500 million instrument that has attached to it an additional $100 million that will be used right away whenever we see anything going on. the $500 million instrument is for three classes of diseases -- the flu pandemics, the phyloviruses and then the corona viruses, the sars and mers we've experienced in the past. so those for those three, this $500 million instrument will disperse immediately to the poorest countries in our group, the 77 poorest countries, and our hope is that the instrument, the cash instrument plus the $500 million pandemic facility will go so far upstream in tackling pandemics that we will stop them before they become a big problem. >> 500 million sounds like a ton of money, but considering how much it costs to deal with ebola on a global scale, there are folks out there saying this is not enough. >> we think it's not enough for all the different pandemics, but it's really important that we've got a start. so to give you a sense of perspective, right, you cannot change the force of a hurricane. you cannot change the force of a tornado, but you can change the force of an epidemic, and it's all about getting it as early as possible. so days make a difference. certainly weeks and months make a difference. so, you know, 50, $100 million, six months ahead of when we actually started making a major response to ebola could have kept the epidemic much, much smaller. it's really not the size of the money, it's how early you can deploy it that's important. >> almost 60 million people are on the move around the planet right now. how do you solve some of these deep, systemic problems that are facilitating this transfer of humans? >> what we're seeing is these humanitarian crises are stretching out ten, sometimes 20 years and what we were told by the united nations high commissioner for refugees, they said we've become development actors, we're doing development work, most of us are lawyers, we're not qualified to do this, can we change the way this happens so instead of waiting for the humanitarian response to finish before you come in as development specialists, why don't we work together and go upstream. let's use institutions like the world bank in the way they were supposed to be used. we have capital. we can go to the capital markets and raise funds. it starts looking attractive if you say, look, why don't we try to develop a business activity so you can create jobs not only for your citizens but for refugees. that would create stability, hope, less likely for them to get on these dangerous boats and try to make their way to europe. we're trying to think out of the box, use our capacity as a bank with a balance sheet, but also marry that with our mission which is to end poverty and boost shared prosperity and tackle these problems upstream so that it never gets to the 60 million people who are displaced today. >> one of the consequences especially in europe right now, has a lot overcountries questioning their identity. one of those countries, britain, is thinking about walking away from the e.u. what are the practical implications of that happening? >> we don't know exactly what the outcome will be but we can take good guesses. the u.k. is 25% of financial services activity of all the e.u. that exists now and 30% of the stock market capitalization, so this is a huge blow for the e.u. what the u.k. will have to do is renegotiate all their trade agreements, and the hit on g.d.p. will be very serious. now, we don't work directly with the u.k. economy, but, of course, any uncertainty in the global economy is going to have an impact on developing countries, so we likely see incertainty around brexa is already having an impact and if the u.k. leaves we think the impact on developing countries could be substantial. >> sreenivasan: thank you for joining us. >> thank you, hari. >> woodruff: the annual spoleto music festival in charleston, south carolina will conclude this weekend. one of the highlights, the staging of a hometown classic, had special meaning, as the city approaches a tragic anniversary. jeffrey brown has our report. ♪ ♪ >> brown: "summertime", from the 1934 american opera classic, "porgy and bess". it's a story set in charleston and now being performed here as the centerpiece of the 40th anniversary celebration of the spoleto festival u.s.a. the music was familiar... ♪ ♪ ...but as the opera progressed, it had a less familiar look, just as visual director jonathan green wanted. >> you have to know what the stereotypes are before you move away from them. >> brown: what did you see in the stereotypes? >> i saw a complete disrespect, arrogance of a continent of africa not being a part of the culture of a people. >> brown: green, one of charleston's most prominent artists, is himself from the gullah community-- descendents of west african slaves who lived in this area, the very setting of porgy & bess, for which he's imagined a kind of alternative history. >> what if west africans came as immigrants, what would we be looking at? and what are we missing because we haven't supported that? >> brown: the bright colors, patterns, and vivid designs, green believes, fill in a missing piece and offer a greater truth about both the opera and the city. >> ♪ i got plenty of nothin' and nothin' plenty for me >> brown: set in the 1920s, 'porgy and bess' is the story of the disabled beggar, porgy, sung by lester lynch; the beautiful prostitute, bess-- alyson cambridge, and their life in 'catfish row,' a charleston tenement. it's based on the 1925 novel, 'porgy', by dubose heyward, who lived near the real-life tenement, then called 'cabbage row.' >> this picturesque place was once a slum. >> brown: local historian harlan greene has studied the period and the people. he even found this photo of the real-life man, samuel smalls, on whom porgy is based. i asked about the success of heyward's original novel. >> what he did that was truly earth-shattering is that he showed a love story between a black man and a black woman, a passionate love affair. and it wasn't uncle remus, it wasn't aunt jemima. he took real people, and it wasn't a race novel. it wasn't a stereotype. >> brown: it was george gershwin who then created the musical masterpiece. but ever since, many african- americans and others have seen stereotypes in the characters and the way they've been portrayed. the opera came up against other harsh realities in its long segregated hometown. >> 'porgy and bess' and porgy has always been sort of a lightning rod to give us reasons to discuss race in this country. they tried to do a version of it in the '50s, the play version of it. there was going to be a local production. it had gone into rehearsal. but it was going to be in a segregated hall. and at first that was okay. but then as people started thinking about it, specifically the local n.a.a.c.p. and the national n.a.a.c.p., they thought, well, if african- americans are good enough to be in the starring vehicle, shouldn't they be good enough to integrate the hall? and society had not caught up with the arts at that time period. >> brown: so it didn't happen. >> so it didn't happen. >> brown: it wasn't until 1970 that an integrated performance could take place in charleston, in the old gaillard auditorium. spoleto's general director, nigel redden, wanted the new production to open the newly- renovated gaillard center. >> the 1970 production was a kind of a landmark in the community, and i want this to be another landmark. and a landmark about how we have evolved since 1970, how the city has evolved, how i hope that nation has evolved. >> brown: that's grand terms for an opera at an arts festival. >> i absolutely believe that the arts can and do change the way we think about things. >> brown: people are thinking about the massacre of nine people at the nearby emanuel a.m.e. church, just days after the close of last year's festival. >> her work ethic was phenomenal. >> brown: she was proud of the work she did here? >> of course. >> brown: sharon risher's mother, ethel lance, was one of those killed. she'd been a custodian at the theater before retiring in 2002. the memorial day performance of "porgy & bess" was dedicated to her. >> to come to a place where my mom spent 32 years of her life and to know that the performance took the time to memorialize her. it did my heart good and i felt like maybe now i have some spiritual closure with the auditorium. >> brown: right after the shooting, some viims' family members forgave the alleged killer, dylann roof. sharon risher does not go that far. >> there is still a lot of anger. there is still a lot of pain. and i know i will get to that point of forgiveness. but it just coming out there with me not working through is not something i've been able to do. >> brown: spoleto's producers were determined that "porgy & bess," which quickly sold out, would be a community affair. the performance that honored ethel lance was also simulcast to nearby marian square, where people watched for free. marian greene thompson was one of them. >> as far as this production coming at this time, it's needed. we need to know our history. there are parts we don't like. but we need to know so we can move forward. >> brown: and all over town one could see so-called "porgy" houses-- homes with ties to charleston's african-american history, with new african- inspired designs by jonathan green. this has given you an interesting canvas, right? this is more than just the theater, more than the stage. you get the city. >> i get the city, but more importantly i get the people's attention to want to know why that's there, and to have the opportunity to read about these people and to know that it has nothing to do with anything other than giving you a little more dimension into the history of black people, as to why there would be an opera "porgy and bess." >> ♪ oh lord, i'm on my way >> brown: a wounded city, with a rich and often troubled history, ready to celebrate anew one of the nation's greatest works of homegrown art. from the spoleto festival in charleston, south carolina, i'm jeffrey brown for the pbs newshour. ♪ ♪ ( cheers and applause ) >> woodruff: next, another in our brief but spectacular series. alex blumberg has been responsible for some of the most innovative forms of radio, including npr's "planet money" along with the podcast, "startup", that documented his experience creating a podcasting company, which is now gimlet media. he speaks to us now about creating "good tape." when i think of good tape, it's arresting, you can't stop listening to it. ♪ ♪ ♪ great tape is tape where there's a lot of truth. there's a media study where they were trying to figure out like through which media is it easier to lie? so they planted a fat story in a tv and radio program and print story. the easiest medium through which to detect the lie was radio. you can hear authentic emotion, you can hear people telling the truth. i've learned to try to create the conditions where good tape will occur. when i was just beginning, i would come out and do an interview and i would have the feeling like something was there but i hadn't gotten it and i would listen back to my tape and i would just hear myself ruining moment after moment. it was just learning to shut up and not fill the silence. let people continue to talk. we don't want to just engage people on a deep, emotional level, you know, while we're riding the elevator or are in the subway with them, so we develop these defenses so a lot of it is trying to figure out, no, no, don't go the small talk route which is programmed into us. when you sit in the silence, it feels incredibly uncomfortable. it just feels like, oh, my god, i. just sit hearing and this person is mad or angry or upset and i should be saying something. i think that's the way we feel a lot of time. i don't think it's actually true. if you are comfortable with them sitting in silence and really experiencing an emotion, they feel comfortable, too. but it's just -- when it's happening, in the moment, it just feels like it's going on forever. those are the moments that are amazing on the air. like, those are the moments where it's just sort of, like, raw, electric silence. you know, that's what you're going for. my name is alex blumberg and this is my "brief but spectacular" on "good tape." >> woodruff: >> woodruff: you can watch more of our "brief but spectacular" series on our website, pbs.org/newshour/brief. we'll be back in a moment. but first, take this time to hear from your local pbs station. >> woodruff: the house of representatives voted overwhelming think this evening to pass a bill to help puerto rico out of its debt crisis. the swlaition will create a federal oversight board and restructure it's $70 billion debt. the bill heads to the senate for a vote. yoanl and in our first episode of something we're calling science scope, our producer breaks down the science of smell. scientists have designed an experiment that allows them to visual izzo doris as they move through space, an innovation that could help train dogs or robots in rescue missions. >> that is an odor. >> that is an odor, or at least what an odor looks like. odors are normally invisible, swirling around us. but i'll tell you the secret behind why you can see this one. >> woodruff: all that and more is on our website, pbs.org/newshour. and that's the newshour for tonight. on friday, as part of our "how the deck is stacked" series, a closer look at the struggles of the middle class in a challenging economy. i'm judy woodruff. join us online and again here tomorrow evening with mark shields and david brooks. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has en provided by: >> you were born with two stories. one you write every day, and one you inherited that's written in your d.n.a. 23andme.com is a genetic service that provides personalized reports about traits, health and ancestry. learn more at www.23andme.com. >> lincoln financial-- committed to helping you take charge of your financial future. >> the lemelson foundation. committed to improving lives through invention. in the u.s. and developing countries. on the web at lemelson.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org this is "nightly business report." with tyler mathisen and sue herera. out on a limb. well-known investors are making big calls on the market. but should investors frustrated with lackluster returns follow their lead? a sea change. how the panama canal plans to transform the global economy once again. sky high. why it's getting a lot harder to not just buy a house but also to rent one. all that and more tonight on "nightly business report" for . good evening and welcome. bold market calls. hedge fund billionaire george soros is worried about the global economy. so much so he decided to do something about it. after a long hiatus, he's trading again. th t