Transcripts For KQED PBS NewsHour 20160414

Woodruff all that and more, on tonights pbs newshour. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by moving our economy for 160 years. Bnsf, the engine that connects us. Love me tender love me true we can like many, but we can love only a precious few. Because it is for those precious few that you have to be willing to do so very much. But you dont have to do it alone. Lincoln financial helps you provide for and protect your financial future, because thisbe is what you do for people you love. Lincoln financial youre in charge. Fathom travel Carnival Corporations small ship line. El offering sevenday cruises to three cities in cuba. Exploring the culture, cuisine and Historic Sites through its people. More at fathom. Org. Genentech. Supported by the john d. And catherine t. Macarthurth foundation. Committed to building a more just, verdant and peacefulto world. More information at macfound. Org and with the ongoing support of these institutions this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Woodruff nearly 40,000 verizon landline and cable workers walked off the job in nine Eastern States today. They went on strike eight months after their contract expired, and with little progress in negotiations. Workers in new york and philadelphia stood in picket lines, protesting what they said were verizons attempts to freeze pensions, make layoffs easier and rely more on contract workers. The five people in charge of our company make 235 million. They want to take away from me. Ive got to work 70 hours a week to make ends meet. How is that right . Ig i get paid a good salary. Forget about the rest of the world that doesnt get paid as good as we do. Ds i dont know. Where does it end . When does it end . Woodruff verizon said the real issues are healthcare costs and contract provisions that are out of date. The company also said its trained thousands of nonunion workers to fill in, so customers wont be affected. Confirmation came today that the zika virus, spread by mosquitos, does cause microcephaly abnormally small heads in babies. The u. S. Centers for diseasedi control and prevention reported that exiting evidence also links zika to other severe brain defects. It repeated the standing advice to pregnant women to avoid traveling to areas where zika is spreading. In wartorn syria, the government held parliamentary elections today in the areas it controls. The voting took place as peace talks resumed in geneva. But the Syrian Foreign Ministry ruled any talk of a government without president bashar al assad. Meanwhile, a brawl broke out in Iraqs Parliament today, as ato political crisis deepened. Lawmakers went at each other in a dispute over fighting corruption. Some demanded the Prime Minister sack his current cabinet and bring in technocrats. Repeatedly buzzed a u. S. Navy destroyer in the baltic sea this week coming as close as 30 feet pain russian helicopter also made passes. Video from the ship shows a jet sweeping past in what appeared to be a simulated attack. The white house today was critical. This incident, as you wont be surprised to hear, is entirely inconsistent with the professional norms of militaries operating in proximity to each other in International Waters and international airspace. Ac and we continue to be concerned about this behavior. Woodruff the navy said the cooks crew tried to contact the russian planes by radio each day, but received no response. New trouble erupted between migrants and macedonian police, along the greek border. At least 50 migrants tried to pull down parts of razor wire fences at a closed crossing thats become a flashpoint. Macedonian police fired tear ga again to drive the crowd back. About 11,000 people are stranded in a makeshift tent city on the greek side of the border. Voters in south korea have dealt a surprise blow to their conservative leader. Early results indicate President Park geunhyes ruling party lost their majority in parliament today. The election took place as south korea faces sagging growth asas well as north korean provocation. The results threaten parks plans for her last 20 months in office. A Chinese Court today threw out the countrys first legal challenge to laws against same sex marriages. The case was brought by a gay couple whod been denied a marriage license. Hundreds of supporters gathered outside the court in changsha, and greeted the couple after tha court turned them down. Their lawyer said the fight will go on. translated today is not the beginning and definitely not the end. The achievement of every rightev relies on the efforts of everyone and it is not achieved overnight. I believe as long as we try together, we will finally realize the rights of equality. Woodruff supporters say theyre heartened that a Chinese Court even agreed to hear the case and that state controlled news media covered it. Back this this country, a task forceis in chicago charged police in that city have abused minorities for decades with Excessive Force and a code of silence. The panel was established last year after an outcry over the shootings of black suspects. In a staithing report, the group concluded that Chicago Police have no regard for the sanctity of life when it comes to people of color. Five of the nations largest banks have flunked theirth attempts to come up with so called living wills. Federal regulators said today their plans for surviving a bankruptcy without a taxpayer bailout are not credible. J. P. Morganchase, bank of america, wells fargo and others have until october first to revise the plans. The largest u. S. Coal Mining Company filed for federal bankruptcy protection. Peabody energy, based in st. Louis, has seen its stock value cut in half in the past year. Its being pressed by cheap natural gas and tougher environmental regulations. Several other major Coal Companies have also made bankruptcy filings in recents months. And wall street surged again as financial stocks rebounded some. The Dow Jones Industrial average gained 187 points to close at 17,908. The nasdaq rose 75 points, and the s p 500 added 20. Still to come on the newshour a tale of two new yorks courting the states urban and rural voters; a major windfall m for Cancer Research courtesy of facebooks first president ; how science helped a quadriplegic man move his fingers, and muchh more. Woodruff first, the latest from the president ial campaign. It is less than a week to go until voters in new york state have their say, and the candidates hit the hustings again today. A major east coast job action was a main focus. Reporter for the democratic hopefuls, it was a day to d embrace labor, ahead of nextof weeks new york primary. Bernie bernie reporter Bernie Sanders joined Striking Verizon workers in brooklyn. Today, you are standing up, not just for justice for verizon workers, you are standing up for millions of americans who dont have a union youre telling Corporate America they cannot have it all reporter Hillary Clinton also slammed verizon saying in a statement me verizon wants to outsource mort and more jobs. Verizon should do the right thing and return togh negotiations. Clinton picked up the support of an Electrical Workers Union in new york, while sanders snagged the transit workers. Thank you so much for your support s reporter the vermont senator also landed his first endorsement from a senate colleague. S oregon democrat jeff merkley announced his backing in a New York Times oped, and on msnbc, he explained why he broke ranks with 40 Democratic Senators who back clinton. This really is is all about the person who has the boldest, most fierce vision on the biggest issues facing america and the world. Reporter republican frontrunner donald trump is stumping tonight in pittsburgh. T but last night, the new york billionaire appeared in a cnn town hall, with wife melania joining in. Melania, do you ever want to say to him, put the mobile device down . That, like, its 2 00 a. M. , and youre still tweeting. Anderson, if he would only listen. I did many times. And i just say, ok, do whatever you want. Hes an adult. He knows the consequences. Reporter trump also lashed out again at party rules that he says are robbing him of delegates. But Republican Party chairman Reince Priebus fired back on twitter, defending the process and saying its the responsibility of the campaigns to understand it. Complaints now . Give us all a break. Trumps rivals john kasich and ted cruz campaigned in maryland and pennsylvania this afternoon. I am here today with a wordd of hope and encouragement all across pennsylvania, all across the this country. People are waking up and help is on the way. cheers and applause were going to seed manufacturg jobs coming back to pennsylvania, the backbone of the middle class. Reporter cruz has his own cnn town hall tonight. For the pbs newshour, im john yang. Woodruff lets turn now to the next primary on the calendar. On tuesday, voters in the state of new york will head to the polls. Joining us to talk about the politics of the empire state, beth fouhy, a Senior Editor at msnbc. Com, joins us from new york city; and from albany, karen dewitt, Capital Bureau chief for new york state publick radio. And we welcome both of you. So, lets start with the republicans. Beth fouhy to you, first. Break it down a little bit for us. Whichus voters are eligible to vote in the republican primary. How are delegates selected in i new york . Well, the only people who can vote in the republican primary, judy, are republicans. This is a closed primary state, and that presents challenges and opportunities to both side. In terms of just the overall look at the republican field,an donald trump is just really dominating here. Hes, of course, from new york. Hes the big alpha dog of new york, and that that status basically is propelling him throughout the state. Most of the polling that weve seen here, the public polling, shows him at or above 50 . Hes beating senator cruz and john kasich by as much as 30 points in all this polling. So right now the big mystery is whether he can actually top 50 , trump, get all the statewide unpledged delegates and get 50 in those Congressional Districts where he could really sweep up a whole lot delegates. Theres a possibility,te judy,ud heeblgd actually get every single one of the delegates in the state. Woodruff and as you said would have to win over 50 of the vote in order to do that. Karen dewitt, to you. Do you agree with the way beth has laid it out . And is trump stronger in one part of the state or another . Er well, yeah, trump doesnt really have a really good get out the vote effort or ground game, but he here is drawing people to the rallies. And theyve been huge, to use his word. A lot of people have been coming to them. Hes been all over the state. Its been very exierkt i think, for new york republicans, as well as democrats. Ts i was talking to the new york state Republican Party chair, ed koch, and he today sade this is new yorks new hampshire. Ha you get to meet these people firsthand. It is really energizing everybody. I think trump is speaking to especially in upstate new york y there is a lot of discontent about the economy. The upstate economy has been doing terribly for decades. Es the manufacturing jobs arent here anymore. Hes attracting mainly the white, middleclass voters who used to have good job, may not have them, are worried about their children having to leave the state. And he does really seem to be resinating a lot more than kasich and cruz, although the way that the delegates are selected, kasich and cruz could win some delegates because its Congressional District byy Congressional District the way the raceth goes. So they could pick up some delegates and thats what theyre hoping to do. They probably know at this point they cant win. Woodruff so, beth, when karen says trump doesnt have much of a groundlevel organization, does that mean organization doesnt matter in new york . Well,o . He hasnt had murk of an organization anywhere. E. I mean this really is one of these candidacies in the places hes won has beenac primarily te force of his personality, the, force of his celebrity, this real power and connection that he has with certain types of voters in different states. Te new york is even is all of that and more. I mean, new york is his home state. Although, it has changed quite a lot since he was growing up here. For example, he grow up in queens, judy. Queens is now now the most ethnically diverse place in the United States. Flushing, new york, more languages are spoken there than any other place in the United States and has more of an immigrant background than any other place. All of the talk of trump, pushing away illegal immigrants, concern about the borders, when he comes back those home boroughs of queens, hes seeing american diversity in all of the glory and that may be a little bit troubling to him because its not quite the same plays placehe group in. Still, hes very, very popular almost everywhere in work and can possibly break through and get that 50 in all the Congressional District districtd sweep the delegates glag fascinating. Quickly, karen what, appeal ispe there for a truz t ted cruz oh when trump seems to have the advantage . Well, i think cruz did make a real mistake back in iowa when he discredited new york city values. People havent forgotten that. New york republicans are not that conservative. Theyre pretty moderate. So i think cruz has a real challenge here. John kasich seems to be going for more of the electeds. He met with the Senate Republicans trying to convince them to maybe tell their friends to vote for him. Hes trying to go the more moderate route. Hes held a lot of town hall meetings, which he seems to excel in. They are trying chip away at traditional Congressional Districts. Woodruff karen, staying with you, quickly, turning to the democrats. Who can vote ints the democratic primary . And does organization matter for ther democrats . Yeah, it absolutely does. Of course, it is closed just to democrats. But you have Hillary Clinton, who has all the established elected officials from Governor Cuomo, all the way down to local county legislators to Bernie Sanders, who has want younger folks who are very motivated to vote, but the question is will they really come out on election day . Did they register early enough. Some of them may have to be absentee ballot. A the love them are millennials and you would have to use snail mail to do an absentee ballot, which they are not used to doing. So can sanders get as many voters out as Hillary Clinton likely can with her support from the major elected officials, particularly in new york city and particularly with her i support from the major party unions that are supporting her and will help with the get out the vote effort. Woodruff thats right, there is such a thing as snail mail, still. Woodruff beth, how do you look at the clintonsanders competition . Well, its a little bit closer than the field on the republican side, judy, but so far, clinton is quite a ways ahead of Bernie Sanders, and for many, many reasons. Ns lets not forget, she was a senator from new york for eight years. She was elected in 2000, reelected in the 2006. She knows how to run in new york. She knows where to go. She knows the communities she needs to be speaking to, plus she was a pretty wellregarded senator. She paid as much attention to the upstate issues as estate, and she was really responsive around 9 11 and the needs of the First Respond thrers. Also, upstate dairy farms and apple farms and those big cities up there that, as karen put thave been struggling, like the areas around syracuse, rochester, that kind of thing. So Bernie Sanders, even though hes got his thick brooklyn accent, hasnt lived in the state for a long time and is not super well known. He will get those College Students out ftheyre registered and can vote, eligible to vote here, as democrats. Ra hes got a big really tonight in Washington Square park in manhattan, where tons and tons of young people e expected to attend. Hes been going to a lot of college tens of thousands in new york, and there are plenty of them in this stase. So he will get that kind of enthusiasm that weve seen in other states. But he starts really well behind her because of her experience and her connections here in new york. Woodruff so, karen, theres no brooklyn advantage or no home state advantage for Bernie Sanders . Well, ill say one thing that sanders is trying to capital ides on is the socalled fractivists, the antifracking activities who were successful in convincing Governor Cuomo to ban fracking. Hes hoping those voters will come out. They supported cuomos primary challenger back in 2014, and his challenger, who by the way, was a vermont transplant, actuallyy won a number of upstate counties. So, Bernie Sanders this week said hes for a nationwide ban on frac. He mentions it in his speeches here, and hes really trying to play that up, hoping he can get those progressives out, a small group, but very motivated voters. Woodruff well, it is a lot of delegates a at stake, and we know the candidates are working the state hard, and we thank both of you for giving thus insight. Beth fouhy, and karen dewitt,t, thank you both. Thanks, judy. Thank you. Woodruff now, a young tech magnate places a big bet on aet different approach to fighting cancer. Sean parker made a name for himself as the cofounder of napster and the first president of facebook. The billionaire is still actively involved in the start up world, but hes now dedicated a significant part of his fortune to medicine and fighting disease. Today, he announced a Major Initiative a 250 million grant to help Fund Research and collaboration in immunotherapy, among six of the countrys leading medical schools and cancer centers. Its the largest gift ever of its kind. And he joins me now from los angeles. Sean parker, welcome. So where does this passion, the drive to do something about cancer come from . Well, weve all had our own personal experience with cancer. Virtually, no one is untouched by cancer, whether theyve had the disease themselves, one of their loved ones has had it, one of their friends. You know, half of all men and a third of all women will have cancer in their lifetime. And whats what is especially frustrating is despite all the advances in genomics and understanding of the Drivers Behind cancer, progress over the last twint years just hasnt been fast enough. And as somebody who has fent t spent his life as an entrepreneur, trying to pursue kind of rapid disruptive changes, im impatient. And i think i think that patients and their families and doctors are impatient as well. And as i begin to look at this problem more closely, it was clear that we needed both new technology platforms, like immunotherapy, but we also need to figure out hoto collaborate and cooperate better within the world of academic science in order to really solve the problem. Woodruff youre zeroing this moneyoo in on immunotherap. Why . So, immunotherapy is an incredibly promising technologyn it has a very long history going back 100 years. In fact, it was believed at one point that cancer was caused by an insufficiency of the immune system. It turned out that wasnt entirely false. Cancer is kept in check in the early stages by the immunee system. The immune system is also an incredibly powerful weapon. Fu its really good at recognizing cells that have mutations or cells that look different. And so, it makes perfect sense that we should be able to harness the power of the immune system, which works with your own body, in order to target cancer and destroy it. Woodruff you, also, in your presentation earlier todayy i was watching, you focus on the inefficiency of the Current System of Cancer Research, competing centers, overlapping laboratories, competition for money, an unwillingness to share information. This is something youre really baking in to giving this money, isnt it . This is incredibly important to the parker institute, and i think to the next generation of research. A field like immunotherapy is a great example. Its incredibly interdisciplinary. And that interdisciplinary nature means that folks from genomics, intomatics, immunology, and oncology all need to figure out how to Work Together and share data, and they also need to be able to share the breakthroughs they make without being encumburred by bureaucracy or issues around intellectual property. What we are able to do is create a sort of big sandbox that all these scientists can play in together. They have access to the best technology and they have access tiewfl each others breakthroughs so a breakthrough at one center is immediately usable at scientists in another center through the network. The hope is this is not just a model for how we can Research Cancer immunology but its also potentially a model for how we can do scientific medical research in other fields. Woodruff you are 36 years old. As we said, youre part of this new generation of tech people who have been very successful in the tech industry. You have a much more handson approach to your philanthropy. Hr how do you ward against being overconfident, of thinking more of come out of this than actually will . I think if anything we have the opposite attitude. We accept in our philanthropic endeavors were going to fail, and were going to have to be honest with ourselveses that not everything is going to work. Thats one of the problems of philanthropy in general. Large filanthrow pea peas and applicants dont want to be told the gifts that theyre making didnt achieve the results in the world they are looking for. Whereas in the Business Community in particular as an entrepreneur building startups you have to be willing to accept failure. Its a part of life. Not everything is going to succeed. And youve got to be honest with yourself about yg something didnt work. If you cant diagnose the reason why something failed, youre not going to be able to do a better job at it in the future. So this is a general principle that were trying to apply, you know, from the world of startup in business to the world of giving. Woodruff do you have a timeline in your d own mind, sen parker, in terms of when you expect to see results . . And just quickly, the role of the federal government in all this. The federal government can be a catalyst. I think cancer moonshot, the president and Vice President s cancer moonshot effort has come at an incredibly opportune time, at this point of convergence between the Computer Science world and the world of life sciences. And at an Inflection Point in the development of life sciences. So the that catalytic role, i think, is very helpful. Ul woodruff sean parker, announcing today the parker institute. We certainly do wish you well. Thank you. Thank you. U. Woodruff stay with us. Coming up on the newshour the men and women with their fingers on the triggers of the u. S. Nuclear arsenal; a kind of a. T. M. For clean Drinking Water; and a french chef explains why you should not always follow the recipe. But first, another sciencehe story this one looking at Promising New Research in the treatment of spinal chord injuries and other causes of paralysis. Jeffrey brown has that. Brown five years ago, as a college freshman, ian burkhart dove into a wave at a North Carolina beach and broke his neck on the sandy ocean floor, leaving him paralyzed from theom chest down. Now, in a medical first, he has regained some movement in his hands and fingers through Technology Including a tiny chip inserted in his brain and communicates his thoughts directly to his hand muscles. Hes learned to perform simple tasks even play a guitar video game. It is so fluid. I just think about what i want to do, and now i can do it. Brown the work by researchers at Ohio State University and Battelle Memorial Institute is not a cure for paralysis, and burkhart must be connected to computers in a lab in order to use his hands. But its another big advance in the field of neural engineering. And science correspondent miles obrien has been follow these developments, and joins me now. Miles, this is essentially a new way of getting directly from the brain to the hand . Reporter exactly, jeff. Think of it as a jumper cable. His brain is fine. His mysteries are still there. The are intact, except for where the injury is. And if you can create a way to bypass where that injury is in the spinal cord, you can do wonderful things upon at the core of this is Significant Development in recent years in understanding how our brains work, and reading the languageag of the brain, interpreting it, and in short order, turning that into action which can lead to movement of muscles. Its nothing short of remarkable. Brown so were talking about ian burkhart is moving his hands by, in a way, thinking about it. But that involves this computer chip and training it to interpret his brain, in a sense. Reporter its not uplike training voice recognition. Many of us are familiar with that. What they do is using advanced m. R. I. Equipment, they have him think about moving what is missing, or in his case, what hes unable to move because its paralyzed. And itd. Lights up certain parts of the braip. You teach the computer tond those patterns, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and terribly, it understands what the brain is telling it to do and will fire electrodes which will in turn move his muscles. Woodruff glb and through this electronic sleeve. E. Explain a little bit more how it moves hour, it works. Theyve got the sensorsrs embedded in his brain. Wires come out of his head, through a computer, out of the computer, another set of wiress to the sleeve which is attached to his paralyzed hand. The sleevean has electrodes in t which engage the muscles themselves and fire the muscless they wanted to do it in a noninvasive way. Y already they are putting this chip in his brain, and so they wanted to minimize the invasiveness of this as they performed this experiment. Ultimately, as we look towards making this a practical solution for those who are paralyzed and giving them more movement, you would want to get into a situation where everything is embedded and through wireless control, potentially, embedded electrodes in the muscles themselves would control the movement. Brown because right now, it can only be done in aro lab, right, with him wider up . Reporter exactly. And what hes doing is pushing technology forward. Hes a remarkable young man. And this is something that doesnt really affect his quality of life on a daytoday basis, but it will affect others down the road. Brown so a big step. How hard is it to get to that further goal, and how big a step would this be, do you think . Not insignificant. Ni a couple big things. S. First of all, theres a wandwidth issue. His brain is generating about a gigabyte of data every three minutes, so youve got a lot of data that you have to handle wirelessly, connecting it from the brain down to the limb that you want to see move. And the other thing is the body correctly identifies these implants as foreign objects and takes them. And so over time, what weve discovered in previous experiments with people who have had similar implants, they lose their efficacy because the body goes after them. Brown all right, miles, i want to switch gears, i want to ask you about another thing that broke this afternoon that youve been covering for us. Its zika, and as you know, late this afternoon, the c. D. C. Concludes that zika causes microcephaly and other birth defects. Whats the significance there . Well, this is just kind of dotting the i, crossing the t. What the c. D. C. Did is they did a study of the studies that exist and concluded with some finality that there is this connection, causation, we liken, to call it in science, between zika and microcephaly. Couple that with the fact that c. D. C. Officials are now talking about possibly other birth defects linked to zika vision related, an mslike disease, premature births. And then add to that the fact that the spread seem to be looming into perhaps as many as 30 u. S. States and, really, you dont see a lot of encouraging news anywhere on the zika front. And the administration, the c. D. C. Is asking congress for some emergency funding to try to nip this thing in the bud and now wouldnt time to do that. Brown clearly some new urgency here, and, clearly, some attempts to get funding, which would do what exactly . . Do you know . Well, the more that they can get out there and get education in the mix, more studies to draw these links, more efforts to combat it, and make people aware as much as anything that when a woman is pregnant, in particular, that being near these particular mosquitoes which is now spreading into our part of the world, can be a very dangerous thing. Brown allng right, science correspondent, miles obrien,mi thanks very much. Youre welcome, jeff. Woodruff over the past eight months weve aired three stories about americas aging nuclear arsenal. Tonight we thought wed share with you some of the moreof interesting things we learned along the way. John yang has that. Reporter our past stories looked at the debate over rebuilding Americas Nuclearle submarines, missiles and bombs, now that much of the current arsenal is reaching the end of its service life. And tonight, to continue our unprecedented look behind the scenes, we meet some of the people charged with this great responsibility. Veteran defense correspondent Jamie Mcintyre reported these stories for us, in partnership with the Pulitzer Center onr crisis reporting. All stations all stations, this is absentee, absentee. Reporter if the president ever gives the order to unleash nuclear weapons, the men and women whose fingers are on the triggers would hear something h like this. Yankee, mike, stand by, uniform, tango, two, three. Reporter its the sound of an Emergency Action message. Its only a drill, but in a real life situation, the highly encrypted message sent to bombers, submarines and Missile Crews would tell them which war plan to execute, and which targets to destroy. The coded message echoes because its sent by many different radios around the world to ensure that even if the nation were under nuclear attack, at least one of the messages would get through. Left side clear, one, two three. Reporter the newshour was granted rare access to Americas Nuclear war fighters over the past six months. At Minot Air Force base in north dakota, we spent the day with the airmen who load b52 bombers and the crews that fly them. Chief Master Sergeant lee robins is the wing weapons manager. How can you tell how old it is . I well its pretty easy, so there is a tail number, if you look underneath the letters a. F. , there is a 61, so that is when it rolled off the assembly line. Reporter that makes this aircraft 19 years older thann maj. Luke dellenbach, a b52 commander and instructor pilot. What are the differences between flying conventional and Nuclear Mission . For a Nuclear Mission for us, its very controlled, its very scripted, the president doesnt want us doing anything that we want to do. There is not inventiveness. Its very much, you follow the rules and you follow the procedures and guidelines that we have fore a reason. For conventional, its almost the opposite. We have a lot more flexibility. We can be more innovative, we can hit targets different ways. Reporter its a sobering mission and the venerable b52 has been updated with modernrn avionics to carry it out, even though, as the crew is quick to show us, some nonmission Critical Systems are an antiquated reminder of its cold war history. What do we have . Over here we have the oven. It has two different settings. Off and 400 degrees. Reporter 1960s technology . It still works today. To and up here we have a sextant port, where we can do sun navigation if Everything Else fails. Reporter you know how to use a sextant . No. We usually put a g. P. S. Antenna out of it if we need it. Reporter while bombers crews typically fly at 50,000 feet above the ground, the submariners we visited last summer lurk hundreds of feet below the surface in this case plying in the depths of the pacific ocean. Dive dive dive. Reporter by far the stealthiest leg of the nuclear triad, the subs unofficial motto is hide with pride. U. S. S. Pennsylvanias crew spends three months at a time in the cramped confines of the windowless Ballistic Missile sub, breathing recycled air and never seeing the sun. That is, unless they are among the chosen few who get to go topside, while the sub takes on provisions an elaborate and highly choreographed ritual on the high seas in which canvas bags of food an supplies are transferred from boat to boat. While the subs patrol undersea, missileers serve underground, they take an elevator 50 to 60 feet underground each time they arrive at their jobs. There are 45 launch facilities spread across the americas heartland, controlling thein i. C. B. M. S buried in silos in fixed, known locations. Incoming Emergency Action message. Er reporter we got to watch two Junior Officers practiced running through the lengthy checklist to launch nuclearto missiles. To get the launch keys, they must each unlock a padlock. In this training scenario, using unfamiliar locks, a forgotten combination, prevents a mock launch. In case youre wondering, missileers cant just go rogue it takes four officers, in two separate launch facilities, to launch a missile after a authentication code is received. You cant help noticing how young Americas Nuclear warriors are. First lt. Kathleen fosterling, who commands a two person p missile combat crew, is 27. She works a 24hour shift, eigh times a month waiting for an order she hopes to never receive. I wouldnt say its lonely. Yes, we technically only workal with one other person, but we have all the other guys top side. We talk to the other crews in the other capsules, constantly. But our free time, if we have any, not always, sometimes therm is a lot, but sometimes there is not, a lot of people do homework there is a lot of people in school. We read, we watch tv, we watch movies, hang out with each other. Its not so bad. Reporter do you ever wonder, we ask what it would be like if she had to turn the launch key for real . Its hard to think about it because you dont know what is going to happen in that situation. You just have to do your job. And whatever the outcome is, ito is. Reporter first lt. Fosterling is not alone. A number of nuclear warriors told us its very hard to think about what it would be like after the unthinkable happens. For the pbs newshour, im Jamie Mcintyre. Ne reporter and Jamie Mcintyre joins me now. Ie jamie, this was really a markable series. You showed us things that we rarely see on television. Io i have to ask you what do you take away from this personally . N what was most memorable for you . Well, you know, john one of the things we asked almost all the people we interviewed was, have you ever thought about what would happen if you actually had to deploy these weapons . It is the unthinkable scenario. E what we found was yes, most of them had thought about it but they dont dwell on it. These are military people trained to a mission and they think about their part of the mission and theres not a whole lot of angst of what would happen if they were involved in an allout nuclear exchange. When we talked to the submarine commander we said, how would you deal with the crew after you launched these missiles and you know maybe the end of the world is coming . He said, well, it would be difficult. Mope hopefully, he said there will be some guidance. Reporter talk about that, because this really is they are handling the awesome power of nuclear weapons. But its a job for them. Its their assignment. Its their daytoday assignment. Well, i mentioned this in the piece, one of the things that really struck me was how young everybody was, and how theyre focused on their mission. The young First Lieutenant that we met in the missile silo First Lieutenant kathleen fosterling. Shes very young and shes commanding this twoperson crew, and shes in this tiny room underground in a windowless room every day. One and of the things that struck you is you see how they personalize their life. So, for instance, those locks and you saw the scwaens in the story where the the training scenario, they cant get the lock open because theyre using a training lock. In real life, they all use their own personal padlocks and she had plastered hers with hello kitty stickers which seemed to be this juxtaposition of the factio that theyre conducting this awesome mission, but at the same time, it is ame job, and ty just need to have some sort of Human Interaction and think of it as something that they just do every day. Just personalizing their workspace. Jamie mcintyre, remarkable reporting, thank you very much. R thank you. Woodruff india has the Worlds Largest number of people about 76 million without access to clean Drinking Water. Thats according to a report the International Charity water aida released last month. As special correspondent fred de sam lazaro reports, an Innovative Solution to that problem is popping up across the country. His report is part of our breakthrough series. Reporter the United Nations estimates that women in india spend a collective 150 million work days every year just gathering water water thats increasingly scarce and polluted. Across the country, an experiment is underway its called the water a. T. M. Customers purchase credit on a prepaid card, scan it at the tap and out comes water thats drawn from the ground and purified right at the site, using a techology called reverse osmosis. Amit mishra manages the delhi facilities for a social business called sarvajal, which hopes to use reinvest profits it makes to sustain them over the long term so this where the water gets purified and it goes into these large storage tanks . Yes. But not before it is treated with u. V. Light, to make sure theres no biological contaminators. Or reporter thanks to charitable grants for the 30,000 of equipment and land given by the local government, sarvajal can charge customers a fraction of the price of commercially bottled water, which most people here cannot afford. Fetching water remains a mostly female chore. Its still self service with heavy lifting. But its a massive improvement over what most of delhis poorer neighborhoods have. We filmed the ordeal six years ago. By 4 00. Reporter the long wait for a municipal tanker truck that has no fixed schedule, the mad dash when it finally arrives the citys middle class buys its way out of such chaos. Jyoti sharma lives in an apartment thats hooked up to the city water supply betterpp off but hardly well off. We get water 45 minutes a day in the morning. Or and thats it. Reporter from the city. M thats it. Reporter she described the elaborate juryrigged system of pumps homeowners use to extract water from aging city pipes that the motors, they actuallyhe create a suction vacuum anyti crack in the pipeline will allow sewer and dirty water to get into the pipelines. Reporter and things havent hardly improved for most people since our 2010 visit. In india, every 21 seconds we lose a child. Reporter k. H. Patil is a state legislator and self described water activist in the Southern Province of karnataka, because of contaminated water the health of our children is really badly affected. Reporter across india, it is contaminated by industrial and agricultural discharges and poor to nonexistent sewage treatment. Ive got two glasses from either end of the purification process. This one has clean water; this has the raw water that comes out of the ground. Theyre indistinguishable to the naked eye, but amit mishra here has a meter to measure the total dissolved solids and its here that you really see the difference. So lets do the clean water first. So, the clean water says around 130, of total dissolved solids. Reporter which is within the World Health Organization range for drinkable water . Te yes. Reporter okay, lets go to the contaminated water now. Okay, when i do it 1879. Reporter this is really like poison . This is really like poison. Reporter and its what many people consume socalled raw water drawn directly from the ground, sometimes bottled and sold by unscrupulous, unregulated operators. For the uneducated, there is no difference between the clean and the clear. Reporter but among those who have literally gotten a taste of clean water, theres growing awareness of the healtht benefits. In the tiny space that is i living, bedroom and kitchen, poonam echoed what we heard from several sarvajal customers, as she prepared the family dinner carefully pouring the water thats just as precious as her staple rice. translated in the past we always suffered from upset stomachs, frequently running to latrine. We had to go a Long Distance to pick it up, so we would take delivery of bottled water, that was full of chemicals. This water is really good. People see what is happening and with all that now they are getting educated. Reporter and minister patil says governments are starting to respond to the Drinking Water crisis. The caratiica government, for example, has comiksed 7,000 kiosks or a. T. M. S, like this one in a semirural area, technology and private companies that run these facilities will have the incentive to improve the notoriously unreliable service. For your incentive to keep the the thing running properly is very plain to see. You lose money if the system is down. Yes. Reporter still, he says despite many satisfied customers, growth has been slower than sarvajal had planned. On complicated, hevapld, says, in the worlds most populous democracy, even for lifes most basic necessity. For the pbs now,s this fred de sam lazaro in new for the pbs newshour, this is fred de sam lazaro in new delhi. Woodruff freds reporting is a partnership with the under u told stories project at the university of st. Thomas in minnesota. Woodruff now, a newshour essay. Chef Jacques Pepin arrived in the United States from france in 1959. He is the author of the widely cited french culinary text book la technique, and the star of several pbs cooking shows, including one with his friend and fellow cook, the late julia child. Tonight, pepin shares his idea on the essence of a recipe. E. For someone who writes recipes, there is a paradox between the written recipe and the creation of a taste. When writing a recipe, one records a moment in time which can never be duplicated exactly again. The paradox is that the recipe tells the reader, this must be done this way, when in fact, to get the result youre looking for, the recipe has to be modified each time. The exact reproduction of a taste, which is what the making of a dish is, only works when the processes, timing, and ingredients are adjusted andd changed to fit each particular situation. There is a gap between the step bystep procedure and the completed dish, just as an artist cannot equate the technical process of painting p with the finished work of art. Several years ago, i wrote a recipe for pears in caramel sauce. The idea was, you peel the pears, cut them in half, remove their seeds, sprinkle them with sugar, and place them in a very hot oven. Exposed to the heat, the juice of the pear seeps out, combines with sugar and creates a caramel, by then the pears are cooked. Add cream to the caramel, and the resulting sauce is poured around the pear in a serving dish. As the sauce cools and thickens, it is finished with pear brandy or cognac. When i first created this recipe, the pears were done in thirty minutes. That amount of time only reflects the unique set of circumstances i faced; theed ripeness of the pear, and the type of roasting pan i used. This is what happened on that particular day. The next time, i used pears that were more ripe and they were done in ten minutes. But the liquid hadnt yet turned to caramel. So i removed the pears and reduced the liquid to a caramell and finished it with cream. The third time, i used bosc pears that were unripe. No juice came out of the pears and the sugar started burning. So i had to add water to the pan to create a caramel. The pears needed almost one hour of cooking even though my recipe said thirty minutes. Yet, at the end, the three dishes looked and tasted the same. If the recipe had been followed to the letter, the finished dish would have been a disaster; but understanding the idea in the platonic sense behind the dish, enables the cook to adjuss and compensate ingredients, temperature, humidity, etc. So what is the point of at recipe . A recipe is a teaching tool, a guide, a point of departure. Follow it exactly, the first time you make the dish. As you make it again and again,a you will change it, massage it to fit your own taste and aesthetic. I have had dinner many times at the home of friends who cooked from one of my books and have often been amazed at how far away the dish has moved from the original recipe. It is not necessarily a negative experience; in fact, it is sometimes better than the original version. I end up getting credit and thanks for a dish that has nothing to do with me anymore. Now for our newshour shares, something that caught our eye that might be of interest to you. President obama hosted the sixth annual white house science fair today. There were more than 130 students from 30 states in attendance. Among the projects presented by elementary, middle and High School Students a waterpowered generator; a rprototype robot that could help clean subway tracks; and even a student designed, 3dprinted bubble wand. Have you tested out the bubble wand . Yes, sir. Do they work . Yes, sir. Do you want to try one . Do you want to try yourself, mr. President . What do you think we get some bubbles going on . You know what . Clearly i am out of practice. laughs woodruff okay, we wont comment on that. On the newshour online right now, more than 70,000 people have taken our do you live in k bubble quiz designed by conservative charles murray. Our economics correspondent paul solman responds to some criticism of the quiz and takes a closer look at murrays personal evolution and the effect of income inequality in i america. All that and more is on our web site, www. Pbs. Org newshour. Or tonight on charlie rose, hugh and thats the newshour. On thursday, a business professor who started the viral trend of writing Financial Advice on index cards. Im judy woodruff. Join us online, and again here tomorrow evening. For all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you, and good night. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by bnsf railway. Lincoln financial committed to helping you take charge of your financial futurel fathom travel Carnival Corporations small ship line. Offering sevenday cruises toel three cities in cuba. Re exploring the culture, cuisine t and Historic Sites through its people. More at fathom. Org. Genentech. Supporting social entrepreneurs and their solutions to the worlds most pressing problemson skollfoundation. Org. Supported by the rockefeller foundation. Promoting the wellbeing of humanity around the world, by building resilience and inclusive economies. More at www. Rockefellerfoundation. Org. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and individuals. And. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org this is nightly Business Report with Tyler Mathisen and sue herera. Gaining steam. Stocks hit new highs for the year and for that, you can thank this years worst performing sector. Disrupting cancer. A tech billionaire who changed the Music Industry and was at the forefront of social media, wants to reinvent the way research is done and he has a plan and the money to do it. Whats disgusting . 40,000 verizon workers walk off the job and the strike is leading to a war of words between a president ial candidate and the companys ceo. All that and more tonight on nightly Business Report for wednesday april 13th. Good evening, everyone. Im sue herera. Tyler mathisen is off