Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by moving our economy for 160 years. Bnsf, the engine that connects us. And the william and flora hewlett foundation, helping people build immeasurably better lives. And with the ongoing support of these institutions this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Ifill the place is paris. The subject is global warming. The goal is the strongest agreement yet to rein in rising temperatures. What could be difficult talks on the issue, began today. translated on this first day of the conference, we have our backs against the wall. Ifill the summit opened with a warning from its host french president francois hollande. translated this wall is built on all our egoisms, our fears, our resignations. This wall is built on indifference, recklessness, and weakness. But this wall can be scaled and it all depends on us. Ifill in all, 151 heads of state and government converged on the french capital. Theyre hoping to finalize an accord on reducing heattrapping emissions of Greenhouse Gases. But the paris attacks loomed in the background, as president hollande argued the problems of climate and security are linked. translated theyre two big world challenges that we have to overcome because we have to leave our children something more than a world free of terror, we owe them a planet preserved from catastrophe. Ifill to underscore the point, after arriving last night, president obama visited the bataclan concert hall one of the sites of the attacks today, he was among the first to speak, and he spoke hopefully of a turning point on more than just climate. Let that be the common purpose here in paris, a world that is worthy of our children, a world that is marked not by conflict but by cooperation and not by human suffering but by human progress, a world thats safer and more prosperous and more secure and more free than the one that we inherited. Ifill a similar effort collapsed in copenhagen six years ago, but this time, many countries committed to action in advance. Last year, mr. Obama pledged to reduce u. S. Carbon emissions by 2628 below 2005 levels over the next decade. And china, the Worlds LargestGreenhouse Gas producer, has said it will slash emissions by at least 60 by 2030. For any deal to be meaningful, india, the worlds Third Largest emitter, would have to make solid cuts as well. But indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modi said today developing nations need room to grow. We have to ensure, in the spirit of climate justice, that the life of a few does not cloud out the opportunities for the many still on the initial steps of the development ladder. Ifill chinese president xi jinping, addressing the summit, echoed that concern and called for addressing economic differences. translated countries need to increase dialogue, Exchange Best Practices and achieve Common Development through mutual learning. At the same time, countries should be allowed to pursue their own solutions that best suit their Respective National conditions. Ifill the u. S. Joined canada, germany, italy and others today in committing 250 million for poorer nations. President obama also announced private Sector Initiative led by microsoft founder bill gates and other billionaires to boost investment in clean energy. Still, any broad agreement in paris will not take the form of a legally enforceable treaty. But, german chancellor Angela Merkel called for transparent, credible commitments. translated we need a United Nations framework that is binding and we need binding reviews. We know that the agreements are made voluntary but its also important that we also stick to what we have promised. Ifill the paris conference is set to run through december 11th. Well explore whats at stake in paris, in detail, after the news summary. And in the days other news, even as the Climate Conference convened, a choking smog filled the air in chinese cities, prompting hazardous pollution warnings. Beijing had its worst air quality of the year, and officials ordered an orange alert, the secondhighest level. Schools suspended outdoor activities, while factories had to cut back on output. translated it, the smog, is a very serious problem. In my opinion this is the consequence of having too many cars, there should be more measures to fight this. translated i have installed air filters at home. When i leave home i put on a mask. And in my car, i also installed an air purifying system. Ifill and in india, heavy smog also blanketed new delhi, cutting visibility to a mere 200 yards. Air quality in the indian capital routinely gets worse in the winter, when more coal fires are burning. Investigators in colorado shed no light today on the case against robert lewis dear. Hes accused of killing three people at a planned parenthood clinic. There was no discussion of motive as dear had his first court appearance, via video link from jail. Hes being held on suspicion of murder. In baltimore, jury selection began for the first of Six Police Officers charged in the freddie gray case. He died in Police Custody last april, triggering protests and riots. Officer William Porter is charged with assault, manslaughter and reckless endangerment. And a judge in chicago set bond at 1. 5 million today for a white officer charged with murdering a black teenager. Squad car video showed officer Jason Van Dyke shooting the victim, laquan mcdonald, 16 times. Release of that video led to days of protests. In israel, a judge has convicted two jewish teenagers of beating and burning alive a Palestinian Teen last year. The attack in jerusalem was part of a chain of events leading to the gaza war. The judge today delayed a verdict for the alleged ringleader in the killings after he filed a lastminute insanity plea. But the victims father vowed to pursue justice. translated i dont trust those Israeli Courts because they rule differently for arabs and israelis. We will pursue them. If the Israeli Court wont try them, we want something more than a life sentence. We will go to the International Court of justice. Ifill the two convicted minors are expected to be sentenced in midjanuary. Pope francis spent the final day of his africa trip delivering a message of peace and reconciliation in the Central African republic. The pontiff visited muslims in the capital city, where conflict between muslim and christian militias has raged in recent years. He said religion can never justify violence. Turkey refused today to apologize for shooting down a russian fighter jet last week, despite the threat of new sanctions by moscow. In brussels, the turkish Prime Minister met with nato officials and said again, his countrys actions were justified. If the russian side wants to talk, and wants to prevent any future unintentional event like this, we are ready to talk. If they want to improve relations, normalize relations in all sense, we are ready to talk. But no country can ask us to apologize because of doing our job. Ifill in paris, russian president Vladimir Putin charged that turkeys real motive was protecting oil supplies coming from Islamic State forces inside syria. In washington, the state Department Urged both sides to deescalate tensions. Back in this country, the Environmental Protection agency is requiring more ethanol and other Renewable Fuels in gasoline next year. The rule issued today is a victory for farm states over Oil Companies and environmentalists. It could also be an issue in iowas president ial caucuses. And concerns about Holiday Spending weighed on wall street, after black friday sales fell from last year. The Dow Jones Industrial average lost 78 points to close below 17,720. The nasdaq fell nearly 19 points. And the s p 500 slipped nine. Still to come on the newshour what stands in the way of addressing Climate Change. Terrorism, war and corruption the human toll in nigeria. Truth or fiction on the campaign trail. And much more. Ifill the climate talks over the next two weeks are expected to become a turning point in the global debate over addressing the causes of a rapidly warming planet. The lofty speeches have already begun, but what do leaders gathering in paris this week and hope to accomplish . And what could get in the way . We check in with Seth Borenstein, a Science Writer for the Associated Press. He joins us tonight from paris. And michael levi is with the council on foreign relations. Hes the director of its program on energy, security and Climate Change. Gentlemen, welcome to you both. Seth borenstein, what are all these nations gathered in one place hoping to accomplish this time . Well, this time, theyre hoping to come up with some kind of deal, a binding deal that could reduce the amount of karef Carbon Emissions from fossil fuel. They have failed year after year. Reporter do you mean binding on nations to hit certain targets, to come up with certain amount of money . Binding in what way . Thats the key question. Everyone says they want something binding, but its sort of what do you mean by binding . Thats one of the issues thats going to be hashed out here. It involves lots of new money, billions of dollars if not eventually trillions. It involves all these nations. 181 nations made pledges, heres what well do individually. The binding part is holding them to these pledges, a system to monitor these pledges and perhaps if youre not reaching these pledges, what do you do . Then its all got to be designed so it doesnt go through the u. S. Senate because it cant go through the u. S. Senate because of american politics. Ifill and that requires twothirds ratification in the senate and thats unlikely to happen. Michael levi, we have been to this meetings in cancun and rio and cope copenhagen. Is this one any different . I think its different because were starting to set realistic goals for what the summits can accomplish. We used to go to these expecting global emissions reach and negotiating how to divide it up and everybody would execute that. It was, like, ill get rid of this many miscycles and you will get rid of so m and we would do it. But changing the Energy Economy is difficult and a lot more like a domestic politics problem than a traditional foreign policy, National Security issue. Whats different this time sin stead of putting the burden on paris to solve the problem, negotiators are asking how can we build an International Agreement that helps countries solve the problem themselves . How do we help them cut their emissions more deeply, how do we help them adopt the Climate Change . To make this fundamentally different. Ifill the money that has to be committed here, what would you say would be the potential major Sticking Point in the next eleven days . I think its likely to be over money. When we saw the clash in copenhagen six years ago, the ultimate turning point was over money. This is money that comes from wealthier countries to help poorer countries adapt a Climate Change, deal with the damages caused by Climate Change and transition their comrnlg economies. Its basically a political reality which is, if youre from a poor doesnt and go home from a Climate Change summit, people will say what does it mean for me today . If you come back with pledges of aid in addition, then thats a Stronger Political proposition. If you look at the basic politics, it leads you to money. Ifill Seth Borenstein, speaking of money, we heard private sector giants with names like gates and zuckerberg, promised to make a commitment to a green energy fund. Does that change this in any way . Is this something for the u. S. To trumpet . This is something quite a bit different than the previous years. You are seeing and this is happening in the last couple of years with you its especially happening now, private industry money, business is theyre stepping up and probably doing more than many countries, and thats helping. Theyre seeing sort of the reality of the economics and Climate Change and theyre saying if youre going to do something, let us volunteer instead of you impose and let us help do something with technology. So, i mean, what youre looking at is both technology and a business are dramatically different than, lets say, 1997 in kioto. Those are two biggest reasons people are optimistic because technology has improved so much and much of the Business Community is on board now. Ifill michael levi, i want to ask you about two countries not the u. S. Involved in whether this will succeed or not, one is china and the other india. How do you begin to take into concern their concerns or their desire to make this happen or stop it from happening . Well, i think the china front, at least when it comes to the diplomacy, is relatively blight. The United States tried before the copenhagen talks to get on the same page with china. But for the most part didnt succeed and the two countries clashed sharply at the copenhagen summit. This time around, they seem to be considerably more successful. They had an announcement last year of mutual emissions cutting target. They hadnother this year that put them on a similar page for the paris summit. Beijing is reacting to pressure at home to cut local pollution, and the desire from xi jinping to find an area where he can work constructively with the worlds biggest power in order to build a more positive story of great power relations in the great 20th century. So even though china has big challenges in cutting emissions and so does the United States, the two have gotten on a similar diplomatic pledges. India is tougher. India is a far poorer country than china. It is a country going through enormous transition. Its impossible to predict what indian emissions or energy use will be in ten years without policy, let alone to make promises about what will happen to them with policy. India guards independence gelsly. Even if it thinks it can cut emissions, very rarely will it sign up on a deal to do that, very much like the United States. You will find india is sticky in the negotiations, the tough to deal with and wont promise much, but on the ground, in practice, its likely to deliver considerably more. Ifill Seth Borenstein, more on that especially the india point. China is the major player here. Theyre the number one carbon polluter by far and the difference between now and copenhagen is night and day. They are trying to be leaders in all sorts of things, especially solar technology. So they are the reason why so many people are so optimistic. India is the reason why some people are afraid things might still fall apart because india still wants to talk about the richpoor divide. A lot of countries talk about continuing developed vs. Developing world and that helped cause problems in copenhagen and theyre worried this might crop up now and were hearing glimmers of that now. Ifill Seth Borenstein of the Associated Press and michael levi of the council on form relations. Thank you both. Thank you. My pleasure. Ifill tonight, we begin a weeklong series on africas most populous country nigeria pain and promise. Special correspondent Nick Schifrin and producer and cameraman zach fanin spent more than a month on the ground there, chronicling a nation in the midst of an encouraging and impressive economic boom, but still plagued by income inequality, corruption and terrorism. This evening, we look at the governments attempts to wipe out boko haram, a terrorist group that killed more people in 2014 than the Islamic State we hear so much about. While the Nigerian Military has made significant gains, the killings by the group continue. As we report, some civilians are getting caught in the middle. A warning some of the images in this report may be disturbing. On the outskirts of the city, the men who protect the city fight with whatever they can find. 40yearold shotguns and iphone earbuds. Some carve their own clubs. Others patrol in floral and kitchen knives. What they lack in weaponry they make up for in divinely inspired confidence. A few shotguns, a few machetes and knives but thats it so what would you be able to do if you ran into boko haram . Well take them on with our weapons. This 50yearold used to be a government auditor. Today hes more comfortable on the front lines. If we kept walking this way, where would we end up . In the forest, down this road. His men called caul him elder. Thats him in dark grey on the left. He and his vigilantes rou