Youre going to build a bmns . n and Nelson Mandela, his legacy and the impact on the bay area. Q4 we must keep the pr apartheid until victory is reached. Yes e1oknie1w3xd kqed newsroom, im thuy vu. On nithursday, fast food worker bay area and across the country demanding anysn increase in the bay area and across the nr 15 a. It was the latest action in a nationwide push, and it comes on the heels of a recent backlasio lowwage employeesjf to work on thanksgiving. The movement is gaining momentum. President obama called for higher wages in a speech this wu im going to keep pushing until we get a higher minimum wage for hardworking americans across the entire country. It will be good for ouno econom. It will be goodt for our families. Some ec. 6mmistsxd argue raisg the minimum wage could hurt the very people itsq intended to help by killingxd jobs and pushg prices up. Joiningco me now to see discuss this further are ron unz with the Higher Wages Alliance andni ken jacobs with the u. C. cg7cnrx berkeley labor center. Before welp dive into the discussion, lets look at what its like to live on less than 10 anok hour through the eyesc one fastco food worker. My name is guadalupe salazar. Ico work at mcdonalds forxd 18 months jfalready. I work drivethru window doing cashiering, taking orders. Guadalupe salazar worksfa a 5 00 a. M. To 1 00 p. M. Shift at the mcdonalds in oaklands east mont mall. I love workingrat mcdonalds. Customers. To 40 hours a week, salazar says shes just scraping by. I make fa 8 per hour. With all the deductions, it comes out to xd 532 to a pay period. 8 per hour isrnot enough. R thatg noe3 enough even for one only e aajjy lake me, im a singlec mom xd like me, im a single mom of a 6yearold. I can2 hp ford to have my daughter withrme full time like i wish. And i dont spend a lot ofxd moy because i try to save as much as possible just in case ofcnr something. So i basicallyt eatxd off the menu. Salazar says she saves up all year to take her daughun to the circus. Always. The same or Something Like that. On thursday, salazar walked off the jobcw3 along with other fast foodnr workers around the country to highlight their plight. < we are striking, and we a striking because we want 15 per hour in theq union. Salazar says a pay hikeq woud mean spending more money in the community and boosting thekomy economy. Cupni of okqnoodles. And basically i will be able to provide for my daughter which is very important for me. Xdxdw3 having that kidni happy, notco 3 oh, mommy, can i have jfthese,r money. Sure, honesn when it have mone you can have anything you want. aqat will be what i willt do. Thats guadalupes statement. Ron, i want to begin with you. Youre the au y . Ini of a new Ballot Initiative to raisefa californias minimum wage to o an hour, lower than the 15xdq t guadalupe andni her fellow fast food workers are asking for. What did you think of her story . Well, i think its a very realistic account of the daytoday lives of so many of the lowwage workers in struggling under very difficult positions. And they dont have the dollar to spend in our economy to revive us after this recession. And ken jacobs, do you think that the minimum wage should be raised to 15 an hour . What effectjf would that qhave . Well, i think california does need a raise÷njf in the minimum wage. In fact, we will have one now going up to 10 over the next several years. What we92 seeing is in urban xd areas, certain citiesk a m al ttj higher than lpthat. The city ofjf seatac just passd one, doesnt cover everyone, but airport and for hotels near the airport, the city of seattles looking for a much higher minimum wage. What weve seen from the research on minimum wages in general is overalli] it has a tremendous boost in peoples evidence shows either no impact on employment or very small. Now we havent looked at we havent seen a broadbased past. Wo calling for in their industry to have 15 an hour andt ani unio. And its itsnpp sensiblec no demand. There are a number of t stud though, that will contradict what youre saying. For example, david newmark, economics professor at u. C. T 5 reduction in employment. Therese1 ane1 economicst prof at university of massachusetts amherst who says if we dojf lpt a 15 an hour, it could push up fast food prices by 20 . And hurting thefajfiusery lowi families. That a higher minimum wage ist intended to help because they often frequent fast food places meal, lower costxd type of meal. What do you make of those studies, that contradicts what youre saying. E1 if foot fad workers fast food workers wages were raised to 15 ane1 hour, that would be absorbed through a variety of ways. Part of that is higheri] Prices Higher prices. Part of it would be absorbed through the savings from lower turnover. The cost of hiring new worker, a workers, unemployment insurance. And then some part of the cost could be absorbed through lower in the f rc Food Industry to reduce those Franchise Fees because the fast Food Industry is incredibly profitable, 7 billion in profits in the last year. Do you think they would actually do xdthat, though, low Franchise Fees . The question is how much consumer pressure is there on ddressing the issues of their workers. Cxdco xdron,u2u think 12 an hourf more reasonable than 15 an hour. Why is that . It seems to me,i] obviously some point when you raise wages, the minimum wage too high, you really willouuxdok substantial s of employment which would be a problem. I thinkni 12 is enough isvzr enough to the existing level that youd see minimal loss of i jobs. For example, if youq take ako company likenr walmart that arod the country has hundreds of thousands ofni colowwage worke studies have shown that ifjfco raise the walmart wages to a minimum of 12, walmart could absorb the costsfa by raising their prices 1 oneq time. It would cost the averagew3r year, which i think most people could affordi to pay. And it would put 4,000, 5,000, orconini ni 6,000 a year more i pockets of workers and drive thr demand that walmart needs as a company. You did a study on this,co talking about howcocoxd a lot o lowincome workers rely on public assistance. Andnrnr that i think extends, a well, tot lowincome workers a big stores like walmart. And these aret co theok workers get food stamps, get medicaid, and rely on public assistance programs. Is it a form of corporate welfare . Exactly e1 what these companies are doing . Itsi] a classic case. A business obviously tries tolp privatize its benefitsr thelp k of its workers, and socialize much as possible on to the backs of the i,payers. If we had a co 12 minimum wage the united states,q taxpayers around the country would save tens of billions of dollars because businesses would then havew3 tow3 payrn their own wo instead of forcingco the taxpays subsidies. Were talking about forcing businesses stand on theirniwa two feet rather than receiving corporate welfare. And ken, the u. C. Berkeley laborxd center, isjf the centert did that study. Xdxd thats right. We found that over half, 52 of the families of fast food workers, frontline fast food w3 workers,nvie on one or morex public assistance programs to make ends meet. Thats truejf even for workers working 40 hours a week. We also found that only 13 k31e uj throughq their jobs. So int order to get by, theye1d to rely on these public assisucnce programs. I should point out that we did reach out to business groups and severalxto morexd conservat scholars who are on the other side of thist debate, from whe you stand. And none werelp available. However, the National Restaurant association did send us this statement, and theyre saying that the Restaurant Industry has been one of the few industriesf that continue to create jobs during thejf recession and thet economic recovery,c dramatic those called for in the ralliese1 that weve seen aroun thet country. Will challenge that job growth history, increase prices for restaurant meals, and lead to fewer jobs created. What do you e1ahink . The Restaurant Industry is growing quickly. The problem is not the number of jobs hereco in the Restaurant Industry, its the quality of jobs. Youll see some you potentially could see some effects on the margin. Having morejf dollars in their pocket is really important. And i do want to clarify one thing. The fast food workers arent calling for acrosstheboard 15 minimum waget 7oo throughout th united states. In some cities theyre looking at higher minimum wages. Weve seen that work in a city like San Francisco. And theyre calling for ajf uni industry. Lp the fast Food Industry isfa the real question is between the organizing and consumer pressure and, ines some cases, public level minimum wage. Can they get those wages up and make that difference. R this week, president obama weighed in. Xd hes also calling forzv a high minimum wage now. Do you think that will add tor the public pressure that you justt mentioned . Will it makerpp difference in shifting the debate . Thats actually one reason i t 9]z initiative is such a powerful vehicle in Something Like this. People have been talking about raising the minimum wage at the federal level for a couple of yearsc3now. It moves in congress, it dies. Suddenly, we talk were talking about the voters of california deciding whether or not it makexd senseu for busins to pay their own employees rather than for the taxpayers to subsidize them. And i think a 12 minimum wage will be very popular in california and put aw3 lot of pressureco on congress to consir hing similar on the federal level. Minimum wage debate. Ultimately, what do you thinkxdt will come down to,u though, foa solution . I] will iwr bdk mores7won ter o increased public pressure, 4jddq rp e to go the legislati route . Through referendums, through 4÷k initiatives, throughq local cit council measures . I think theres a mix. We need a Higher National minimum wage, the senate will be debating 10. 10 an hour. That makes sense nationally. Which also given the economic difference between costates, an in urban z]areas, cities like s francisco, seattle, san jose,co other places looking to have or will raisexd the minimum wages stronger unions. And if we look at whats happened in terms of some of the decline in wages in this country crew goes handjfjfxdco in hand declinoi in sheriffs workers ad the union. That combination of organizingn consumer pressure and policy makes the difference. Thejf interesting thing now, seeing these organizations of fast foodjf worker, the workers, who are really bringing 55uuz out in a way that we havent seen, i think thats the qok terms of making change. Jf and a lot of you are conservative this isjfco not normally a conservative cause. Why are you embracing thisnw3c personally . Xdwell, economicni from a scientific background. A look at issues on a casebycase basis. Many times iw3 think the conservative side is the right one, sometime i dont. Here interestingly w72enough, o i started going throughw3xd som these arguments,t co with conservatives i know including peoplenr who are very staunch conservati hey look at the issue in a new light. Its not a question of workers not getting these extra dollars. Its a question of who gives it to them. Is it the employer ort the taxpayer. I think itq makelp much more se for the taxpayers not to subsidize all these private businesses. axd income tax forcing businesses to payi]lp t own workers. Do you agree . Obviously you do. I think thatsc absolutely right. Xd wefa where were seeing, as mentioned earlier, where were seeing the growth in the economo is in n these lowwage sectors. Weve seen a decline inc middleclass jobs in the country. If we we need to do something to raise the bottom, get more consumer demand back in the economy, deal with some of the issue of qualiti. To do that, weve got raise the floor. And this combination of publice policies like minimum wage laws, organizing, were seeing in consumer pressure, all can come together to begin to do that. Okay. Very interesting, and much more debate to come in the new year, im sure, with congressional calls, as well, for a federal minimum wage hike. Soe1i] i want to thank you both being here. Ken jacobs and ron unz, thanks for being with us. Thank you. The bay area has long been known as an incubator ofxd innovation. One epicenterknf that creativity of stanford, alsoni knowne1 as the school. Fa the d school nurtures outsidey uitn thinking in hopes of tackling of the worls toughest problems. Its the focus ofe1 a new documentrqxd called extreme by design. It follows groups of stanfordic working to create extremely affordableo[i] solut to address poverty in the developing world. W3 scott shafer sat down with filmmakere1 ralph king ande1 foa student pamly potkov. First, heres a cliff from v before departing for their teams must come up with several crude prototypes. This is a vertical axis wind turbine. It captures wind by using drag. So the firstni prototype we bui was simply a balloon over a syringe. And it sort of works when y break niit. ni you canko actually turn thi deviceco coon. This is why itsxd called the bubble lpcpap device. It bubbles, and you can increase orco decrease that. Oops. This will be a real kind of epic personalniw3niw3nr journey. I feel like my life is about to change. niko yeah ralphlpxd king andnr pam pot welcome. Thank you. the basis of this film andkt the course is this Design Thinking concept. Describe it. What is it . Well,ni Design Thinking i fe is thejnini crown jewel of 21st century ed5ction. Is a creative process. A way of unlocking yourt inny r creativity,lp and itsco problem solvingnr lpessentially, steps problem solving. How is it different fromrir brainstorming . Brainstorming is onew3jf ele. Another element isxd empathetic listening. Another is prototyping, actuallo testing. So pam, youc were part of a tea thatnrni went to bangladesh ande working on a breathing apparatus for little infantsni with ok pneumonia. Were some of the aha moments you had. Sure. Well, the firstxd step was real just garnering empathy for the Patient Population that we were seeking to serve. Why is that so important . It really put ourselves in their shoese1 andt understand belp using the solution. And really i empathize withni t problem that theyre experiencing. And so our firstjf objective wa really tojf get deep interest understanding Neonatal Health and the challenges thm uof in the developing world. 6k and you had to also develo with not only did it havexd to be affordable, but it had to be acceptable, culturally and t otherwise. Talk about that process. Thats part of empathy, too, i guess. Yes. To befalpxd incredibly important step but also a very daunting one in that understandingt completely differenb eulture and wayi] of life and then how that translates into actuallyni getto a solutionez the patient. By the facte1 that there are so many stakeholders involved in its use. You have the patient being the child. Mother most often. And you have the doctors t nurses that are actually ljutwkiuq effectively failure is inevitable in a processe1 like this. Describe the role of failure ank failing fast. Well, its encouraged in this Design Thinking procam because you learnq;nc from failure moren you learn from success. So the idea is to get your have people reacting to it so you can go back and do it again and again. Each time, reflecting the learning as you go. Pam, youxd in that clip w saw earlier, yout talked about this is goingok to be a big chae for you. Its going to change youw3 personally. I want tolp play another clip. mae ui teammates in banglade. And well watch that and come back and talk. Fako i think its really hard being hereq because you justt you know, theres no difference between thet way that like i lk and the way these moms are basically the samwt its totally random that imfa yes. A student from california with every opportunity to treat ico hate that. 0 pam, did you know at the beginning ofco this that youd 9ic i would be ko to the country as part ofni our nrproject. I hadco actually never been the. Our familys not been there since india and bangladesh separated asa5 countries. Xdxdq knowledge and insight as somebody originally from that partnr of thenico world in our empathybuilding. nr that clip . It sm like its a combination of guiltni almost,j just like wonder at how am i here and situation theyre in. Yeah. I think in that particularw3 guilt and kind of sick to my stomach feeip recognition that there was really no difference between myself and3w the Patient Populationw3 i was seeking to help in so many niwa. Their situation actually felt hopeless, i wvod say, at that experience,xw a feel exceptiona responsibility to kind of continue to tap in to that moment and feeling and apply it to contributing in some positiv1 way in recognition of the fact that, okyes, i am disproporti e disproportionately lucky. Lp in fact,ni i havent earned tha right in many respects. I]jfralph, i know youre tak the concept of Design Thinking and using it in middle schoolsn in East Palo Alto and redwood city. Describe how it applies for kida spot for introducing Design Thinking because the kids lfq q11e crushed out of them y. Which by high school many of them have. But what weve done is taken the teachings of the courset and kd ofnixd simplified it. We have a workbook that we developed like this which were testing now. And the hope is is thatlp in a tenweek deep dive and Design Thinking tha4na kids can start usefa iti] in their schoolwork. My goal is that within the next couple of years,ni say 100,000 kids are using and students and us what do you want people who see this filme1o takeq away from it . nu 9ma i9n like them to be i would like them to think if they see a problem inq the worl that they can fix it. I would like for them to explore Design Thinking. Theco film is extreme by design. Thank you. Earlierq today. Extreme by desqg7n premieres on wednesday, decembere1e1 12tht 10 00 p. M. T fa Nelson Mandela visited here shortly after his release from a South African prison in w31990. His appearance filled the openi coliseum. Scottt shovel afer is here to the legacy left by nelson jf mandela. We had such a special uic did. You see tens we did. You see tens of thousands packing the coliseum. People are remembering the 80s and late 70s when berkeley and San Francisco formed the hub of a movement that moved eastward. It was a Real Coalition of students,e1 labor, local officials, politicians, the all pressuring working together and pressuring the South African governmentcw3 to ultimately let mandela out of prison and then end apartheid. Dellums was a key figure in that. He pretty much led the effortnrn congress it win federalni sanctions against south africa andq spoke at that event in n1 at the oakland coliseum. We actually have a clip from that. Lets take a p,look. [ applause ] the unions stoodxdnr up the people of thisco community over and over stood coup stand up ot [ cheers and applause ] give yourselves a hand we made history. Xd you know, the nilpextraord thing is that dellums had introduced that time and again. Whether it finally passed when it finally passed in ni198 dominated by republicans, tha4yy about this week is thatt the time thesexd issues are verr divisive. People are on both sides. With the passage of time, you see which was the right side to be on, and you dontok necessary know that at the xk ment. But looking back, its very clear that there were people way out in front. Xd lookingq at that crew brou dellums talked aboutni the cityf berkeley standing up. I was the student at fau. C. Berkeley in the mid 1980s. Lp and that was such a hub for the antiapartheid nrxdprotests. Some of the most powerful protest happened there. You know, in 1985, 10,000 students boycotted their classes the day after. About 160 people, protesters were arrested. And its just it was such an electrifying ti it was a topic that really united so many people from all that few topics,ok few leaders can. Yeah. And i think thatsni true of th bay area. It has been for a long time. People come here like you did and like i did from other places. They get here, and they often come from places where there wa3 oppression. A lack of t freedom. They are so determined to be a part of any movement to expand the cause of freedom throughout the world. And i think this is a case of that happening here with Nelson Mandelalp and apartheid. Its extraordinary. After nearly three decades in prison,oc having lost his free for that long, hei] never lost s values. He always hung oua to the belie that hatred doesnt accomplish anything. And you hope that maybe there will be lessons we can learn today in thisjf time of gridloc and partisan bitterness. Fayeah. Fa a peace broker. Moral compass. A man i dont thinkxd anyone wi forget. Had a great conscience. Thank you for sharing those insights. For allhon kqeds news coverage, go to i]kqednews. Org. Im scott shafer, thank you very much for watching. Im thuy vu. December 8, president praises the interim deal as u. N. Inspectors visit a key site that has been offlimits for years. We will look at how Nelson Mandela used sports to transform south africa. And printing their own money. Its good for our country to keep manufacturing here. It is about shopping local. Next on pbs news hour