So far, 80,000 Homeless People have been given homes this way, and there is evidence it actually saves money. We are paying more as taxpayers to walk past that person on the street and do nothing than you would be paying to just give them an apartment. Kroft when we interviewed Philip Seymour hoffman in 2006, he was about to win the Academy Award. If you can go to the theatre, and you are in a room with a bunch of other people and what is happening in front of you is not happening, that you actually believe it is if i can do that, i have done my job. Hello, my name is Truman Capote. Kroft he was in talent, in temperament a true artist, and one of our greatest actors. Tonight, you will hear him talk about his life, his work, and his demons. In fact, you went into rehab at a fairly early age. Yeah, i did, i did. I went. I got sober, i was 22 years old. And i was putting myself in situations and predicaments that were dangerous. But i do remember thinking, you know, there are things i want to do. There are things i want to do. Im steve kroft. Im lesley stahl. Im morley safer. Im bob simon. Im anderson cooper. Im scott pelley. Those stories tonight on 60 minutes. [ male announcer ] the allnew Toyota Highlander has every amenity. Booooriiiing ah, ah, ah. Hit it, guys its got a bin for your chickens a computer from the future and some giant freaky room for eight ooh, yeah but it aint got no room for boring im spacing out on all this space, too no, we aint got no room for boring for boring, we aint got no room [ male announcer ] the allnew highlander. Toyota. Lets go places. And the best move of all . Having the right partner at your side. Take the next step. Consider an aarp Medicare Supplement insurance plan, insured by Unitedhealthcare Insurance Company to be your partner. Go long. To be your partner. Savings when you day gshop at sears. Get up to 30 off appliances. Like this kenmore fridge. A 44 savings. Join our free Member Program and save even more. Sears. When im training, i always listen to music. For the gym, its hiphop. For crosscountry, classical. And for jumps, i need something. Special. So i use my Citi Thankyou visa card for music downloads and earn two times the points. Plus a little extra inspiration. [ music plays ] the Citi Thankyou preferred visa card. Earn two times the points on entertainment and dining out with no annual fee. Citi, with you every step of the way. Stahl early last year, the food and Drug Administration made an unusual and surprising announcement it cut the recommended dose of the most popular sleep drug in the country, ambien, in half for women. It turns out men and women metabolize ambien, known generically as zolpidem, very differently, leaving women with more of the drug in their bodies the next morning, and therefore at a greater risk of impaired driving. Ambien zolpidem is now the only Prescription Drug in the country with a different suggested dose for men and women. But weve discovered it is far from an isolated example of differences between the sexes we never imagined. More and more, scientists are realizing that the differences are dangerously understudied and that, pervasively and fundamentally, sex matters. Take aspirin lowdose aspirin lowers the risk of heart attacks in healthy men. But in healthy women, turns out it doesnt, though it does protect women against stroke. And drugs are just the beginning. Sex differences have been found in pain receptors, liver enzymes, even the wiring of the brain. Larry cahill we have generated just a ton of information that suggests that there are sex differences everywhere. Stahl larry cahill, a neuroscientist at the university of california irvine, used to share his fields assumption that males and females, outside the reproductive system, were fundamentally the same. But hes changed his outlook 180 degrees. Ambien, he says, is a case in point. Ambien, prescribed 40 million times just last year, approved 20 years ago were only now finding out that women have been prescribed a dose thats twice as high as they need. Cahill that is a textbook example of whats wrong. How did it happen that, for 20 some years, women, millions of them, were essentially overdosing on ambien . Stahl the f. D. A. Says it made the change after new driving simulation studies established what amount of ambien or zolpidem in the blood the next morning could be dangerous for driving. Dr. Sandra kweder, Deputy Director of the f. D. A. s office of new drugs, says only then did they realize women could be taking too much, since women metabolize the drug differently than men. Sandra kweder so if i took zolpidem, and my brother took the same dose, probably the maximum level of drug in my blood would be 45 higher than his maximum blood level. Stahl now that sounds substantial. Kweder it is substantial. Stahl but we discovered that that 45 difference between men and women had been known to the f. D. A. All along. In the original f. D. A. Review of ambien back in 1992, there was a page called effect of gender, where the f. D. A. Reviewer noted that two key measures of how much drug is in the bloodstream were approximately 45 higher in females than in males. Cahill it appears to say that they found a significant difference in how this drug is being processed in the body. And then the question is, what did they do with that . And the answer appears to be, eh, they. They rationalized it away. Stahl im going to hand you that page, effect of gender. Kweder okay. Stahl the f. D. A. Reviewer went on to write, the results suggest a genderrelated difference. However, the lack of specific details such as study design and individual data make it difficult to draw a definite conclusion. Kweder exactly. Stahl so when you see that they didnt give you enough data, did you go back, or should you have gone back, and said, okay, what was the study design . What was the data . Kweder if i saw this today, in light of todays science, i think we would go back and try to tease this out a little bit further. But i think at the time, this was generally consis. This was sort of business as usual for what you saw in clinical pharmacology studies. Stahl thats because, she says, there was no evidence at the time that the difference mattered. That was 20 years ago, when if someone said womens health, it usually meant what they call bikini medicine breast and ovarian cancer, pregnancy, menstrual cycles. But for parts of the body men and women share hearts, kidneys, the brain, most of the studies were done predominantly on men. If you want to understand me, they study you . Cahill and heres why they do that. Because theres this assumption that you are me with pesky hormones. Stahl laughs oh, with pesky hormones. Cahill im being only partially facetious. The idea is that the fundamental things are similar between you and me, so that, ironically, the best way to study you is to study me. Stahl because you dont have pesky hormones. Cahill right. Were studying all the fundamental things in you without this sort of nuisance stuff. Thats literally an assumption on which all of biological medicine, especially neuroscience, which i know best, has been built. Stahl but given what we now know, he says that assumption has to go. Look at Heart Disease, which is the leading killer of both men and women. Cardiologist noel bairey merz, from Cedarssinai Medical Center in los angeles, says women, like her patient pearl grumet, can differ from men in the way they have heart attacks. Pearl grumet i had this excruciating pain in between my shoulder blades. And then i got the nauseous feeling in my stomach. Stahl so the man comes in, he has chest pain, sometimes a radiating pain down the left arm. The woman comes in, and she says. Noel bairey merz she might be having stomach upset, she might be feeling fatigue. She might just be short of breath. Stahl why does she even go . Merz because they dont feel right, and they know somethings wrong. Stahl they know somethings wrong. Did you ever, ever have chest pain in this whole time . Grumet no. Merz you can see, heres the constriction. Stahl typically, men get clogs in major arteries that are easy to see on an angiogram. But many women get blockages in tiny microvessels inside the heart, so their Heart Disease is more often missed. Pearl had four minor heart attacks; five different hospitals couldnt find the problem. Grumet doctor comes in and he says, when you find out whats wrong with you, would you please let me know . Stahl no, come on. Grumet because we dont have any idea whats wrong. Stahl dr. Bairey merz says one of the reasons we havent learned more about women goes all the way back to the beginning of the scientific pipeline to research on animals. Dr. Melina kibbe is a vascular surgeon who also runs a lab at Northwestern University medical school, where she evaluates new therapies in mice and rats. If i walked into a lab anywhere in the country doing animal research, what are my chances of coming upon a study with only male animals . Melina kibbe very large. Stahl today . Kibbe correct. Stahl turns out female rats also have those pesky hormones. Kibbe so, to control for that variable, most researchers study just males. I was also studying just males. Stahl so it made sense . Or you maybe didnt even think about it . Kibbe i didnt even think about it. Stahl and neither did doris taylor, a leading stem cell expert at Texas Heart Institute in houston, until she was designing an experiment in mice to see if injections of stem cells could reverse plaque rteries, and she needed a way to track the stem cells in the animals. Doris taylor so what we decided to do is give female animals male stem cells, because we could track the y chromosome. And we said, lets give male animals female cells. Stahl you only did it so you could track the cells. Taylor so we could track the cells. Stahl she was surprised to find that the results were not the same. Taylor the male animals we gave female cells got better, and the female animals we gave male cells actually got a little worse. Stahl only the female stem cells got rid of the plaque. Taylor and you can see all this fat here, the pink. Stahl the male mouse artery on the left had not been treated; the one on the right got female stem cells. Taylor and look at that. Stahl its clean. Taylor i am embarrassed to admit that, as a woman, it had never really occurred to me that doing the experiment in male versus female animals would give completely different results. Stahl and that led to further discoveries. Taylor wanted to find out if human stem cells were different, too, and shes found that they are. My stem cells are actually different stem cells from a mans . Taylor yes. Stahl she told me mens are less powerful to begin with, and then they start to die off. Taylor in men, as they age, they decrease pretty dramatically. And in females, they stay relatively stable. Now, think about that. Stahl wow. Taylor men develop Heart Disease much earlier than women. Why not look at the difference and see how to make men live longer without Heart Disease . Stahl she speculates that ignoring this difference may be one reason stem cell treatments havent lived up to their promise; and on a broader level, that not studying both male and female animals results in more problems for women down the road. Cahill if the whole darn pipeline is male dominated and sex differences truly do matter, how can it not be the case that youre going to end up with, on average, a lot more negative side effects in women than in men . I mean, it basically has to happen. Stahl and it does. A g. A. O. Report found eight of the ten Prescription Drugs withdrawn from the market from 1997 to 2001 posed Greater Health risks for women than for men. Today, when it comes to governmentfunded studies on humans, women must be included, by law. But many researchers dont then take the next step and analyze the results by sex, which some argue defeats the whole purpose. We have come upon studies where they do use both male and female, but they then dont analyze how the two respond differently, so they have the two and no analysis of the difference. Taylor if you do the two together, and you really think females are here and males are here, or vice versa, then youre going to get results that are right here. Stahl and so theyre almost useless. Taylor and so, theyre almost not predictive of either males or females. Cahill if youre clumping men and women together in your study, and there truly is a sex difference, youre not just harming the women, youre harming the men. Youre. Youre muddling up the understanding of whats going on, youre muddling up the path to clear treatment, not just for the women, but for the men as well. Stahl the problem, he says, is that the scientific establishment hasnt caught up with its own discoveries. If science got ambien so wrong, does that tell you that we really need to go back and review. Cahill yes. Stahl what . Everything . Cahill pretty much everything, yeah, because once you see this difference and that difference and that difference and that difference and that difference, and you see, this things everywhere, you go, wait a minute. So, the assumption were making that it really doesnt matter, sex, is not a valid assumption. It may not matter, it may matter hugely. It may flip your results on their head, and you dont know. So what happens is you start to realize, wow, the status quo is not okay. The way were doing business has to change. Stahl there are scientists who say the ambien situation is like a wakeup call. Its a tip of the iceberg. So, should the f. D. A. Go back and look at other drugs . Kweder well, you know, to say every drug. Every drug, go back and look again . Stahl yeah. Kweder thats an enormous undertaking. Stahl so can women feel secure that the dosages recommended on any of their medications is proper for them . Or should they now be a little worried . Kweder in medical practice, there is a general awareness that there may be individual differences among patients, and that every patient needs to have the right dose. Stahl hows a doctor supposed to know . Kweder you start at the lowest dose, and you see if its enough. Stahl yeah, but youre doing the studies, and theyre going to rely on your recommendation. Kweder yep. Stahl it sounds like the f. D. A. Is being more reactive than aggressive about this. Kweder i think were being very aggressive about bringing the most sophisticated science to new drugs and being aggressive about applying the science where we have reason to believe there is a concern to older drugs. Stahl the f. D. A. Told us it is looking at other sleep drugs for possible sex differences, but not mounting an acrossthe board review. As of today, zolpidem remains the only drug on the market with different recommended doses for men and women. Glor good evening. A. O. L. Is reversing a controversial plan to make 401 k contributions only at the end of year year. Barclays is investigating the possible theft of data from 27,000 customers, and starting tomorrow, samesex couples will have equal rights in federal bankruptcy court. Im jeff glor, cbs news. [ woman 1 ] why do i cook . Because an empty pan is a blank canvas. [ woman 2 ] to share a moment. [ woman 3 ] to travel the World Without leaving home. [ male announcer ] whatever the reason. Whatever the dish. Make it delicious with swanson. [ male announcer ] whatever the reason. Whatever the dish. There is a place where the sky is always blue. And the kids always eat their vegetables. Because the salad there is always served with the original Hidden Valley ranch. Its the way ranch is supposed to taste. Cooper giving apartments to Homeless People whove been on the streets for years before theyve received treatment for drug or alcohol problems or Mental Illness may not sound like a wise idea. But thats whats being done in cities across america in an approach that targets those whove been homeless the longest, and are believed to be at greatest risk of dying, especially with all of this cold weather. Theyre people who once might have been viewed as unreachable. But cities and counties affiliated with a movement known as the 100,000 Homes Campaign have so far managed to get 80,000 of them off the streets. Local governments and nonprofit groups do most of the work. The money comes mostly from existing federal programs and private donations, and theres evidence that this approach saves taxpayers money. If it sounds too good to be true, well, take a look at whats been happening in nashville, one of the latest cities to join the 100,000 Homes Campaign. Ingrid mcintyre robert . You awake, buddy . Cooper in a Storage Facility on the outskirts of nashville, outreach worker Ingrid Mcintyre introduced us to Robert Mcmurtry. Mcintyre hey, good morning. I want to introduce you to my friend anderson. Cooper hey, im anderson. How are you . Shed come to ask him some questions about his health. Mcintyre how many times have you been to the emergency room in the past three months . Robert mcmurtry uh, twice. Cooper robert told ingrid he had a lot of medical problems h. I. V. , hepatitis c, and throat cancer. He was getting treatment at vanderbilt University Medical center, but living in this storage locker without a toilet or running water. He bathed in a stream by the side of the road. He said hed been homeless for three years. How old are you . Mcmurtry im 48. Cooper 48 . Im 46, so were two years apart. Mcmurtry uhhuh. Cooper its nice to see someone else with gray hair. laughter he said he used to work in the construction business, but fell on hard times after he lost his job and became ill. A friend took pity on him and allowed him to stay in this storage locker for the past three months. Mcmurtry i never imagined id ever be homeless, because i had. I really worked really hard my whole life, and it was just devastating, really, when it happened because i never imagined that i would be in this condition. Cooper