And continue to be in conflict along their common border. The north korean situation is worsening. Its not getting better. So weve got problems all around. Man, over radio 3, 2, 1, now. Robert oppenheimer we knew the world would not be the same. Man we saw this cloud of boiling dust and debris below us with its tremendous mushroom on top. Beneath that was hidden the ruins of the city of hiroshima. Kermit beahan when the clouds opened up over the target of nagasaki, i let the bomb go. Different man if the announcement made by president truman that the soviet union now has the atomic bomb is true, then the impasse that now exists regarding the International Control of Atomic Energy must be brokered for the sake of mankind and for the peace of the world. Newsreel narrator justreleased film show the recent abomb tests in which britain joined america and russia as the third world power to possess atomic weapons. Man this first blast is on a level with bombs exploded over hiroshima and nagasaki in world war ii. Now France Presses forward to force her way into the exclusive nuclear club. John f. Kennedy this government has maintained the closest surveillance of the soviet military buildup on the island of cuba. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a Nuclear Strike capability against the western hemisphere. Man at 1500 hours on october 16, 1964, the event which shocked the whole world finally takes place. Man the treaty on the nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons is now ready to be signed. Duarte after the nonproliferation treaty went into effect, india did a test in 1974. They never signed it, so they felt it was their right to do so. Gorbachev [speaking russian] reagan for the first time in history, the language of arms control was replaced by arms reduction. In this case, the complete elimination of an entire class of u. S. And soviet nuclear missiles. Burroughs israel almost certainly is a nuclear power. Pakistan demonstrates a capacity to detonate a weapon in 1998. Weve obviously seen the north korea case. Woman [speaking korean] perry the danger of a Nuclear Catastrophe today is very high, and i think its of paramount importance for people to understand the danger. The bulletin of the atomic scientists for years has provided the world with an excellent measure of how close we are to Nuclear Catastrophe. Make no mistake, this has been a difficult year. Most troubling has been two concerns that are adding to an already challenging global landscape. The first. The first has been the cavalier and reckless language used across the globe, especially in the United States during the president ial election and after, around Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Threats. The board takes the unprecedented step, the first time in its history, of moving the clock hand 30 seconds closer to midnight. Today we move the clock a half minute closer to midnight. It is now two and a half minutes to midnight. [playing piano] kremski [speaking french] narrator accompanied by the music composed and performed by alain kremski, the Nuclear Requiem explores the continuing struggle of dealing with the most Lethal Weapon ever created. Man on behalf of the general assembly, i have the honor to welcome to the United Nations his excellency barack obama, president of the United States of america, and to invite him to address the assembly. Kimball the United States and russia have for decades had the vast majority of the worlds Nuclear Weapons. It has been their strategic rivalry that has created the Nuclear Threat as the world has generally known it, and it is up to them to lead the way. I have the honor to welcome to the United Nations his excellency vladimir putin, president of Russian Federation and to invite him to address the assembly. Kimball . In resolving their underlying conflicts through arms control strategies that reduce the Nuclear Threat, that achieve stability by increasing transparency through inspections and controls on their Nuclear Arsenals. 70 years after the founding of the United Nations, it is worth reflecting on what together the members of this body have helped to achieve. Out of the ashes of the second world war, having witnessed the unthinkable power of the atomic age, the United States has worked with many nations in this assembly to prevent a third world war. The most challenging activity for me was negotiating the new start treaty with the Russian Federation. This was a negotiation that took place in 2009 and 2010. We were under enormous pressure because the first start treaty was going out of force. Kimball it was designed to replace the 1991 start one agreement. Gorbachev [speaking russian] the agreement itself is exceedingly complex, but the central idea at the heart of this treaty can be put simply stabilizing reductions in our Strategic Nuclear forces reduce the risk of war. But these promises to reduce arms levels cannot automatically guarantee success. Just as important are the treatys monitoring mechanisms so we know that the commitments made are being translated into real security. We wanted to make sure we continued to have the opportunity to monitor and verify at firsthand with onsite inspection the russians Strategic Nuclear forces. Same thing for them. You know, they need that kind of predictability about whats going on in our Strategic Nuclear arsenal, too. Kimball it very modestly reduced the number of deployed Strategic Nuclear warheads and Delivery Systems each side had. The new president , donald trump, and president putin will have to decide about whether to extend the treaty for another 5 years beyond its 2021 expiration date, whether to negotiate new reductions in the two sides strategic arsenals, or whether to let it go and to have an unconstrained situation involving the two Worlds Largest nuclear superpowers. Why cant we do that . Because we need to make concessions. And the framework has actually changed. [speaking russian] kimball in addition, russia had already been concerned about Nuclear Weaponry, missile developments on their periphery. And then you have russias meddling in ukraine. Gottemoeller all those issues that have brought our bilateral relationship to a new low, we have the predictability of knowing whats going on 24 7 in their Strategic Nuclear arsenal. Sokov during the cold war, policy was more driven by international security, international relations. Fear motivated us to think about the other side. The way i would describe it is the United States and russia never became allies after the collapse of the soviet union. The underlying tensions over security in europe, russias role in the world, russias concerns about its security have never really been addressed at the deeper level, and weve seen with the second putin regime these issues coming back with a vengeance. Today we are in a situation next slide, please when only one Nuclear Weapon state keeps its Nuclear Weapons outside its national territory. And people take it already just as fact of life. Stea is this permitted, that the u. S. Have weapons in belgium, germany, italy, netherlands, and turkey . This is permitted . In the current world, we have quite a number of zones free of Nuclear Weapons where this would not be possible, but in the northern hemisphere, we have the whole areas where this is still at least hypothetical if possible, but in practice, we see it in those countries of europe. There are other major issues which surround us which provide challenges for our security new types of nonNuclear Weapons, globalstrike weapons, outer space, cyber weapons. Should we ignore all of this . No, we cant ignore all of this. Can we ignore Missile Defense . No, we cannot ignore Missile Defense. I spent several years actually talking, well, about the fact that russia is developing a very modern, advanced, conventional strike capability. And until last year, no one actually, well, even wanted to hear that. The whole Political Climate in europe between russia and the west has deteriorated because of the ukraine crisis. Moscow finally decided that, well, thats not a system for us. We dont like that system. They had reasons. I do not say that what they did was right. I think we have to be very honest and acknowledge the problems raised by the use of force in relation to ukraine, to recognize how some of the statements and some of the actions by, in particular in the case where were talking about Nuclear Weapons by moscow, have very negatively played into the hands of Nuclear Hawks in the west. Kimball the u. S. And russia need to take leadership. They need to continue to pursue the commonsense steps necessary to reduce nuclear dangers. Orlov those who expect for a quick change for the better, i would say no way. But step by step, there will be chances for progress if both sides hear each other better. Its in our interest to have a Good Relationship with them so that we can work in cooperation to ensure that Nuclear Materials and weapons are secure and so we can Work Together to reduce and eliminate Strategic Nuclear forces. The Nuclear Infrastructure in both the United States and russia, they have a momentum that is hard to stop. It is difficult for leaders to change the practices that have evolved over the years, so until and unless a president , a u. S. President , russian president , fundamentally changes the policies concerning the role of Nuclear Weapons and the number thats necessary, were going to be stuck with these patterns, these policies, and these problems. Trump i have been briefed, and i can tell you one thing about a briefing that were allowed to say because anybody that ever read the most basic book can say it Nuclear Holocaust would be like no other. Theyre a very powerful nuclear country, and so are we. If we have a Good Relationship with russia, believe me, thats a good thing, not a bad thing. Kimball the president s of russia and the United States have the authority to launch in under 10 minutes about 800900 Nuclear Warheads each. No one has to give the president s their authority. They hold everyones future in their hands. Its an awesome, awesome responsibility. The work towards diminishing the Nuclear Arsenals, towards commitment not to use Nuclear Weapons must be done. It must be done every day. And people are talking about more powerful Nuclear Weapons, more the Nuclear Weapons, less powerful Nuclear Weapons, more mobile Nuclear Weapons as if, you know, as if its just a regular weapon without that major weight and responsibility attached to that discourse, and i always wonder, whats wrong with them . These are Nuclear Weapons. You forgot about hiroshima . You forgot what it can do . One bomb . Gottemoeller i think its really important to try to get people to Pay Attention to the mass destruction aspects of Nuclear Weapons to the history, to look back at what happened in hiroshima and nagasaki. Suzuki every part of the city reminds me of the bomb. Its just the city itself has a memory of the bomb. And also the people i meet, 90 of the people either. [speaks japanese] friends or whatever. So its constant reminding that im working in the city of the bomb victim, working with the people of hiroshima, too, actually. It is still present. [speaking japanese] newsreel narrator the hiroshima hospital of the japan red cross, 1,500 meters from the epicenter, was the best hospital in the city. It was completely demolished, save for the 3storied reinforcedconcrete building. All the installation and equipment were destroyed. Among the hospital staff and nurses under training, 36 were killed and nearly 300 injured, leaving only 36 physicians and 120 students in any condition to handle the patients. Though shorthanded, they did amazing work amidst the confusion which followed the bombing in taking care of the 400 cases within the hospital itself and the thousands who rushed here from the outside. Hida [speaking japanese] suzuki and every day watch the news, and actually maybe once a week at least theres a program on nuclear victims, and that kind of daily, you know, events makes me feel that this is not the past, and that is very powerful message to me actually. Its very important for me to continue to work with those people. [speaking japanese] [music playing, singing in japanese] [speaking japanese] [applause] narrator the hibakusha have been messengers for peace since the two bombings in 1945 when over 240,000 people died. Every year on the anniversary dates, on august 6 in hiroshima and august 9 in nagasaki there are commemorative ceremonies. In hiroshima, lanterns symbolizing those who lost their lives are floated on the river near the epicenter of the bomb blast. There continue to be many arguments over the decision by the United States to drop the two atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki. However, the loss of life remains a hard reality. Suzuki the simple thing is just dont give up. If you keep silent, voices will be lost. Obama the scientific revolution that led to the splitting of an atom requires a moral revolution as well. That is why we come to this place. We stand here in the middle of this city and force ourselves to imagine the moment the bomb fell. We force ourselves to feel the dread of children confused by what they see. We listen to a silent cry. We remember all the innocents killed across the arc of that terrible war and the wars that came before. And the wars that would follow. Mere words cannot give voice to such suffering. But we have a shared responsibility to look directly into the eye of history and ask what we must do differently to curb such suffering again. Someday the voices of the hibakusha will no longer be with us to bear witness. But the memory of the morning of august 6, 1945, must never fade. That memory allows us to fight complacency. It fuels our moral imagination. It allows us to change. So right from the beginning the International Committee of the red cross and the red cross and Red Crescent Movement said, use of Nuclear Weapons is contrary to rules protecting civilians from the effects of warfare. We knew that in 1945 because we had an observer in hiroshima who reported to us immediately, its unbelievable what i am witnessing. It cannot be envisaged how use of Nuclear Weapons could be compatible with the rules of International Humanitarian law. Do Nuclear Weapons serve a role in the modern world . Most will say they dont. They make us more insecure. They dont help in any security whatsoever. Why are they still wedded to these weapons . And that is the big question. Narrator in january of 1946, representatives from around the world gathered for the first session of the newly formed United Nations general assembly. It was just 6 months after the bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki. The representatives, after deliberations, adopted their firstever resolution, which included a call for the elimination from National Armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction. Duarte its been 70 years. A number of partial measures have been agreed to, important treaties. The npt, the test ban treaties, the nuclearweaponfree zones. A number of agreements have been reached and have been respected so far. Even in the npt in article vi, there is a commitment. Its a weak commitment, its a nuanced commitment, but it is a commitment that this is serious, it must be respected. Markram this treaty is the only legally binding instrument that we have that commits nuclearweapon states to the elimination of the Nuclear Weapons. And review conferences are there to implement that actual binding agreement. Narrator every 5 years, all the nations of the wor