And latino relations, people are living it on a day to day basis, but both of you kind of approach this from your academic perspectives in terms of literature. So professor gates well just call you skip. Mmhmm. Hinojosa . Why look at this current important relationship through the prism of literature . Well, ive added to the Norton Anthology of African American literature along with ten of my colleagues. Hinojosa this big book big, heavy book, yes. laughing its the big bible. This. The mother ship of black literature. In order to enshrine African American literature in the academy. Look, if you are from the whitest place in say, idaho and there are no black people around and you cant get black books in the bookstore, if you can get one anthology, theres no excuse not to teach African American literature. So you buy one book, you get a whole semester course. And i wanted to do this, as im sure ilan did, to make it possible for people to teach and to study African American literature and latino literature. And theres some overlap between African American and latino. Hinojosa and so is it the same thing for you, ilan . The sense that you just wanted anyone any part of the country or the world to be able to say, i want to understand latino literature, therefore i have the anthology . Well, i wanted, first and foremost, to say, we have arrived, and the Norton Anthology is a cultural moment. Its a statement we have made it; we have been both participants and witnesses of dramatic American History and we have something to show and we can put it all together for everybody to see both latinos and nonlatinos. And the fact that norton invests in a project like this and puts it, as skip says, in the high schools and colleges, is crucial, but it is crucial also to go beyond that realm and say, look, American Literature is far more than hemmingway and mark twain. American literature is made of a number of different chambers, a number of different paths, and we can approach it from different perspectives. Literature in the end is a mirror of how society has been seeing itself across time, and when you enter skips anthology or when you enter the latino anthology, youre able to navigate through time and see the complexity of. Of many moments that are coming together. Hinojosa all right, so lets start with. Because theres a lot of history here and we want to cover a lot of things, but so what. What is an important moment in time for the both of you that where latino and African American literature kind of intersect . And before we get to the present, so an important moment in history . Well, i can think of two 1885 up to the turn of the century, many cuban intellectuals such as jose marti, the father of the revolution and thebronze titan,e leading general of the cuban revolution. The biggest statue in cuba today is not to fidel or to che, its to maceo black man. They met in new york, 1885. They had a Spanish Language newspaper, they interacted with black intellectuals such as the great Arthur Schaumburg and we all know about the schaumburg library, the new york. The Harlem Branch of the new york public library. Arthur schaumburg was puerto rican, fluent in spanish, wrote about cuba, wrote about the war of independence, wrote about the terrible massacre of black men in 1912 in cuba when they tried to form a black political party. He wrote about it for w. E. B. Dubois. The other period, of course, would be the harlem renaissance. Hinojosa mmhmm. The harlem renaissance, which was a time of. Well, its the. Historian David Levering lewis puts it, it was civil rights through art. Black people had the idea which was a not very efficacious idea, but they had an idea that they could change the image of the race visavis white people who doubted our ancestors intellectual integrity and intellectual capacities by creating great literature and art. So there was this big revolution of writing and it was called the harlem renaissance, but it led to renaissances throughout the caribbean and even in africa. You know, the Negritude Movement, which was started by a martinican, aime cesaire, and leopold senghor, who went on to become the first president of senegal, they were students at the sorbonne. They heard about the harlem renaissance and they created the Negritude Movement starting in 1934. And langston hughes, probably the most googled and sited poet in the american cannon, translated works of these black american writers into spanish and french. Hinojosa thats so beautiful. Because he was trilingual. So that theres been this interaction. Its sort. I presume. Youre mexican, i know, of mexican descent, and i presume you were raised Roman Catholic. Hinojosa mmhmm. Well, the church, the Roman Catholic church, for the first millennium and a half after the death of christ, was like a club for intellectuals. I dont mean it in a facetious way. All of the intellectuals who were priests that related to the church, they all read latin, no matter if they were from what is now italy or germany or england or france. Whereas the Common People didnt know anything about each other, the intellectual class did. Thats the same analogy for artists in the diaspora. Hinojosa so do you agree, ilan, that these. Or what would be the points of intersection historically . I would say first and foremost that the latinos are not a racial minority. We have been a minority group, and so African American literature is part of latino literature, because there is a portion, a substantial portion, of latinos that are black, and they have been producing literature from the very beginning of. In the history of this country. Hinojosa so you guys overlap . Absolutely. There are texts that go back and forth, and if not directly the texts, there are all sorts of influences and relationships that are crucial. There. You cant see one Group Without understanding the other, and increasingly, as this country becomes more multifaceted, the relationship between these two groups is essential. And i think its really a key factor in the success or the fail of the country. But i would add one more point that is, i think, equally important, and that is the civil rights era. Latinos learned to be active by admiring their black brothers, and they also took paths that were different, that were relating them to emiliano zapata, to pancho villa, to figures in latin america. The civil rights period, unfortunately. Unfortunately in this country, is still taught in black and white. Mmhmm. We need to go beyond. We need to see it in black and white and technicolor. Cesar chavez, regas de harina, major figures that are as important as the reverend Martin Luther king, malcolm x. We hope i think skip will agree with me that an effort like this opens peoples minds to see the subtleties of history. Not. Not history as we have been taught, but history in a way that we can understand from. From within, from behind. But many i say this unfortunately many latinos who would be defined as black in this country dont, in their country, define themselves as black. They would say, no, im mexican, or no, im dominican, or no, im cuban. Theres sometimes the blackness of a person in a latino culture. Hinojosa sometimes . Its a very important point. Hinojosa i would say its oftentimes its a very important point. Because we in latin america. No, no, yeah, that they deny it. Hinojosa that there. That theres a denial of the complexity. Theres a denial of it, yeah; oh, my god. Hinojosa theres a lot of denial. We dont talk about race the way. In latin america the way we talk about race in the United States. No. And there is a. An implicit and deeply rooted racism in our society. Antiblack racism. Absolutely. There were 12. 5 million africans. Hinojosa this is an amazing statistic that even that you know it, but i want people to listen, so say it again. Between 1502 and 1867, 12. 5 million africans were shipped to the new world. And of that 12. 5, 15 died in the middle passage, okay . So that means 11. 2 about get off the boats in the new world. And of that 11. 2, only 450,000 came to the United States in the entire history of the slave trade. 100,000 more black africans went to your mexico than came to our United States. But when i say that even to scholars, they go, oh, surely that cant be right. Hinojosa that cant be true. But theyre all intermarried, and they can early in the trade, they all intermarried for various historical reasons, and now mexicans have an expression, you have a black grandma in the closet. You had four children and one of them has what my mother would say, a little touch of the tar brush in the kitchen. laughing theres something in the anthology that i think both of you will. Will enjoy or appreciate. You mean my anthology or your anthology . In my anthology. Oh, oh, oh, i see. laughing its a little shorter than mine. Hinojosa in this one laughing in. Theres one. Theres one moment in which fray bartolome de las casas, the most important activist within the Catholic Church at the time of the colonial period, who is meditating publically hes really the first public intellectual of the hispanic world on this side of the atlantic. Thats true. He is meditating on what to do with the suffering of the indians, and he says, the spaniards have been abusing them; it is time to stop. And he writes a letter to the monarchs in spain saying, lets stop this. And bring in those africans. Exactly. Lets bring the africans; they can do it. The indians have to be released. Very important. The africans suffer. They suffer better and they are less human than the native. And thats la casas, who was a priest true. Hinojosa right. Why. You know, i think. And i. And thats why i appreciate so much the work that youre doing and the fact that both of you and many of us in our america are trying to talk about these issues, because. Listen, this pairing. This pairing represents crossethnic cooperation. Ilan and i have been friends for a long time. He watches what i do, i watch what he does, and look, the reason that i got the idea to do the Norton Anthology of African American literature is that they published the Norton Anthology of womens literature. So i was watching the feminists, think, well, if they can do it, we can do it. Then ilan saw that. They did exactly the same. Yes. 10, 12, 13 years ago. Mmhmm. Skip did, and i thought, it is time for latinos to do it. He was a role model, he was a mentor, and i said, this is a moment that some. In which i have to assume my own responsibility and do something that skip has already done. Which is why youve got to give me a royalty. laughing hinojosa right now, in this moment, though, when the reality is that our demographics have changed so much, you know, we have to name it, right . We have to be able to say, i may look like this, but i have african roots, right . Thats why. Is that why you wear the cowry shell . Hinojosa this is why i wear the cowry shells, because when i realized that i was not only a product of, you know, south side chicago, but then when i looked at my family and i was like, speaking in spanish . Oh, my god, hes black and speaking in spanish . My aunt, also. And it was. The importance, and i guess i want you to both talk about this, is how important is it for us to speak, to own i mean, youve done a lot of this genealogical work but to own our past, our racial past and our common african and latino ancestry . Ill tell you why its particularly important for latinos. Because almost every latino. Multiracial Latino Society in the caribbean and in south america had an official policy of whitening brazil did, mexico did, cuba did and whitening was the subsidized immigration of europeans into those caribbean or latin american countries to brighten the color of the country. South america, latin america, has been in denial about its black roots. Its been in denial about that 11. 2 million figure to the point where these countries would allocate millions of dollars to pay europeans to come move to mexico, move to brazil, move to cuba, move to Dominican Republic, move to wherever, intermarry, and lighten the country. They were trying to change the ratio of black to white, and hope, through miscegenation, that they would lighten the country. And they even had theories about. In brazil, through gilberto freyre, was called racial democracy, but in mexico, 1925, Jose Vasconcelos wrote a book called the cosmic race. Hinojosa thats right. And he said, we are all the races, but he devalued the black element. He wanted the black element to disappear in a mestizanal kind of fantasy land. Vasconcelos is in 1925, in his famous essay mestizaje, suggests that these other races are just a stepping stone for the mestizo race to come and take over. The mestizos, in his view, are the ones that are going to bring together the. The differences of races and supersede them and are going to lead us to the future. But i. Hinojosa to a cosmic race. To a cosmic time. A new atlantis, and he even used the expression new atlantis. But the problem with his theory, just as the problem with. Oh, there are many problems with that theory. Well, there is, but just as with. This one aspect is common with gilberto freyre, who wrote the masters and the slaves, 1933 in brazil and then the cubanidad, ortiz in cuba, 1940, was that they wanted the black elements to disappear. Hinojosa which is interesting, because i dont. I mean, i studied a lot of this, but i dont remember that kind of being so present, that they wanted those black elements to disappear. But let me bring it back. You need to be in my class. Hinojosa okay, let me. Let me just go take your class. Thats right. Hinojosa speaking of classes, there is certainly much more acknowledgement of latino, latin american studies, of african, African American studies across our colleges and universities, and there is also a tremendous amount of growing resistance to that. So while you can have these two amazing anthologies, the fact is is that, well, how do both of you see whats happening right now in terms of the resistance to the fact that you now will have probably, you know, more African Americans and latinos in this country soon than white folks . Let me. Let me. Let me try to answer that, but i want to go back to something that skip said. I agree with him; it is time for us latinos to think race in a serious, conscious, and responsible fashion. It will take a long time. It is not something that will be done immediately. Latin america has 400 million people. It is a very complex reality, very different from the United States. Thats not latinos. Latinos are here in the United States in this melting pot or in this mosaic. We will not become fully american until we realize our background, until we talk about those things. But talking is just the beginning, maria. I want to also say that and i want to invite skip there has to be some change between the two communities. There are tensions. We might be painting it in a rosy fashion, but you know, latinos in 2003 became the largest minority. Latinos are a sum of minorities. You know, mexican americans, cubans, dominicans, puerto ricans. Are we a minority . Are we miniminorities together, dumped into one for political reasons, for ratings on television, and do we relate to one another . Within puerto ricans, within mexicans, there are tensions that have to do with class, that have to do with race, that have to do with language, with all. All these elements. And then theres the relationship between latinos and the black community, the African American community, and there. Theres envy, theres resistance, there are discrepancies. There has to be a more concerted effort that could start in the media, but i believe that no book is going to do anything until we change the drop out rates, particularly among latinos. Hinojosa well, thats why, you know. The number of kids that are graduating from Elementary School is abysmal. But its the same for black people. It is. And illiteracy rates functional literacy. Hinojosa and we have our first African American president. Right, and the Unemployment Rate hasnt changed one percent. Hinojosa and the poverty rate and the Unemployment Rate and an unresolved immigration issue and you know, so i was getting at the fact that theres. Theres a backlash. Mmhmm, not only from the right. Hinojosa on multiple places. But theres also. Hinojosa not only from the right. You know that in staten island, there have been a rash. In new york, there was a rash of hate crimes primarily perpetrated against mexicans or those who look mexican primarily by African Americans. Well, but then theres that lunatic Immigration Law in arizona. So its manifesting. This hatred of the other, this xenophobia which is what xenophobia is, is fear of the other; fear of the darkness of the other, the darkness of strangeness, as it were is manifesting itself in many ways. Its not just the stereotypical white racist against people of color, but even within hispanic ethnic groups, or. Oh, sure. As some people say, latino ethnic groups, when are the black people black . I interviewed people from this new black in latin america series on pbs, and. All over latin america, but in Dominican Republic i saw a man who was darker than i, and i said. He said, i see myself as an afrodescended person; im a black man. I said, well, when did you learn this . Because so many people in the Dominican Republic told me they werent black. And id say, whos black . Theyd go, the haitians, but nobody here, no matter how black they were. So i said, well, when did you learn you were black . He said, oh, thats easy, when i was in new york. laughing when i went to new york, all the white people told me i was black. Hinojosa well, so how do we. How do we. Were trying. I mean, were doing this show, weve got you here. What needs to happen . How do we. How do we engage in this conversation . I mean, i try to make it happen with everyone that i meet. I think in. Lets remember that the history of this country is always the history of going from one end to another; from extremes, like a pendulum, in both parties in issues that have to do with opening the borders or closing the borders. So we are going through a period that has to be seen in context. There have been others that have been similar. We have been also through better moments. I am not so sure, maria, that this moment is against a color as it is against class, and particularly, against foreignness, aliens, people that come from somewhere else. I think this is a particularly antiimmigrant moment more than it is antimexican, although i would be the first to say that mexicans are demonized in this country in a way that African Americans were maybe 200 years ago and 100 years ago. Hinojosa and so in a way, youd like to have leaders saying, whats happening here is wrong, its racial profiling. And to learn from the. To learn the lessons, absolutely. I think its very important. But latinos have no leaders. We are failing miserably. We have no leadership you guys do. Hinojosa so i want to get back, and weve just got a couple of minutes left, about. No, extend to an hour. Bump one of your other programs. Hinojosa but how do we. You know, what is it . Is there a. You know, should the president say, we are going to have a national forum. Were going to put this out there; were going to talk about it. I dont believe in change coming from above. I believe in change coming from within, from below, from inside. I believe in dialogue that is not made through a Commission Like clinton had to explore race. I mean, we could have all those commissions, and the commissions are going to produce a document and pass it around and we, the intellectuals, are going to say, yes, or no, applaud it or condemn it, and then thats it. There has. The change has to be in the classroom in the Elementary Schools, in the middle schools. I think the classroom is a laboratory of. Of conflict, of clashes. If we dont use the classroom to debate courageously ideas ideas we might not like nothing will happen outside. My colleagues and i, through dubois and harvard are working on a curriculum to revolutionize how we teach science and history to brown and black kids, because what we want to do is to show latino americans and African Americans how hybrid we are, how black we all are all from africa, right . I mean, its 11. 2, so if i did your dna, i am convinced that you would have an astonishing amount of african ancestry because youre of mexican descent and native american. Hinojosa probably some jewish too. Yeah, probably some jewish too. Hinojosa sephardic jews. But when i did. And there are distinctive hapa groups for jewish people, because they were closed commuties foruse pron. But when i did eva longoria in lt s series face of america, she was 37 native american, 60 european, and three percent black. But youre inspiring other people, and thats what i was talking about. My own wife, watching your shows, now has been through google, through all sorts of explorations, finding out where her own immigrant groups had been about. That moves me so much. Andt ishat. What. The impact that can happen. But i want, in ou curriculum, every child in harlem. Hinojosa gets to do that. Well do their family tree and well test their dna. And while we wait for the results, well teach them how dna works; how this ancestor tracing works. You democratize it. And well walk down the hall and well teach them the history of the slave trade, how black the new world is, how old slavery is, and well teach them about my colleagues John Thornton and Linda Heywood at bu have theorized that there were 50 ethnic groups that were commonly called tribes that dominated the slave trade. So all of us are descended from one of these 50 tribes, more or less, in the new world who have african descent. So when the results come in, then the student will do a powerpoint about their ethnic heritage and their hybrid ethnic heritage, because remember 35 of all black men descend from a white man. 35 of all black men in the United States descend from a white man who impregnated a black female during slavery. Thats one in three if we went to the Boston Celtics tomorrow night and i did the dna of every black person, no matter how black they look on that court, one in three have a white male ancestor. Hinojosa so youre basically saying we need to get to a point where we see ourselves in each other without fear. But. And without obsession here. Hinojosa and without obsession. Right. Hinojosa so finally, we could talk a lot about you know, youre doing very specific projects. Ilan, something specific that we can leave the audience with of what they can do on a daily basis to encourage this dialogue, this. This seeing themselves in each other between African Americans and latinos. Open a poem, read it out loud to yourself, to your family, to your kids, that is not from your own background and see how you see. How you hear the echoes of something that will relate to you. I think that literature is not about reading about oneself, but its about reading about others and how others are really about oneself. Hinojosa and skip . Well, literature makes us all time travelers. You can enter any consciousness, any period, any historical epic and be the other, and i think if we rewarded our teachers in Elementary School and junior high school, literature could implicitly have this political end that you affect. My one word advice to building harmony . Vote. Vote. Register and vote. And longer a few more words . Stay in school. Master literacy, because so many of our people are either dont graduate from high school, and even if they graduate from high school, they could never read, they could never read with sufficient comprehension anything in those books, because theyre functionally illiterate. Hinojosa so keep hope alive, stay in school, theres going to be a lot of challenges, read a poem i love that; im going to go and do that today with my two kids who are dominican mexicans. Oh, my god. From harlem so we can all do it. Professor ilan stavans, professor skip gates, its been great to have you. I guess well have to have you back for the other halfhour. laughing okay, muchos gracias. Wonderful. Hinojosa thank you so much. Continue the conversation at wgbh. Org oneonone. o [voiceover] funding for overheard with evan smith is provided in part by mfi foundation, improving the quality of life within our community. Also, by hillco partners, a texas Government Affairs consultancy. And by the Alice Kleberg reynolds foundation. Im evan smith. Hes a celebrated academic, author, and critic, an emmyawardwinning film maker whos latest pbs documentary series is and still i rise black america since mlk. Hes Henry Louis Gates jr. , this is overheard. Lets be honest, is this about the ability to learn or is this about the experience of not having been taught properly . How have you avoided what has befallen of the nations in africa . You can say that he made his own bed, but you caused him to sleep in it. You saw a problem and over time took it on. Lets start with the sizzle before we get to the stake, are you gonna run for president . I think i just got an f from you actually
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