I dont think i know him. Oh hybridization. We had that in biology right just recently. And i was, i only know i. Mendels laws of heretics campbell, i who as he something about genetic disease genetics in it. And then then yeah, okay. Yes, of course. Yeah. What i, he was on the one been in the beginning genetics. Yeah. He was a month for all those still racking their brains will look at why his discoveries are so important and why school still teach mendels loss today. Welcome to to morrow to day. The science show on t w Gregor Mendel was indeed a monk. In 1843, he joined a monastery in a town now known as bar no and the check for public. He became intrigued by the peas growing in the monasteries. Gar, they had purple white and pink flowers. The pods were different colors to some peas around, others were wrinkled. 2 how can there be so many variations . He wonder . He began cross breeding the peas producing more than 28000. 00 plants. The results amazed him. When he crossed purple in white flowers, he only got plants with purple flowers. Then he crossed 2 of those 2nd generation purple flowers and got a few with white flowers. Again, he began to understand the laws of inheritance. Mm. Some traits are dominant, others are recessive and impressive discovery that has been a huge benefit to the modern world. So happy birthday to gregory mental move. Mendels laws still form the basis of our understanding of modern genetics. The later discovery of chromosomes further widened our understanding of how heredity works. To day plants can be bred to favor specific traits. Cannabis is one example of this. What at 1st glance might look like a marijuana plantation is actually a work in progress. The research is those green leaves are packed with valuable data to be assessed in the lab by a dna sequencing. Stevenson and his team are on a mission to unlock the secrets of cannabis. 3 repeated cycles of growing and analysis. Soon, the results of that was going to a huge database about the plant. If i am of hold all go normally shows each some of the plans are susceptible to pester, chang shao while others have resistance mechanisms that are obviously of interest to us not do and some plans have a higher yield than others. All can be some have a faster growth rate. So, and there are differences in their chemical constituents. We are the clients, can any c, e o and some the rebel not at all dense but instead contain other fascinating chemicals is very strong in the, in the hall. So for cannabis contains over 400 such chemicals, used in everything from medicine and the Food Industry to cosmetics around 200 have already been identified by the team at pure g. Finding out which properties a particular plant has, involves the research as decoding its genetic information, its dna oh, individual sequences contain information on specific properties such as flavor resilience and useful ingredients o pure gene has analyzed and evaluated the dna of thousands of plants. A task only possible with the help of artificial intelligence. The insights provided enable them to grow new cannabis plants with new properties. Eyes for the garage, the on the memo, val caught one of the worlds biggest cannabis growing companies who know operates in areas that have major problems with pastor the such as a particular fungus lame and meet the recycling alteration. Big thief meet the repealed small. This affects 20 to 25 percent dance artist, which means substantial loss. So skull old dot thing, that means your net eat, were center on top. So were currently working on cross grieving. The to produce plans for that company, resistance to the fungus route. So some, so i can literally throw off the mach, bring back along with genetic information. The database also includes the results of field experiments. The team has dissected, measured and photographed hundreds of plants, even record that the size, smell, and appearance of the roots. Back in the lab, they also examined the all important buds. Looking for evidence of pests and checking their exact color. The samples of them bagged and stored for future use. Dusty. This dispute is some we look at the entire plant, the standing and the number of side shoot josiah, which together determine the plant architecture tool and like many other aspects, og, the agronomic properties of cannabis are also relatively unknown emotional hello. We want to find out which plants with which architecture has the best yields and results in a healthy plant density funded misunderstood the. The key to cultivating new cannabis plants is combining knowledge at the plant architecture with dna. Is that of resulting to gene manipulation. The research is used the conventional technique of cross breeding. They create new combinations from different plants with different properties. Its called molecular breeding. And in this case, its also a business model. You can imagine that a pharmaceutical application will want a very structured plant in terms of its kind of annoyed and token ratio. And another customer might once a, a fiber from the plant and the plant that produces the fiber is very different from the plant that produces the kind of annoyed, so turbans. So here weve read the varieties which are fit for purpose for their application for our clients. The potential market for a range of cannabis products is huge. Stevens sand started the venture with cannabis derived tobacco substitutes. 3 years ago he set up the Research Campus here at just the right time. I knew seats i had made the move with tie down the call. The opportunity was there since cannabis has long been demonized by lawmakers who only focus on the th c. It contains 8 and little else, but at the same time that we fight a huge progress with molecular breeding molecule, analyzing this amount of data, and generated data points on this kind of scale that would not have been the hosp full a few years ago. The technologically or affordably all gotten with mach, lexi auto new to solve all future breeding programs will mean having big investors on board. But also seat developers bio informative sions, and a i experts, as well as enormous computing power. To give you a few examples, weve generated 200000 data points for canada, noise alone. Just this year, we generated a 1000000 data points of physical characteristics. Laplant and our genome sequence generates 10000000. 00 data points per week. Thus, each of taking a look even. This is a technology that can be applied to all plants, of course, but of our professor once told me, the imagine you have an apple, you change one single property and you get the show flies by 7 days. See. But think about the changes that would mean for the world outfit. It gives you an idea of what will be possible in the future with molecular breeding that. So thanks will come from off bush, but for now theyre focusing on cannabis. And with the basic research soon set for completion, eugene is ripe for a 1000000000. 00 market. Once again, all that genetic fine tuning is based on Gregor Mendel. Laws. His discoveries brought real change to farming and the 20th century. Plants could now be propagated to bring out specific characteristics like rape. See, for example, its thanks to mendel that we now have palatable canola oil. But the 20th century also produced a broader agricultural revolution. Heres an example from germany. A farmer, some animals and the simplest of implements for many centuries that was typical and agriculture. The farmers hands were his main tools, augmented by patience and lots of muscle power. 1 ah, but the yield was often meagre. About 1. 00 tons per hector for wheat in 1900. Then farmers started using fertilizers and pesticides that these did harvests by the 1950s weight. Yields had increased by almost one ton per hector. Partly due to advances in farm machinery, agriculture grew more efficient. With in blue doctor with the 7 gene, 22 and 28 horse power bulldog models. Lands puts a tractor into the hands of a Farming Community that makes the farmers work more effortless, economical, and profitable attack. Id just type in 1955, around 800000 tractors were registered in west germany alone. Gradually the machines established themselves everywhere in german agriculture. Land was cleared for them and areas were consolidated. Many smaller farms lacked than money for the Expensive Technology and gave up. Others came in and bought the land. Farm became larger and larger and with further optimized for yield. In 1980 German Farmers grew almost 5 tons of wheat for hector. The use of pesticides went off as well. Then the bank that when the vineyards have winter cold and me frosts behind them, pest control, begin, shift. The progressive era uses the culture track 812. 00 with the holder, p t o, the self propelled unit with exxon lower efficiency, sage, time and money site wont get there was so much production that follows overflowed. Starting in the 19 sixtys funding came from the newly founded European Economic community. It brought products from farmers at fixed prices. It was a time of butter, mountains and milk lakes. In the 1990s, the European Union changed the subsidies. Now farmers received direct payments. The more land, the more money, large farms were, the winners of the new agricultural policy, the yield of wheat po, hector also continued to rise reaching 7. 00 tons in the year. 2000. Then more space in nature and more Sustainable Production became the new catchphrases. Many farmers switched to organic farming. Yet the bulk of Agricultural Products still come from industrial fans. And those rising wields per hector in 2018 germany suffered from drought and they fell sharply. Livestock farming has also undergone massive changes. Pick cows, for example, in the past they provided both milk and meat. Now theyre specially bred beef cattle, have more muscle, dairy cows tend to be leaner, but have huge utters a modern dairy cow, produces 3 times more mil than a century ago. And breeders continued to fine tune in the lab with artificial insemination. A prize bull is brought in for work, extinct is theodore. So the bull mountains, the cow though, but the operator has an artificial vagina ready for which the bull ejaculates in 2. And thats how we collect the seamen long on the how much same into they get this, get this a in, from one ejaculate, we get 200 to 800 doses depending on the age of the bulls age. But its business as usual at the farm which belongs to a Company Called swiss genetics in north and switzerland. That Main Business is collecting semen. The bulls called in twice a week, the Company Supply semen from prize bulls to thousands of farms all over switzerland. Cows are then artificially inseminated with the desired seaman. Molten 700000 cows are impregnated in this way every year. Its been the companys Main Business for decades. But swiss genetics is now exploring new avenues. The emitter effect is hot. With in vitro fertilization, excels are harvested from sexually mature cows exalted and brought to the laboratories and we fertilize them there. The so called that dimmer. So then we take them over to these incubators here where they are cultivated for 7 days. After that, we either freeze them or transfer them straight to a cow with some instead of inseminated, the kaos directly with the ble semen eggs of fertilized. Separately in the laboratory, the focus is on harvesting eggs from the most economically productive cows. These excels of unfertilized and implanted in a number of different cows which are effectively sorry, got mothers o. Busy the procedure is expensive but necessary for the firm to hold its own in a highly competitive market. It takes milwaukee vick. This technology is used a lot all over the world and then safe controls on it. So we have to keep up to ensure our Selection Program stays competitive. Friends face clipper, it allows farmers to quickly breed cows. The half desirable qualities, the honest kinetic said about force the so say we have one cow that is genetically very valuable, saw me. If i breed using artificial insemination, i get one calf each here a no, hama for them the. But if i use either yes, and then i can harvest eggs repeatedly from that same cow a and fertilize them with sperm from different bulls the image to sit. And the fact that the thought that then i can get anything from 5. 00 to 15. 00 calves each year. Depending on how i choose to breed from that one genetically valuable cow for them, can it dish back for with you. Meanwhile, the swiss town of zant, garland prepared for a castle shy. These cows were in high demand as at donors priced for their genetic qualities. Fritos as big business, despite the costs involved, bought at least as many base to many long. I can reproduce cows that are long living and have a top milk yield me. So my farm produces more milk from the same sized heard tier for the breeders. Its all about reproducing prize cattle at high speed in organic farming. This kind of technology is banned. It also raises fundamental questions about the future of farming. As this as seriously called the risk is that you end up with a reduced jane poll because you keep taking the same dna from a few top house for a bought in organic farming. We aim for which via diversity or adapted to the different environment size, that there is no one top dna and there are many, depending on the environment. But swiss genetics argues ivy f could be used to breed a wide range of cows saying its not just about attaining a high milk healed in santa homestead. And today its more about issues like the feed conversion rate. So the efficiency with which lifestyle convert feed into desired output. Awesome. And then other issues like longevity, know, horns and good health laws. It came on, the excellent guy, ah, these days, livestock breeding is a high tech business. Opinions differ on whether thats a good thing or not, but this switch genetics firm is certain. Its on the right path. Genetic engineering also allows cattle to be bred without horns. So the less likely to injure each other. Many farmers cut off the horns by hand, a painful procedure for the animal. With genetic engineering, there is no pain. But animals still need to be slaughtered. If we want to eat meat, theres no way around that. Or is there, ah, this laboratory is growing the meat of the future. Biologist, p at try kruger heads up a Research Team at whitening in university. Cultivating so called clean meat a project theyve been working on since 2019. The process begins by taking some muscle tissue from a piece of real meat. The research is isolate the stem cells and multiply them and then create that artificial meat pit. I clue guy believes lap grown. Meat will play a key role in the future. If and anger threatened us endorsement, its shocking how few people in groups are involved in this area of research in germany. Its angry because we have a growing global population revokable and 20 years from now. We wont be able to feed everyone sufficiently with existing methods or more student chron, would say laboratory me, it will become a crucial element of wall. More than 80 star tops and Research Groups are walking on lab, meet world white in 2013 moser meet presented the 1st cultured berg patty. At a cost of over 200000 years. Miss earnest helped us be cut and we can also learn a lot, especially in these early stages by, by 3. Yet. We do now have products that are far cheaper than before, but theyre still too expensive. Anything towards them . Not the toys who mm hm. So we need this process development, your power on and what is it with it . Terry . My fear pit like krueger and had team have chosen to take a very specific route in their research. It involves cultivating what to called steroids from thousands of 1000 cells. Normally need a surface to grow on. If none is available, after a day or 2, they start to join up with other cells. I severe ones that her least wed be delighted if our i did with the steroids really took off and we could use that in large Scale Production buffoon chron. But there is still some obstacles in their way. Steaks, for example, have a grain, their streets with fat and have a firm consistency characteristics that a tricky to reproduce in the lab. When it comes to minced meat. However, the researches have far more promising results and can already produce an appropriate a soft consistency. Ah, so far, most people in germany remain skeptical about lab grown meat. A recent survey suggested that just 14 percent of consumers but try us out. Although young people were more open to the idea, a lab well flesh cling labs, mate, has a Science Fiction ring to it, like walk washed it than ever. Many people, the word laboratory conjures up images of a mad scientist, especially when it comes to producing meat, which we associate with something alive. Yes or li bending can, or he had to spin on. And its probably these images that make people skeptical through that light that yeah, and skepticism. I was the most of the word lab suggesting the absolute opposite of something natural women and they had a lot of people though you could just as well ask how much of todays industrial livestock farming really has anything to do with nature and natural product to simply looking elsewhere, the concept has already taken off. The israeli start up super meat is known for its regular bag or events at restaurants, where diners are offered the chance to test its lap grain. Patty pit try clue. Ga and her team also have ambitious, aimless reprint booklet, few accomplish bits we could produce, meet taylor to particular talkers, for spike, folic acid enriched made for pregnant women, couldnt be to me, we could add vitamin d and provide a more easy to to me. I can any variety of nutrients to serve in retirement. Hyams, shed been in national from no one irish and theres no limit. Rarely as he comb clinton gets it theres still a long way to go. That lab grown meet could play a key role in satisfying our appetites in the future. Until lab grown meet becomes widely available. Conventional meat and fish will remain important sources of protein for many still, there are also good sources of plant based protein including legumes and pulses such as beans and peas. But experiments are now underway to draw Carbon Dioxide from the air and turn it into protein. How is that possible . D ws. Ahmad chalabi looked into it. Hey, have you heard about this . But you can eat air . Im not kidding. You can turn Carbon Dioxide into food, but say to says passing from finland, hey, blessing. Whats on the menu producing meet alternatives to different kinds of dairy products. Its also sweet ice cream. So on up in finland in northern europe, pass here on the fact of that produce is one kilogram of protein powder every day. Hey, patsy. How do you do this . We havent mike rope, but basically swims around in a body of liquid water in a firm and i need the for a mentor, we introduced more bubbles of hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide. And this is what the micro needs to grow and multi life at the microbe itself. Is our product crazy . Lets check it out. Okay, if i understand correctly, but he uses microsoft with an appetite for hydrogen and c o 2 just add some newtons like nitrogen, and phosphorus, po are the whole process with energy. And the my girl will grow and grow and grow a protein powder coming out. But passion, how does it taste . It is neutral in taste. Therefore, the taste can be made per application, whether its weak or savor or are but with why should i, if the self passive, about one 3rd of the Climate Impact is due to what we eat. Therefore, we need to get rid of actually from the increasing use animal based product. Ok, so lets wrap it up. It is possible to turn Carbon Dioxide into protein powder that can replace parts of traditional agriculture. Good for the climate that sent to leave food for thought. Enjoy new food. If our blood is red, why are they from media i do you have a science question . Then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. If your question is chosen for the show will send you a little surprises, a thank you. Come on. Just ask ann for more fascinating stories from the world of science. Check us out at d. W dot com slash science and on twitter. Thats it for this week show. Thanks for watching and see you next week for another edition of to morrow to day. Until then. Bye bye, and stay curious. 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So for taking joe, do this mean her women in india into this week with this is dw news live from berlin. Joy biden meets the saudi crown. Prince and challenges came over the murder of the kings dissident. The u. S. President arrived in saudi arabia on friday and offered not handshake rather a fist to the prince. He once found