not just a southern thing. omaha, nebraska. st. louis, chicago, illinois. all erupted in race riots. millions of workers, about 4 million workers are going to go on strike in 1919. and this wave of labor unrest then fed into this conservative mood. it seemed to spark hysteria. this is a time when we are dealing with the red scare. the red scare with the bolshevik revolution being so fresh, that americans now determined that perhaps bolshevism had come to the american shores and were undermining the capitalist system as we speak, right? so in this climate there is a very harsh reaction to labor unrest in 1919. there were accounts of violence that seemed to be tied to the labor unrest. the u.s. post office during 1919 intercepted dozens of bombs that were being mailed to prominent americans. they did not intercept all of them. one of them blew up on the front door of mitchell palmer's house. mitchell palmer was the attorney general of the united states. here's the thing about the red scare. it is not clear that bolsheviks or communists sent those bombs. they probably didn't. it was probably anarchists. but in this climate then americans were predisposed to draw the conclusion it was the bolsheviks. it must be radical labor organizers. in the minds of americans they are one and the same. because bolsheviks as they are living out the words of karl marx, workers of the world unite, we have to go after the labor unions. mitchell palmer starts this new division where they are going to root out signs of bolshevism and labor radicalism and organized labor. these are called the palmer raids. they physically go to union halls in 1919, the early 1920's and round up people on suspicion of labor radicalism and agitation and the end of the porting a number of them. the palmer raids. the palmer raids were led by this general intelligence division palmer created, led by this zealous young investigator j. edgar hoover. his endless career is just getting started. ok. so, when we look at the labor unrest of 1919, we have to remember -- where were the workers coming from? we know because we talked about this. the workers were african-americans at this time seeking to make real the promises woodrow wilson had set forward in bringing the united states into war. going to make the world safe for democracy. from the workers' perspective this meant more democracy in the workplace. in the context of 1919, the overriding fears have just become too much. too many other americans, race riots in the city, violent strikes, feminism, the fear of bolshevism, these all seem to indicate we have entered frightening times after world war i. these all seem to indicate what the irish poet yeats would write after world war i -- things fall apart. the center cannot hold. that what ever it is that holds this world together, it seemed to be disintegrating. a time when young people are saying the following. for example, f. scott fitzgerald in his novel "the side of paradise," he writes, here is the new generation grown-up to find all gods dead, all wars fought, all faith in man shaken. the underwriter in "the atlantic monthly" in 1928 who wrote "the older generation has certainly pretty well ruined this world before passing it on to us. so what to do? hold on. hold on to what has previously been understood to be the truth. hold onto what you have always understood to be the truth." about race relations, about gender relations, about the limited role government should play, about the limited power of workers, about what art should look like, what music should sound like, and how literature should read. hold on. let's stop there. all right. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2015] >> you are watching american history tv. 48 hours of history programming every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter @cspanhistory to keep up with the latest history news. >> he has been portraying james madison for years. american history tv, to mark the 200th anniversary of the signing of the treaty of ghent, the octagon museum hosted an event with mr. hall as president james madison, using his early years of researching and pretraining mr. harrison he discusses the popular opinions of the time and the origins of the war of 1812. this is about 30 minutes. >> good day to all of you. -- james madison: good day to all of you. i am pleased to welcome friends here to the home of that which we have been occupying since last september. we've been here since february of 1815, certainly in anticipation of great alterations to national circumstance. this is well to be evidenced. i find that, from time to time, as president there is a necessity of explanation to the american people. as the circumstances press forward with the actions taken by this administration, there have been many reports of discontent is the declaration -- since the declaration commenced in the june of 1812. that's nearly 2.5 years ago. since that time the administration, having relentlessly avoided any imposition of the suppression of the present speech alluded to in the bill of rights, this administration has been most fervent in not disturbing the rights of the american people. the accessibility to freedom of speech and the press has found great opposition in this administration. the outbreaks and riots in baltimore that occurred shortly after the declaration in july of 1812 in baltimore affected how many citizens supported the war. the outcome was the consequence of the publications. my friend, henry lee, had suffered that is the consequence of that there. we were not about suppress the press on those matters. you had seen a reflection in the country and in the unit -- new england state. we have seen their expressions of discontent, even amongst those in the democratic republican party, who expressed reservations about the war. but let us talk to the war itself. for years comparing the war they -- during the war between england and france, the nations had taken a stance of neutrality. they had voted national law and engaged in tribute. these two nations of the world were at war. during those years, they were engaged in the trade and technology contraband of the trade, but we found the policies of france and england changing dramatically. in 1806 and 1807. for those two years, the united states was able to engage in what they call a broken voyage. where they had the permitting of trade that would occur between the two ports as long as the ship carrying the trade, such as a united states ship, would stand in a neutral port for several days, they would thus pay the taxes and tariffs. on those goods to the city. if they were not so, to have the -- sold to have the goods goods replaced upon the ship and go on. this process of the broken voyage was acknowledged by france and england, if not passively than directly. in 1807 the british change their policy and did not allow these broken voyages. the search for those orders of counsel seem to engage that any ship, neutral or otherwise trading with their enemy as expressed by their allies would be subjected to british seizure by the royal navy. the french responded through a host of other edicts and were engaged by a similar practice is the french navy and english navy regarding english ports, colonies, and allies. essentially curbing them of all neutral trade, seized by the british, leading to the embargo declared by the united states, total embargo of trade. this embargo met with some resistance in new england. i was told that some merchants might be able to receive a great deal of profit have they sent three ships out to trade. two were usually captured by the english or the french. in this regard, then, it was still be profitable even if one ship was able to return to port. with the embargo we sought to limit the amount of trade to those english and french colonies in the antilles and caribbean that were dependent upon american goods for subsistence. we restricted the trade to those colonies so that they would be forced to appeal to their respective governments and seek a rescinding of the restrictive acts on the parts of free trade. now, this was not able to be occurring. we thought the embargo also inspired manufacturers to produce such goods that could only be purchased in england and france. thus inspiring american commerce all the more. but this did not occur for want of capitalism. so, after a year the embargo was rescinded generally. during that year in the years following an 1812, the united -- until 1812, the united states had been engaged in an epic -- active negotiation with england and france, seeking to have them resume the restriction on american trade. a number of embargo act, smaller in consequence, the importation -- non-importation acts, prohibitive acts towards one nation or the other issued to france and england separately as they were not tied together but dealing separately again with england, thus whichever nation lifted its restrictions on american trade, we would recommence trade with that country and enforce harsher restrictions on the country that did not. by 1810, we had received notice from france -- from john armstrong there that they were willing to discuss lifting edicts even from berlin if the -- from malan and berlin, united states would lift the non-importation of french good. on the basis of that we lifted our restrictions to france, sent notice to england on the lifting of the restrictions that england would be forced to do the same. but england did not change her policies and we vowed that even the lifting of french restrictions was something obviated by the nuances of the declaration. napoleon lifted the restrictions on american ships already in the port, but american ships on the high seas would still be subjected to seizure in the terms of making declarations and uncompromising based on the -- and compromise them engaging these alterations and of these trainings. -- and this trade. these matters of course, this left our negotiations with france very tenuous, but still more advantageous than our previous negotiations had, with england. i had the secretary of state we had negotiated for powers to negotiate with the united states regarding the difference between the two nations. the presence of sailors. the hostility of western tribes. the nature of open ports. the paper blockade in europe and a host of other restrictions placed on american trade. we had come to an agreement and in consequence of that agreement we lifted the restriction on british trade for three months and allowed trade with england. but it turns out that his arrangement was rescinded by the administration and, because of that and later accounts from john foster, we found that the british would be intractable in the negotiation and would not lift any of their issues. most important, of course, was the matter of the present. -- of impressment. the capacity of england to board american ships of war, the incident with the chesapeake in 1807 was very consequential. this cannot be tolerated by this nation. with every effort to negotiate with england, to negotiate the issues between the nations having failed, it was inevitable, then, that we would be declaring war on england and i knew that by 1811 and the issuance of the new 12th congress at that point, in the 11th congress he found a new -- we found a new group of men coming into congress, young men who had been born at least at if not after the commencement of the revolution in 1776. these generals seemed ambitious for war. -- these gentlemen seemed ambitious for war. mr. clay, mr. calhoun, mr. cheese, mr. gundy. and others. they were most ambitious for war and one of the representatives from virginia, mr. john randolph, called it the war of hawks, they were so ambitious. -- called them war hawks. there were new members of congress, extraordinary as much as they wanted to have war, many of them voted against any acts that would be introduce to prepare the united states for war. you can't build ships of war you cannot ill ships of war. with raw timber you have to purchase it beforehand at the subtly naval yards reestablishing naval yards through the assembly of ships, hemp, operations from units and a host of necessary items to be addressed in raising a volunteer army, consisting of the militia from the civil state. all of these matters were pertinent. yet, allocations for money and appeals to the congress for those moneys went unanswered. it began with through a lack of -- of the war began with a lack of preparation ensuring that in generations from now they would remark upon my person and my administration for having been so ill prepared for war. one was to be reminded of the restrictions in the constitution itself. it is the congress that declares war. it is the congress that appropriates money for the carrying out of war. it is a congress that approves those actions necessary for conducting a war. it is the congress in one hand that is to appeal for war. yet on the other hand is nothing -- does nothing in order to prepare for that war. i suspect it is rather specious for anyone a subsequent generations to know of charges -- two level charges of ineptness or incompetence on the part of this administration. the war has been constructed the -- with the strict attention to the authority granted by it. we have suffered from difficulties in the northwest, in the niagara valley. numerous successes on the high sea, but certainly the most generous and enthusiastic ball -- to all of us here in the last six days from that glorious victory nor lands on the behalf -- in new orleans on the behalf of general jackson, eclectic assembly of soldiers that he gathered to defeat the british army, a large army, regular army serving against napoleon. a most extraordinary assembly of british troops, well-trained and seasoned. according to the report of mr. jackson, the british loss included nearly 2500 killed, wounded, or captured. history port indicated seven americans have been killed and 12 wounded, a most extraordinary disparity. this may well lead to the conclusion of the secession of hostilities in which they may negotiate a final capitulation of the war, bringing about a cease-fire, armistice, or treaty in order to end hostilities between the nations. negotiations with england commenced almost as immediately as the declaration of war was declared in june of 1812. most did not want the war to take place, but we had preconditions for the war to end. the british did not wish to answer them. the british had appointed admiral boren, of halifax, to -- warren of halifax to act in the manner of negotiating with the british, but he was himself intractable. we have seen irrefutable proofs over the last two in a half years of the efforts of the united states. and in the conceding matter we have seen further cessation of hostilities that had not taken place because the terms proposed by the english, the terms proposed by this nation had not been answered by the enemy and as a consequence, the host has continued through difficulties -- the hostilities have continued. the difficulties of cost in capturing the president in new york, managing to cripple one of the three british ships that was fighting the president. the president was finally taken. stephen decatur was never to be exchanged, coming back to washington city only recently, at the beginning of this month when i opponent -- appointed a shield as the new secretary of -- a mr. cronin shield as the new secretary of the navy. it has been his ambition in massachusetts to institute something broad through the navy , and i believe the congress will approve. the idea is to appoint a board made up of captains of the united states navy well-versed in naval affairs. the names of of william bainbridge, porter, and rogers they have all been proposed as members of this three-man board. it's my disposition to name mr. porter or perhaps mr. rogers as the chairman, appointing to others following mr. porter to act as the other two commissioners in the title and rank of commodore, where they will be responsible for the details supplied to the navy in securing it, leaving the secretary of the navy to other duties in the post. this would be a cursory review of the events that took place over the last 12 years, -- over the last 2.5 years including the reasons for going to war and the manner that we carry the diplomatic war on, particularly if i left out any military encounters or specifics of those encounters in the northwest by appointment, the politics of congress during the course of these days in the negotiation were going on in europe to the presence of our peace commission starting in 1813 in new jersey with adams in st. petersburg subsequent to the appointment of jonathan russell and henry clegg. -- henry clay. these matters are more particular and i did not wish to engage your attentions at that time. even as i look upon your fine assembly i noticed a blank faces that indicate the inability to comprehend that which i have already said. it is much more difficult for me to say than for you to understand. if there are queries amongst your number, i should be pleased to receive any questions you may have. yes? >> there was much criticism of you when they called it mr. madison's war. at any time during the war, did you think may be it had not been such a good idea or maybe you're -- it you were not accomplishing your objective? or when you heard the council had been rescinded, you had negotiated to take back the declaration of war, anything like that? james madison: a very good question and the fact that you brought up the idea of the orders of counsel which we found reprehensible, we found that within two months after the declaration of war. the war was not declared because of the particular orders in council and the rescinding of those orders. the declaration of war was first established to establish the dignity of this nation. we were an independent nation not subjugated to a european nation. the orders in council issued by the british as a manner of maritime policy but the rescinding of them was not accompanied by a declaration by england to rescind their right to impress sailors from other ships. in order to cause this, lift this in pressman to american sailors, boarding american merchant ships and even american man-of-war, we offered a statute which was passed in congress that the united states no longer allow any english sailors on american warships. this was to guarantee the british the supposition that gentlemen were deserting the british navy and fighting on american ships. our passing that statute did not seem to cause the british to lift their declaration of rights to impressment. in terms of the nature of the war, it was only inevitable because the british were so intractable and negotiating these issues. they sought to negotiate them several times and we had to come to some conclusion with mr. scott -- erskine. we had to make adjustments on a matter of trade to accommodate british wishes. but even with the extension of our magna minute he, the british did not resend their right to impressment of sailors. even though the orders from counsel are lifted, those issues dealing with the rights of neutral nations of trade in times of war had not then. the declaration of war is always the ultimate matter of diplomacy and other numerous attempts succeeded to make changes in the negotiation between england and the united states and france and the united states. we came close to declaring war on france as well. the issues of war was one of national integrity, to inculcate the american people a sense of american pride, to establish american diplomacy in the courts of europe so that they knew they had a nation with whom to contend and not merely some subordinate to the english or french in the matter of trade. i think the war was inevitable only because of the intractability of the british and their failure to negotiate. i think the war has been most successful. we did not seek to conquer land in canada. we do not seek to subjugate another people. we had hoped that the americans living in canada might urge that province to join our own in the united states. i believe my own secretary of state, mr. munro, suggested to the peace commissioners at one point that we might advance the idea canada being involved in the negotiations. i don't know whether that has been proposed by the committees commission -- by the these commission or not. these are matters of national dignity, not the congress. we want to express of the british american independence. for that reason, the war was inevitable and this time, we have certainly met the goal of establishing our purposes with england and the rest of the courts of europe. it has become more difficult since last april with the abdication of the corsican napoleon. the british would bring more forced down upon our nation in naval terms. the victory in new orleans would indicate that however much forced the british may send in our direction, the spirit of the american people will still persevere. we see it agreeably in the end. other questions? perhaps you are hear from -- perhaps you are here from washington city? i like having your company and i hope we have opportunity to speak with one another privately if circumstances would allow. maybe in a public forum, there is a general reluctance to pose questions amongst your colleagues and friends. i am delighted with your company here today. i must confess that this position as president has changed alternately with that victory in new orleans. it had been obviated somewhat by the report from the president, the loss of the u.s. resident -- the uss president but we had , two other victories since that time. we hope more reports of victories will be seen and the constant pressure on england to acquiesce to the most moderate of demands upon them. yes, sir? >> [indiscernible] james madison: a disagreeable turn of events took place last august and september. it was certainly a disappointment to myself and mrs. madison and to the rest of the nation. i don't believe the whole spirit of the united states, the dignity of the american people are predicated on constructing buildings but rather onto the heart and spirit of the american people themselves. when the unfortunate event had taken place, mrs. madison and i were separated from one another. she saw refuge and i have sent a message to her on the 24th day of the battle of bladensburg indicating i might meet her at the foundry. unfortunately, by the time i arrived there, i realized the difficulty in travel with so many people leaving the city. i left another message for her to join with me across the river in north virginia. by the time she had gotten there, apparently i had already left. a variety of stays in salama and minors ordinary, i did meet with her for a while, three hours together i believe. i had to take leave to seek out the general's forces. i proceeded in the company of benjamin ross, the secretary of-the attorney general and with john mason, the general, to proceed to brookfield where we understood that general winder might be located and we lodged there at his house. myself, mr. rush, and mr. mason and the dragoons accompanied us. we received word there where the generals forces would be. the following day, we reentered washington city. there, i was quite surprised by mrs. madison. we did not hope she was in danger by arriving in the city so weekly after that, a storm took place. we took private lodgings with her sister at the f street house. we have been renting from the thorntons when i was secretary of state in 1801. we stayed there for two or three weeks and received a notice. we were allowed to rent this house for $500 for six months until the president's mansion could be reestablished. the landlord removed himself to the south of here. in any event, mrs. madison and i had been well entrenched here at the octagon house. congress met at the post office. the nation proceeds with its public business. perhaps more uncomfortable than it was before but the public is this is of such magnitude and import that it would require us all to make adjustments to carry on the course of american activities and the american spirit in 1815. we all persevered. i believe it's been a bit uncomfortable to acknowledge your question but it has not been that the tarrant or any inclination on my part or anyone in my circle to respond to the request we removed to philadelphia or new york or some other northern place. we shall retain the national capital here. we built it here and mrs. madison has been most adamant in establishing the american dignity. rather than relinquishing our capital for some unfortunate turn of events, we will remain here and rebuild here and establish that american spirit and precedent to persevere in the face of adversity. i like to have your company here and i hope we may find ourselves in our company in the near future. we may hear news from some ghent that negotiations have been taking place or advocated. the appointment of john quincy adams two years ago in 1815, it -- in it appears the investment 1813, of these matters were made in december last year. we made a proposal for the british to meet and discuss these matters and suggested moving the situation to gothenburg and then it was suggested by the british to move it to ghent. the ghent tad -- the british had refused our offer to discuss last year. we allowed them to discuss the terms of the cease-fire and the cessation of hostilities. we found this past december in 1814, they were open to negotiation. we thought some negotiations would be better than no negotiations at all. mr. gallatin, mr. adams, mr. cleary, mr. russell's, and others ordered to reconstruct the negotiations and hopefully something fruitful will arrive from them. we do not know yet. inc. you again. -- thank you again. [applause] >> you're watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span 3. to join the conversation, like us on facebook @cspanhistory. >> now isis rears their ugly head and the army is shaky. you should not be surprised by that. you cannot undo decades of soviet era stuff in eight years. afghanistan, according to the president's announcement we were going to be in advising role, and draw down to 5000 year and almost zero the year after that. i would warn we will probably see a similar result to what we saw in iraq when isis attacks very that army was a very shaky without u.s. help. >> this sunday retired army lieutenant general daniel bolger on the failed strategy in iraq and afghanistan and what we should have done differently sunday at 8 p.m. eastern and pacific. >> all weekend long american history tv is featuring columbus, georgia, the home of the naval museum featuring warships, a equipment, and weapons used by the confederate and union navies. cities tour staff recently visited many sites exploring columbus's rich history. learn more about columbus all weekend here on american history tv. >> we are at the columbus museum in columbus, georgia. this is the troublemakers and trail baker's -- trail makers exhibit. we may see them in a different light. they may be controversial. there are often two sides to the stories. we are looking at artifacts related to the life of carson mccullers columbus's most famous author. she was born here in 1917 and spent all of her early life here. she really spent her childhood exploring the city of columbus. everything from the riverfront and the businesses on broadway to the fancier homes and some of these suburbs to the housing of white male workers and african-american neighborhoods including some of the domestic workers she knew. she had a wonderful eye for stories and the feeling for people who were outsiders and outcasts. throughout her life she felt alienation or loneliness in many ways, although she always had many friends. the other wonderful part of her short stories is much of them take place in a very thinly veiled version of columbus. if you're familiar with the city it is very easy to pick out the particular streets and businesses she is talking about. many of her characters are inspired by people she knew in her life or heard stories about from other old. -- other people. it is a wonderful way to really get a sense of how carson mccullers felt about her hometown, both the good and the bad, and also just to capture a wonderful early 20th century mid-20th century sense of what columbus really was like as a community. carson mccullers left columbus when she was 18 years old. and though she returned frequently to visit her mother and her family, her primary residence was in new york city. she once told a friend that she had to visit the south periodically to renew her sense that a little tongue in cheek there. but she felt more comfortable in some ways in new york. and she loves it to entertain. what we have here on loan from the carson mccullers center, part of columbus state university, several artifacts from her home in new york. like the record player or the ice bucket was an essential for her, of course, with all of the parties she liked to throw. carson also unfortunately suffered from physical maladies throughout her life. she had a misdiagnosed case of rheumatic fever as a young teenager and that affected her throughout her life and ultimately led to her having several strokes before hurley death at the age of 50 in 1967. so this cane that we have here mounted on the wall is the cane she used to get around that was very important for her. toward the end of her life, she was bedridden for much of her time. there is a wonderful photo of urging king out of this drinking cup here. it was given to her by her very dear friend mary mercer. it has a name engraved on it. that was something she kept at her bedside throughout her life. carson was married to reeves mccullers. he was a soldier. they had a very to much list -- tumultuous relationship. it ultimately lead to tragedy when reeves committed suicide. there is a lot of emotional misunderstanding and perhaps physical infidelity on both sides throughout their relationship. there was also a real love their and something that connected them with their love of literature. so, these are two books that reeves gave her. in particular, this one you see here says "christmas 1936 -- two carson, these books and my deepest affection reeves." we still have these reminders of what true them together and kept them together and why it was so significant in carson's life. one of my favorite items is this collage portrait by the artist scott eagle. and it is in imagining -- it is in imagining of one of her dinner parties. here in front we have carson. she was working on her autobiography. you see her their pen in hand. the aftermath was a very wild dinner party. we have the author isaac denison, the pen name of an author who was portrayed in "out of africa" by meryl streep. and of course we have the model and actress marilyn monroe depicted in stunning fashion. and this fellow here with his leg up on the table is playwright tennis williams. he and carson were part of a literary circle and cultural circle in new york that involved many intellectuals at that time living in what was called the february house. he and carson spoke frequently and he would have been a frequent guest at her dinner parties. i think the joy and doozy as him in her life that you see in this portrait is really indicative of how carson tried to live her life, and even as she wrote these amazing stories -- "the heart is a lonely hunter," even as she wove these stories of outcasts and alienation, she still wrote out the joy brought out the joy in human connection that was so essential to her. we are standing next to a dress that was worn by one of my favorite people in that this -- in this exhibit, and helen augusta howard. she was born to a very wealthy blue led -- blueblood family. she was considered scandalous by many people of her class and especially by her family because of all of her avant-garde choices. she was a vegetarian. she was an atheist. she never married. and she wore pants, which was unthinkable at that time. her primary activity, however, was concentrated on women's suffrage. in 1890, when she was just 25 years old, augusta howard founded the georgia suffrage association. she worked for five years going to conventions, holding meetings and leading the charge for women's suffrage in the state of georgia. this all culminated in 1895 when the national convention of the national american women's suffrage association was held in atlanta, georgia. susan b anthony -- susan b. anthony gave the keynote address. after the convention, augusta and susan b anthony travel to columbus where susan gave a speech right here in columbus on the importance of women's suffrage. her brothers were not as thrilled about all of the activity and the notoriety their sister was getting into. so, controlling be fine -- the family finances, they cut her off and she spent the next several years living in her family's ancestral home in columbus, becoming rather an eccentric recluse in many ways until a bizarre shooting incident on the property caused her brothers to whisk her away to new york city in 1921, which of course was one year after american women gained the right to vote. she lived at the rest of her life in new york city in relative anonymity until she passed away in 1933. she is actually buried in columbus at linwood cemetery, and her friends raise money for a beautiful, elaborate tombstone for her which lists several of her accomplishments and says "martyred" which is how her friends felt about her family stifling her activism. julia and julian harris came to columbus with the idea to fight the ku klux klan. it was becoming resurgent across america. but this had a much broader focus. not only did it want to terrorize african americans, but it also targeted catholics jews and immigrants. this version of the klan was also interested in getting involved into local and state politics. when the harrises arrived in columbus, the city commissioner and mayor made a statement that said in effect the klan was a boon where it was located, which is an indication of the support the kkk was receiving through a fictional -- through official channels. however they set out a combat plan in the south. the julian and his wife julia were natives of atlanta. jeweled -- julian was the son of the author of the uncle remus and brer rabbit stories. these were people that love to their state but wanted to see it continue to progress in many ways and to out run some of these outdated attitudes. so, very quickly, the harrises and oil and made their position known. example one of the editorial is included here. and this is speaking about the ongoing exit is of african americans the north looking for better opportunities. and he writes that other factors "mean nothing if a human being white or black, feels that he is unjustly treated. if he feels that his life and property are not safe from night riders and cowardly masked organizations, if he feels that he has no voice and making the laws under which he must live." prior to this campaign, they lost 20% of these subscribers. but then a letter to the editor proudly boasted that there was no klan control of the city or county government. the harrises also became involved in other national and local issues. both traveled to tennessee to cover these so-called scopes monkey trial in 1925, which they related to a case in georgia banning the teaching of evolution in public schools. julia harris was also involved in family issues. she championed the family welfare bureau and was active in championing literacy. in 1926, the inquirer son was recognized with a pulitzer prize for its brave and energetic fight against the ku klux klan, against the enactment of a law barring the teaching of evolution, against lynching, and for justice to the negro. well-wishers poured in across the country. some said that the harrises were only too eager to look down on their home state. they were outstanding journalists. their talents to not extend to the business and financial aspects of running a newspaper. in the 1920's they lost ownership of the newspaper to another individual who owned other newspapers. in late 1929, the new owner fire julia harris, indicating her tutorials and in-depth reporting were no longer needed and superfluous. enraged, they both decided to leave columbus and returned to -- atlanta to strike out on new adventures. many of the residents the moan to this, sending them notes expressing their sadness. an organization for lacked professional men award -- for black professional men awarded them for their efforts improving the lives of african americans in columbus. during their decade in columbus the harrises made an impact not just locally, but on the national scene. the -- columbus was relatively quiet in the 1960's compared to other southern cities. in the 1940's and 50's it experienced several significant civil rights milestones. largely thanks to the work of one man, dr. thomas brewer. he arrived in columbus in 1920. dr. brewer et al. establish -- help establish the 29 club. in 1964 the indolyl ecp spearheaded a legal -- the naacp established a legal challenge to a whites only primary. the winner of the democratic primary essentially became the winner of the entire election. in 1944, a local barber and minister tried to vote. when he was turned away he filed a challenge that when all the way to the u.s. supreme court. the u.s. supreme court eventually struck down the whites only primary opening the door to increase participation of african-americans a full 20 years before the voting rights act. he convinced the city to hire its first black police officers and continuing to campaign for equal education facilities for african-american students. however his activism came to an abrupt end in 1966. during a dispute with the white owner of a clothing store brewer was shot and killed. the store owner argued self-defense. however this pistol he had carried for several years after receiving threats to his wife was found unfired in his pants pocket after his death. more changes did come to columbus throughout the 1960's and 1970's, but they took a much quieter form than in other cities, largely because of the aftermath of the death of dr. brewer. what i hope people take away from this exhibit is that people can make a difference wherever they are. these are people who in many cases grew up in columbus, came to the city as young people and because of their vision, they were able to make differences. they were able to make a difference in the nation as a whole. >> throughout the weekend american history tv is featuring columbus georgia. our cities tour staff recently traveled there to learn about its riches three. learn more about columbus and other cities on our tour at c-span.org/citiestour. you're watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span 3. >> itch week american history tv's real -- "reel america" shows archival films that help tell the story of the 20th century. ♪ >> after a series of brilliant launches, the space team at cape kennedy runs into trouble. the rocket fails to seconds after blastoff. two engines cut out. it falls back and explodes. the task lead the aircraft to a point where the moon would be next fall. at that time, they would make test for a manned landing. officials are going ahead with the surveyor shoot. the launching crew and the block house were traveled for more than two hours while fires were extinguished. because of elaborate safety precautions at the base, no one was injured. ♪ the ancient city of new orleans always young in spirit will sit up for mardi gras. carnival is king. speaking of kings, there are monarchs reigning over the court. they all have a loyal following. night and day the merrymaking goes on. tourists from all parts of the nation. eat and drink is the rule. and who can blame them? in the days before mardi gras, there are parades honoring the kings and their krewes. there is so much to see, many try to stay up around the clock. when the last confetti is thrown, new orleans will settle down, but there will be plenty to talk about until next year. >> john dean joined the nixon white house as counsel to the president after john ehrlichman

Related Keywords

New York , United States , Canada , Columbus State University , Georgia , Afghanistan , Atlanta , Illinois , Virginia , Russia , United Kingdom , Iraq , Tennessee , New Jersey , Nebraska , Massachusetts , Petersburg , Sankt Peterburg , Ireland , France , Berlin , Germany , Chicago , Brookfield , Americans , America , French , Soviet , British , Irish , American , Henry Lee , John Mason , William Bainbridge , J Edgar Hoover , Anthony Susan B , Stephen Decatur , Woodrow Wilson , Mitchell Palmer , Julian Harris , Benjamin Ross , Scott Erskine , John Armstrong , Julia Harris , Augusta Howard , John Randolph , John Ehrlichman , Meryl Streep , Henry Clegg , John Quincy Adams , Klux Klan , Mary Mercer , Isaac Denison , Henry Clay , F Scott Fitzgerald , Marilyn Monroe , Helen Augusta Howard , James Madison , Daniel Bolger , Karl Marx , Jonathan Russell ,