Conference at the may flower hotel in washington dc. This is about 45 minutes. I am enjoying the First Experience at the conference, and i am very plead to be introducing the next speaker Andrew Roberts. Coming from the National WorldWar One Museum and memorial in kansas city, we have enjoyed many partnerships and looking forward to the next partnership this weekend. I have been excited to work with the church chill center and andy, i dont know where he is now, on a new Young Professional Group thats having an event next weekend. That event has completely sold out, so thats really exciting news for everyone here. As someone that works in social media 24 7 i cant help but wonder what winston would have done if he had access to twitter at 3 00 a. M. , but i encourage everyone here to continue to tweet out using the churchill2016. The social media team has been doing a wonderful job. And Andrew Roberts is on twitter, as well, so it is absolutely ok. I emailed Andrew Roberts a few times as i was constructing this introduction and i asked him to give the highlights to it she replied, a nondirect quote, i have written 13 books. I do have the immense honor to introduce Andrew Roberts, who is 13 times over an incredible author. Andrew roberts is presently a visiting professor at the Kings College department in london and a lecturer at the New York Historical society. He has written or edited 19 books, which have been translated into 22 languages. His works include hitler churchill, masters and commanders, and the storm of war and writing a biography of churchill for penguin, which would be published in 2018. Speaking today on the romantic imagination of Winston Churchill, please welcome Andrew Roberts. [ applause ] ladies and gentlemen, its a great honor to be invited to address you again and thank you, megan for the kind words. I put a book over there, not because it has anything whatsoever to do with my speech today, but simply because i believe in the power of subliminal advertising. [laughter] in august 1933, churchill wrote that american audiences yield to none in the interest, attention and good nature to which they follow a lengthy considered statement. It is up to you to keep that tradition going for at least the next 45 minutes. The concept of the british [indiscernible] was invented by the victorian and prevalent in the upper classes, where it was considered did predict to show ones emotions openly and where ones heart on one sleeve. It was believed that the empire depended on the capacity of officers and men to rise but the natural Human Emotions and stay calm and collected regardless of what appalling thing was going on. The sense of that british the center of that british believe system was to be found in the british army. In the earlier periods, cheerfulness did not imply a lack of manliness or selfcontrol. At a funeral in january 1886, every single one of the eight admirals who had carried the coffin to the cathedral, was in tears. As a less at least half of the allmale congregation. Regency renren unexpected to have to control their emotions in the way that their victorian grandsons and great grandsons were. Yet, there was one big taurean upperclass british army one big taurean upperclass british army who cried to such an extraordinary event, that we need to regard him and said that being a victorian, but she was chronologically speaking, but as a regency figure, born out of his time. Winston churchill was a profoundly romantic with the capacity for empathy and also possessing such aristocratic disregard to what others thought of him, that if he felt like crying, he did. Such was his historical imagination, too, that this astonishing could be released at minor moments and of great occasions, especially if music was involved. In 1993, churchills last secretary was interviewed about churchills tendency to we ep. When i was with them about three months, he wept a lot and he said to him after dinner, i blubber an awful lot. You will have to get used to that. John asked, what would stimulate that . Anthony replied, tales of heroism, the motions of tales of heroism. He loved animals, a noble dog struggling through this note to his master would inspire tears. It was touching and i found it acceptable. When it came to tears and sweat, church only about all of them, especially tears. Lord halifax described him as having a childs emotion and demands reason. Here are a few occasions through churchills life in which he is recorded as crying. The 30th of september, 1897, he wrote to his friends, viewer to his mother, i really detect a genuine emotion myself of this great friend, lieutenant William Brent clayton, who was killed close to him on the expedition. I must rank it as a rare instance the fact that i cried when i saw Brown Clayton literally cut to pieces on the stretcher. Churchill wept for henry wilson, the commanderinchief of the british expedition, after parting for france in 1914. I never liked him so much, wilson wrote about him. On the 10th of august of that year, when his faithful manservant Thomas Horton died, who had worked for his father before him, he wrote after the funeral, alas, i have lost this noble friend, devoted entry, who have known since i have been a youth. He added that there were about 40 mourners, including all the household who worked. It is fair to assume that he could be included amongst them. On the eighth of november, 1924, when Sandy Baldwin asked if he would serve as chancellor, churchill assumed it meant of lancaster instead of the duchy and baldwin said no and tears came into churchills eyes because he said that he would be able to vindicate the chancellorship of his late father. On the death of at the smith, churchills great friend in 1930, last night, winston left for his friend and he said several times, i feel so lonely. In november, 1934, the soviet ambassador, whose brilliant diaries have just been published, by the way, he was attending the wedding of the duke of kent to the princess of grace. To the princess of greece and he wrote that churchill looked deeply moved. I remember how churchill shed tears in 1935 wrote captain. On the 11th of december, 1936, the day after his [indiscernible] as i saw mr. Churchill off, there were tears in his eyes, but they were for a list tears royalist terars. Six months later, at the moment the queen consul was crowned, churchill, eyes full of tears, turned to clemency and said, you are right, i see now that the other one would not have done. During the munich crisis, there was a dinner at the savoy, where it was discovered that none would join him in signing a telegram to neville chamberlain, injuring him to make no further accessions. It is recalled that the telegram was not despised and one by one, our friends went out defeated. Winston remains, sitting in his chair, immobile, frozen and i saw tears in his eyes. I could feel the his last attempt to salvage what was honor and i spoke with bitterness to those who had refused to put a name to the principles and policies which they professed and you spoke, what are they made of . Todays not far when it will not be signatures the day is not far off when it will not be signatures we have to give but the lives of millions. Can we survive . It will be hard to do so and there is no courage anywhere. Three days later, alfred resigned and churchill cried again. In 1940, when fdrs hopkins told churchill then he would get a rifle from the usa come he was moved to tears. On the 13th of may, 1940, on the same day, we read george recorded the moving speech telling winston how ponty is of him. Winston cries and wiped his eyes. Ag so blessed that winstons eyes filled with tears as he buried his eyes in his left hand and wiped his face. On the fourth of july, 1940, churchill cried after the house of commons applauded his decision. When churchill finished his speech, the whole house, the respected party affiliation, jumped to their seats and applauded him for several minutes, loud, powerful and sitting on the treasury bench, the tension draining from his body, churchill lowered his head and the tears ran down his cheeks. It was a strong and stirring scene. At last, have a real leader, echoed through the lobbies. The recorded at that occasion, winston left the house visibly affected. I heard him say, this is heartbreaking for me. Visiting a share where people have been killed after the first grade, churchill in the words of a letter from the secretary to the war cabinet broke down completely at his welcome. You see, he cares, and he really cares, a woman calls out. He is crying. Two months later, another mp and pps to halifax wrote that winston had the decency to cry as soon as he stood by the coffin. January 1941, hopkins recited 4000 goes, i will go. Cash recited cummaquid taoist goes, i will go. It was hard for Winston Churchill to recall the incident without being overcome with emotion. [indiscernible] he would say, we had two lovely films after dinner. One was called escape and the other was a comedy called quite wedding. They were several short reels from the ministry. Her husband was the minister at that point in the churchill government. Winston managed to cry to all of them. Including the comedy. [laughter] the months after that in march 1921, there were tears in churchills eyes when he met the japanese ambassador. When he was asked why . He was said to have told him that he was an emotional man. Now he has tears because he wants to crush fiddler hitler and a year from now, he may have tears because of the war. Elizabeth nels joined the number 10 team, and said, sometimes his forces become a quick the motion thick with emotion and a tear would run down his cheek during the next month, he cried when visiting the house of commons and did not make an attempt to operate the tears. In june 1941, colonel george met churchill in london. His accounts of the suffering in france reduced churchill to tears. And at the foreign office, they noticed the Prime Minister crying the following month while watching the hamilton woman, the great Laurence Olivier movie about nelson. In that same month on the 10th of august, while sagan, austin game while singing, it was noticed that churchill was affected emotionally. That november, it was written to tom about the bombing of cities and the way that it affected churchill personally. And particularly, he wrote to the Prime Minister that he was keen to suffering. His eyes filled up with tears and talked about the suffering of the jews in germany. He looked at the houses and said, for homes p poor homes. It is beside the character not always appreciated. The fact that some people mentioned it shows in and of itself calling usual it was for men to cry in public in those days. Even something as mundane as a lobbyist journalist in 1922, that set off churchills waterworks. Major general john kennedy recalls on that particular day with a good tears, it brought him applause. On the 16th of october, 1942, he was moved to tears by a speech. The Prime Minister of south africa. The next month, he cried again during the march in the 51st edition in tripoli. Colonel ian jacob, the secretary for the cabinet, the sun shown down in the cried this sky and a cloud this sky and they set up on the upper part of the ruined castle, outlined in the archery, all under the veterans of the army, expanding the last city of bruce braleys empire. No wonder the tears rolled down his cheek as he took the salute of one of our finest divisions. The bitter moment in the white house when it fell was swallowed up in the joy of the morning in tripoli. When admiral cunningham took the Prime Minister to visit the submarine crews and the harbor in june 1943, churchill made a delightful speech. He came away with tears running down his cheeks. Cunningham. For murder out on that location. Churchill talked about walking in the valley of the sender of death valley of the shadow of death, and in that affect the morale of submarine crews that day. That november during the conference, one day after lunch with the president , he asked his daughter sarah to arrange for cry to go to the pyramids to see if we could get close enough to dictate dear close enough to take fdr there. It was written to the president that he must simply go to see this links on the impairments. Churchill turned abruptly away and said, we will wait for you in the car. Outside in the simmering sunshine, his eyes are bright with tears. I love that man. The end of that same conference, as it was thanksgiving, the president carved a giant turkey for 20 people like professional. He made little speeches afterward and tears were flowing down his cheeks. The band played beautifully in the background and everyone sang home on the range. New year 1944 saw churchill seriously ill with ammonia. On january 18th he made an unexpected return and to the house of commons and was flushed with the pleasure and emotion and hardly sat down when the two enlarge tears trickled down his cheeks. He mocks them with handkerchief. My friends, the late kenneth rose, historian, told Charles Moore im sorry. When the guards chapel was hit and 121 people were killed in water loo day, in 1944 he saw the arch light shining on the scene and and opening the casket recorded one and he found it contained not a scroll but the natzi flag that flow over during the occupation and it poured down his cheeks. He cried in april and also when he visited fdrs grave after the war. In may there were celebrating drinking on 1945 and celebrated drinks with the chief of staff and there according to allen brooks diary, tears in his eyes for all that he had done. It was an appalling moment and adam brooks failed the make a speech and thanking him for what he did. The it was one of the great missed opportunities for the chief of staff to show their appreciations to the prime minist minister. Later that many in the Coalition Government broken up, churchill was at home for those who served there during the war. It was also written in a diary that at the familiar cabinet table, he addressed this with tears streaming down his cheeks. He said that we all came together and Stay Together as a united band of friends in a trying time and history would recognize this. The light of history would shine on the helmets and two months later patrick and elizabeth sat trying with him when the election came in. The tears just as he we want a lot before the war and so did the tears keep on after it. In 1947 the french politician presented the midday military to Winston Churchill. That was an impeccable choice and having won as a sergeant and churchill we want with emotion during the speech. He was delighted by the sadly story that my holder of the military medal if incapacitated by the drink had the right to be driven by the police. Theres a photograph of churchill weeping on the 7th of may 1948 and there was another moment of emotion for churchill during a conservative Party Meeting the same month. The counsel of europe in 1949 and a book recalls out that he was acclaim bid the cheering crowds and we want and spoke in french and good guidance in counsel. When returning to office in 1951, churchill learns that the canadian government had decided that they should no longer be played by the Royal Canadian air force or the navy. He had by now the defense minister lord claim to the canadian Prime Minister. He decided that he would counsel the visit in january of 1952 over the matter. He is persuaded not to who according to threaten to close down churchill and move to a flat by the sea in bright ton. When he disembarked from the sleeper at the station opposite of the chat tucson, the band stroke out and churchill we want. From then on, nobody had the criticism and then by now at this point and then thats the Prime Minister and then they were sitting alone with tears in her eyes and there was official papers or the newspapers. I had not realized how much the king meant to them. I tried to cheer him up by getting with the queen and all that he could say is that she was only a child. He went to meet the new queen and take jean to who he dictated in the car that recalled who he was in the details. He later broke down when rehearsing the speech to the one that he was going to deliver to the house of commons. The following year kings mother mickelson recorded and queen mary dies at 10 20 and winston announces it and soebs at 10 45. They remember him being in tears when he visited number ten as a boy. Similarly, only yesterday i heard that Winston Churchill was so used to crying when he would recite poetry as the lanes of ancient rome. In 1955 the oxford al rous visited and we talked about is sinking and we spoke affectingly how bad it was to wake up in the morning and hear the news of the sinking of grate british ship. What was the name of that ship . Yes, the heard he said with tears in his eyes. In 1950s when sarah reminded him back in 1952 that she needed to grow up, i looked up to him and found the eyes bright with tears. In january 1958, churchill range waverly and anderson and the photograph that you saw earlier and today to con sol here on the death of her second husband and shedded tears when discussing her first husband. That August Brandon died of cancer. Upon hearing the news he wept saying poor poor brandon. They were reports that i have not confirmed yet and that was in kennedy assassination and he did on his own 90th birthday. An american journalist that went to london to covertu churchill funeral said that many recall him in tears and pride of humility and the stories of photos of him wepting were relished. They should be. They show an emotional man with the stiff upper lip of his time. I would like to thank john for pointing out that churchill has even be recently diagnosed with a specific illness known as pba by a doctor in charlotte, north carolina. This condition could only taken place after the stoke in 195