astronaut flying today. although robert has over 4000 hours of flying time, this will be his first time in space. the astronauts make their way across the access arm towards the shuttle in the predawn hours before launch. an american spaceship has never carried a human crew on its maiden voyage. at the launch control center three miles from the pad, final steps are being happening for before cap them. they're made in mission and control position, where the launch will clear the tower. there has not been a manned launch for kennedy space center since the apollo test launched in july of 1975. aboard this launch, young and robert launched controllers at the tape and flight controllers in houston will experience the most dynamic space series launch ever undertaken in a space program. all in less than nine minutes. profile challenging ever to be flown by a space vehicle. photographers, film and television crews, plus newspaper and magazine writers from around the world, nearly 2700, are here to cover the launch. in addition, approximately 600,000 spectators lined the coastal areas near the kennedy space center. arriving by every mode of transportation, they have come from every state in the union and many foreign countries. the promise of a rebirth in american program, and the dawn of a new era in space transportation of waste. >> 14, 13. 10,9,8,7,6,5,4.. we go on for main engine start. [rockets launching] >> roger, roll. a precise put it on heading towards an imaginary target in space. oger, roll. complete. [applause] >> status, final? >> go, 40. >> columbia, houston, you're going 40. >> the shuttle is now 40 seconds into flight. columbia, you will probably be slightly higher station. seats.>>ve, negative should anything go wrong, the shuttle is now too high for the astros to use the ejection seat. >> be set. >> flight. >> roger, out of step. capcom, tell them we are going to be a tad early. >> columbia, you're looking little hot. your call to be early. >> outlook is good here. dimico.by, press >> the shuttle canal continued towards nico, the main engine cutoff. >> standby, negative return. >> columbia, standby. >> you are good. >> single-engine. >> columbia, you are single-engine. >> columbia can landed safely at the naval air station in spain, even if two of the three main engines should fail. right now, the engines are generating over 42 million horsepower. >> columbia, up, mico confirmed. >> roger, right on the money. nominal. cutoff,ain engine columbia is now in traveling over 18,000 miles per hour. ♪ >> roger, we confirm the steps columbia. >> the external tank has just been jettisoned and is now following back to the shuttle to earth. the tank will break up as planned over the indian ocean when it comes into contact with the atmosphere. thetly, by firing maneuvering system engines, columbia will achieve orbit. then, one of the most important tests in the nation will be attended, opening the payload doors. the doors must be opened before the end of the sixth orbit. if the radiators cannot be exposed, heat collected from the onboard electronics cannot be released and the alternates will have to return home. the burns are successful. orbit,a is now in circling the earth at approximately 150 miles. the doors will now be opened. now.e door is coming over >> roger copy. missing one fantastic site. boy, that is really beautiful out there. we appreciate those updates. ♪ >> both doors have been opened. the radiators can be deployed to begin dissipating the heat. >> doors are all opened up and hunky-dory. >> ready to depart, right on time. >> and the radiators look good. do have a few tiles missing off of both of them. it is the starboard pod, a smaller piece. and off the port pod, looks like i see one full square, talking a few triangle shapes. we are quite with that on tv right now. >> roger, we can see that good. see, thenat we can they are fully intact. >> within minutes, and assessment is completed on the impact these missing tiles could have on the remainder of the mission. at a news conference later in the day, flight director neil answersn questions from reporters. neil: if i know of any tiles loose, the interest no. we are not worried about them being loose. >> is there anything at all that would lead you to say you might not go for a full duration mission? >> nothing. you guysia, houston, did so good we are going to let you stay up there for a couple of days. you are a go for orbit. just performing outstanding! >> roger, we agree with that. > and columbia houston, just for your information, you drop those srbs right on target, floating what they ought to be. they are getting to fish them and bring them back. >> ok. the ride was pretty neat. >> the solid rocket boosters which separated from the columbia as planned, two minutes and 11 seconds into the flight, ocean,into the atlantic 150 miles down range from the site. after being towed back to kennedy space and, both boosters will be refurbished and used again in a future shuttle flight. the third and fourth burns are also successful. raising columbia's orbit to approximately 172 miles. for the first television transmission from inside the spacecraft, the crew will give a status report on the mission. asthe flight so far has gone smooth as could possibly go. we have every attempt that we are supposed to do, up on the line. in the vehicle has just been performing, performing beautifully. much clearer than anyone expected to do on the first flight, and the systems are out of shape. and it is delightful up here. of course, we owe this to a lot of people. we certainly want to thank everyone who is helped get this thing airborne. we take great pride doing so well right now. >> ok, we're switching over to the camera gear. john's like to echo words, as i usually do. i guess being the so-called rookie on this flight, i had a thrill from the moment of lift off all the way up to what we are doing now. it was really super, the spacecraft has worked as advertised all the way along. i think we have something that is really going to mean something to the country and the world. the echo is performing like a champion, like all of us have worked so long on it. >> thankfully really appreciate those comments. >> i guess that does it. timing.s good i think you must have practice. just about to lose you. says robert.ents, not of the other events of the day have been accidental. srbs test, liftoff, separation and recovery, impact, four burns, latch opening and test hasest, radiator been successful. >> i guess we owe you one super that a boy for the day. this is fantastic. you work through a long, hard day. you're right on schedule, going to be a close for the spaceflight like this. first the activity. it sure has been fun working with you today. and we look forward to seeing you in the morning. i have the a good night's rest. >> ok, you guys did super work today. see you tomorrow. >> thank you. ♪ well many at our went into this thing the job well done by the shuttle-based team i would tell you right now she is a mean machine the columbia not the kind you smoke this year is the burn ♪ >> good morning columbia, welcome today too. >> alright. >> appreciate that super wake-up music this morning. >> we share in jordan. >> we have some good breakfast. >> today, the astronauts will test procedures for tomorrow's landing. a test of the flight control system is conducted by john young. the flight control systems operate columbia's services. rutter and spring eed break or they are useless in the vacuum of space. but they will be useful tomorrow when the shuttle lands. this will require precision move ability which these services provide. they load the bay door cycling to ensure they can be done to ensure entry tomorrow. mission, many pictures of the earth are taken by the astronauts. over 500 on this first shuttle flight. volcanoes, cloud fans, giantalluvial whirlpools over 50 miles in dunes 1500 feet high running unbroken for hundreds of miles. himalayas, where mountain peaks reach 24,000 feet. and one of the most remarkable space photographs ever taken of the earth. an area in iran exposed to wind erosion which have resulted in these breathtaking silt and sand stone projections which looked more like a painting in a desert. after lunch on the second day, the astronauts receive a phone call from the vice president of the united states, george bush. president bush: how is it going up there? everything rocking along? it is great. everybody views it. i am sure, the forerunner of great things to come. i think your trip is just going to ignite the excitement and the forward thinking from this country. so i really just wanted to call up and wish you the very best. >> appreciate it, is your vice president. >> the group also don and check out the ejection suits they will wear during entry. young and columbia passed every test. they are ready for the final phase of the mission. entry and landing. ♪ april 14, 1981. the flight research center on the edge of the dry lake bed in california. vehiclesy convoy of 24 and more than 100 personnel are assembling here to power down columbia after landing. clouds are also beginning to arrive. a string of traffic six miles long waits to enter the base. already here, are close to one half-million people will eventually be on hand to see the landing. astronauts suit up for entry. the asset and orbital phases of the mission have gone extremely well. now the final phase must be completed. before that begins -- >> columbia, you have a payload go for door closing. doors: kevin opened a total of 47 hours during the flight was now be closed. then, using the thrusters, maneuverwill be nel backwards, fire the engines one last time. and descend untiinto the atmosphere. >> john, we are all writing with you. >> columbia is out of context during the burn. mission control will not know if this burn was successful until they are in communication with the spacecraft, over australia. it is now over the indian ocean on the other side of the world. but from that distance, the burn must be precise. so that later, colombia will hit the lakebed target in california. >> columbia, this is houston. we are standing by. bubble.e on top of the >> columbia is now committed to entry. with a post burn maneuver and several firings, it is oriented to a heads up, nose 1st avenue headed towards the entry face. this is where the atmosphere begins at approximately 400,000 feet. from that moment until the shuttle reaches 165,000 feet, it will be in communication blackout -- out of touch with mission control for almost 20 minutes. the landing site is almost 4000 miles from entry interface. preparingn to check columbia for any damage just prior to landing. when the shuttle touches down year in we traveling at 260 miles per hour. right now, it is going more than 17,000 miles per hour. before it lands, it must slow down, lose energy, and it must survive the intense heat caused by traveling through the atmosphere at such a high rate of speed. turns or reversals are used to slow down and maneuver columbia through the atmosphere. this one is done at 256,000 feet. when it is traveling at more than 26 times the speed of sound. ♪ this one is done at 200-8000 feet. through these role reversals, entry heating is most severe. with temperatures reaching 2500 degrees, some places on the vehicle. the aluminum skin will melt at 320 degrees. the silicate tiles must insulate the vehicle from the tremendous heat. since there is no test facility on earth to simulate the aerodynamic and structural environment columbia is in right now, only calculations can be used to predict what will happen during this phase of the flight. the predictions and calculations have to be right. >> hello there, houston? columbia here. >> houston here, how do you read? >> we are down at about 10.3. >> and we cannot agree more, john. your vector is good. trajectory, velocity, and position look good. columbia is headed for home. now only 470 miles away. >> ok. >> and jonathan we are showing you rolling right. looking good. we are showing positive coastline. columbia, we should you crossing the coast now. >> the shuttle is first cited at about 1000 feet, with a long-range camera from andersonville, california. >> one way to come to california. >> perfect right on the number. >> roger that. >> out of 112 k. >> we see it, 213. >> the role reversal is done over bakersfield, california. ♪ >> oh, that is beautiful. >> coming. >> roger. >> and we are seeing 1.3 gs coming around. >> roger that. >> the astronauts are making the final turn to line up with the runway. ♪ >> columbia, you are really looking for. right on the money, right on the money. and turning on the final clear winds on the surface is final. >> my kind of wind. >> you are right on the slope, columbia. ♪ >> looking good. >> it looks real good. damagesting no tile or evident underneath the shuttle. the altitude is now just over 5000 feet. >> anybody there? power, columbia must land. they cannot make another attempt. >> they are coming. >> go down. ♪ >> pick up the speed. alright. 4,3,2,1. >> down. >> wheels down. 5,4,3. touchdown. skipper! road.umbia is on the >> welcome home, columbia. beautiful, beautiful. ♪ >> we are going to dust it offers. , first. super.as ♪ >> ok, convoy 21. >> wheels up on the columbia, wheels up. [applause] >> the maiden voyage of columbia has been a success. the astronauts and the vehicle have met or exceeded all 144 flight test objectives. the integrity of all the systems, propulsion, avionics, structural, flight control, power and thermal have been a affirmed. john young, after returning home. i cannot tell you what a could be that is to the american working woman and man. from all walks of life, all can abilities and they proved it for the world to see. and i am mighty proud to be associated with folks like them. >> what a tribute, indeed. it represents an achievement in aerospace technology never before realized and the man -- in the history of manned spaceflight. >> it is what we have been trying to do for the past 10 years. we have a vehicle with a payload performance that allows us to do that. must cheaper than we could do it before. develop space technology. when we get operational, the space shuttle will be able to do in five to 10 years what would've taken us 20 to 30 years to do otherwise. we could not do it without a space shuttle with payload capabilities. the sooner we do those things, the better off the country will be. >> a revolutionary new era in space travel transportation has just begun. routine access to space, welcome to the future. ♪ [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2016] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> you're watching american history tv, 28 hours of american history every weekend on c-span3. twitter for information on our schedule, and to keep up with the latest history news. >> up next on american history tv, the woodrow wilson the center hosted a session entitled "cold war, lessons from the us-japan." the japan maritime self-defense force and the navy, and their efforts to protect japan from the efforts of the soviet union and north korea. this program is about an hour and a half. >> for those of you who have never been to the wilson center before, it was established in 1958. the 28thoration of president of the united states, woodrow wilson remains at to date, the only american president who has a phd. therdless of what presidential election results may be, that still may be the case. i would like to thank, the cosponsors for this program. my colleagues from the institute, and the public policy program. thankwe really do want to the general support of the foundation over the years. not havepf, we would the japan scholar program. we are now in its eighth year. and the cousin of it, we have been able to bring us some of mindost brilliant japanese involved in foreign policy at any given time, here at the center. i am delighted to say that this year, we have been able to have a man -- a donor who has given 27 presentations, not just in washington, but throughout the united states, talking not only about north korean policy, but also japan's foreign policy today. he will be kicking off today's conversation, which will focus strategy in the pacific during the cold war, and its relevance today. and after his presentation, we will be followed by captain forrest. you have the flyers in front of you. he was the principal research scientist at the center for naval analysis. theill be followed by director of programs at the naval historical foundation. with that, i ask you to speak about 15 minutes, and then we will have enough time for questions from the audience. much,nk you very everybody for coming. we will talk about the cold war in the pacific today. why do we talk about the cold war? partly because we are interested in it. i am from japan, and writing a book on the cold war. captain scholz in the pacific, and a full fledged version of the maritime strategy in the early 1980's, has significant implications in the pacific. the doctor at the end, who also on peaced wrote a book and confrontation between the united states and the soviet japan.such as the sea of , but thereinterested is another reason why we have to talk about the cold war today. there are interesting similarities between what happened in the pacific during the cold war, and what is happening there today. during the cold war, the soviet hautesurned the see of -- into a sanctuary, and operated its nuclear powers and submarines, capable of attacking the 10th continent. today, china has installed installations in an effort to control it, and is building bases in the highland islands there. the soviet union attended to keep u.s. forces that they by establishing to defense lines to control this blue wall right here. line,e outer defensive operating to defense lines like the first and the second island chain to deny u.s. access. but then, the soviet economy collapsed. including, the u.s. and japan. and japaneses. economy might go broke as a result of that. was aviet union superpower, capable of a raging a global nuclear war. tois a long way for china become a similarly capable superpower, involving conventional and nuclear. all, while the united states and soviet union were in the cold war, the united states and china, are not. ofed on a good understanding those of those similarities and differences, we can learn lessons from the cold war experience and find a way to maintain peace and security in the asian pacific region today, mutuallyping beneficial relationships among the west, japan, and china. in the following one plus hours, we will discuss the cold war in the pacific, and how to cook create peace in the region today peace in the region today. >> thank you very much. thank you for coming today. i'm going to briefly discuss -- how are we doing on the microphone? i am going to briefly discuss the united states's maritime strategy in the 1980's, the u.s. navy relationships with the japanese maritime self-defense wars at that time, from an american point of view. the laughosure, for more than 20 years, i have been an analyst and a scholar. before that, a u.s. navy officer, and i had a hand in some of the things that i am going to talk about. first of all, what was the maritime strategy? it has all been declassified, you can read about it in publications that out by the naval war college. -- there were several iterations, some classified, some not classified. for those of you are interested, you can certainly go to it on the web, or try to get a hard copy of it. mr. swartz: so the maritime strategy was the naval of the overall u.s. military strategy of the 1980's against the soviet union and its allies. it was a concept developed by the u.s. navy to describe what the navy's leadership thought sea to best way by the block soviet adventurism, prevent them from starting a war against the u.s. and their allies, and if the deterrence failed, the best counter to defeat the soviets. it describes recommended u.s. and allied operations during peacetime in response to crises and conventional combat, and in the event of nuclear weapons being used. in discussing combat against the soviet union, it is assumed that the soviets had been the aggressors, and removing offense lee in some manner against the united states and its treaty allies. to counter that soviet offensive, they wanted a global, forward offense of, joint, maritime strategy with major campaigns in and from the norwegian and bearing sees -- the baltic, turkish straits, eastern mediterranean, and northwest pacific, and across the north atlantic, and north pacific. it for thought possible campaigns as well as the caribbean, south atlantic, indian ocean, and south china seas where they maybe had a presence. it assumed the war would be global, and the baseline, assumed all allies, including japan, would be involved. they saw to create, maintain, and possibly in large the alliance to include possible china. this is the china of the 1980's we are talking about. china that was very hostile to the soviet union, but looking back, was becoming decreasingly so over the decade. it represented the navy -- this is a very important point. it was the strategic viewpoint as professionals, but it was u.s.stood throughout the government, including the navy, that the decisions to do any of this lay with the president and the secretary of defense. not the navy. it is a question of democracy, civilian control was understood. but the navy's view, still there view today is, if the president asked you what do you recommend, what are my options? the navy should not be in a position of saying, we don't know, or we had not thought of that because we never thought you would ask. this represented the navy's advice, if you will. how did it happen, emerge? first of all, it embodied fundamental characteristics of the u.s. navy, and maybe that is a different industry from other navies. it existed, since its birth, the days of john paul jones and the american revolution. it had been codified in writings more than a century later by many naval writers. what were these characteristics? ships, powerful operations seeking to carry the fight to the enemy. global campaigns. the otheron with and u.s. services and american allies. you have to remember, this was in the face of a massive soviet naval buildup, worships, missiles, satellites, and worldwide soviet navy deployment that took place during the 1960's, 70's, and 80's following the cuban missile crisis of 1962. it was also developed, the maritime strategy, in reaction to the american carter defense policies from 1977 through 1981, which saw the u.s. navy useful, principally, to escort envoys of supplies across the atlantic for the u.s. army and air force in germany. they did not foresee the useful role for the navy's carrier in fleets,us and submarine and subsequently reduced funding for those forces. the u.s. navy during this. -- during this period had a better idea, they had a document , a concept of corporate operations by admiral heyward, the assistant fleet commander in the late 70's, it was called c and this was in newport, rhode island. this is important. also achieved in the late 1970's a much better understanding of how the soviets thought about major operations i should saya, parenthetically, there is almost nothing written about that. it is classified, but a book by our colleagues, called "the admirals advantage." if you're interested, that is as close as you can get to how the u.s. naval and intelligence, and what was involved in that at the time. but chief among the priorities, as we understood him, the soviets, regarding naval combat operations at sea, was a deployment and -- there submarine fleet, which were increasingly placing in their bastions in the bering sea and the sea of okhotsk. homeland, andthe to support the soviet armies as they swarmed into western europe, norway, turkey, hokkaido . also, the introduction of supply ships across the atlantic and hadfic area 1978, admiral left, became the head of the u.s. navy, and came to washington and expanded the forward offense of concept he developed in the pacific and the entire globe. these concepts involved the early forward use against the soviets of carrier battle groups, amphibious forces with marines, and other u.s. and allied naval forces. reaganrs later, ronald won the election as president of the united states, defeating president carter. reagan was a believer in the navy's concerts, and he appointed an aggressive and thoughtful republican naval strategist, dr. john f lehman junior, as a secretary of the navy. he also increased the navy's budget considerably. and then what happened? in 1982, was 1981 conceptualizing the drafting and promulgation by the navy of the maritime strategy to read it was a secret document, with an unclassified version not public not publicly presented until january 1986. meanwhile, the navy moved forward to implement the strategy that it was writing, practicing it in a joint exercises off the soviet coast, developing new operational contracts, expanding its wargaming program. coordinating with other u.s. services and allied navies, including the japanese maritime self-defense force, and practicing these new tax -- tactics, like top gun and strike u. some of us delve into our naval just how other navy planners had gone about their business and what they had done. we had the extreme good fortune of the time that our collie, ed miller was writing a book, struggling to get through it, which was perfect for our purposes regarding learning how to plan and write these things. he wrote the book, "war planner." a book, which is an naval writing today, a classic. in my world, the classic. china, reached out to visiting chinese ports for the first time since the communist revolution there. he's sailed to china, with useful lee terry could mimic torpedoes, helicopters, destroyer engine, still in service in the chinese navy during and they are, of course, solid american technology. the key aspect of the strategy was going after the soviet nuclear strategic reserve in the bastions. there knowing that we would do this, and probably would do that, we believed would contribute to deterring them from starting a war, just as we believed that demonstrating it early offense of posture off do and otherokkai regions would enforce the effect of the naval forces. what role did we see japan play? first of all, they defended their own air, land, and water space, including the straits between the islands. this would obviously block the soviets from coming out. it would also suit our purposes, because the alliance was tight that way. sea lines ofe communication, this was a policy change during the suzuki and other periods. the support we thought we would get for u.s. forces in japan, and we saw japan as being a country being able to develop and absorb and use effectively submarine, and --er were sophistication facilities as sophisticated as our own. world, supplemented the roles of other u.s. allies in the pacific, in nato, and the south pacific. this is a very compelling case i just made. not everybody agrees with this. there were several criticisms aimed at the maritime strategy. i can still show you some of the scar tissue. some came from within the navy itself, and some from academics. former carter administration officials, so-called military reformers, who were active at the time, like senator gary hart, and others. there were several criticisms from the soviet. so what were these criticisms? some thought you just cannot do it. soviets were too large, you could not do what we said we were going to do with naval forces. dangerously it was exploratory, while the navy believed that by making sure that the soviets knew that their strategic reserve would be in therefore, enhance the deterrent, there were several academics, friends of on theho argued that contrary, by doing that, you are destabilizing. this fit in with our view of the soviet line, that everything we ever did was destabilizing. there were several debates during this. thing. some thought allies could not be dependent on, one was in japan. so there were discussions about that. some thought that the soviet priorities would not be what they said we were -- be what we said they were. lines ofhe sea communication was crucial, we thought it was not. some thought it would not make much difference to the soviets anyway. the main event was going to be in central europe. since we were not directly -- weed in that, that was just had the wrong navy four. he thought the concept was sound, but we were building the exact wrong things to carry it not like the army did it because it took money away from the army, in their view. some said it was simply too expensive. ,here was a lot of criticism and the navy worked hard to understand these criticisms, and incorporate them into the strategies themselves, and counter if necessary. the administration remains supportive. after secretary lehman and admiral heyward had left practical, and some application in the 1990's. they continued their expense of building program, which was extraordinary. there were still destroyers asng into the water in 1990, poland and the czech republic in but is something the u.s. navy had to take into account. the soviets also staged their own games and exercises, interfered with hours during they were assisted in all of this by a few american citizens, whom they paid for information, including members of the u.s. navy itself, in jobs they gave them access to critical information, especially how vulnerable soviet submarines have become, which was a problem -- that soviets strove to fix, with some success. also aided by a few , who sold thehiba submarine technology when they knew they should not. most importantly, the soviets unleashed a major diplomatic offensive calling for arms wouldl agreements, which have the actual effect of constraining only the u.s. navy, and leveraging and stability to come to the assistance of exposed allies like norway, korea, andkey, south japan, as well as potentially friendly influences like china. fortunately, in our view, none of this works. the u.s. government hung tough against naval arms controls measures, which they clearly understood what only hamper one side. allied governments and the navy's working increasingly closely with the united states and its navy, as did the u.s. marine corps, coast guard, and air force. then what happened? you know what happened. then came the demise of the soviet union itself. after the end of their colossal naval building program and operations. the u.s. navy developed a new concept, called from the sea, for dealing with the immediate, post-cold war world. has evolved navy thinking. their current strategy is a thing called the cooperative the strategy of the 21st century. ,his is also available online it is unclassified. it was published a year ago this month. our alliances have endured and even expanded. a strong naval alliance of japan has continued, and is often front-page news today, as you all know. but my time is up. i look forward to your comments and questions, i give things back over to my colleague. >> i guess we have a slide. the first slide should be, there you go. i saved the best for last. hello, thanks again for coming. peter, i am showing a picture of the ship from 30 years ago, i was the officer in charge, peter was talking about the maritime strategy. 32 years ago, i was off the and, siberia in -- thank you for sending me to siberia in november and december. could not have a maritime ,trategy in tech ed -- tahiti could you? we had encounters with the naval vessels, and i was impressed with the civility and professionalism of our soviet counterparts. systemdeveloped a single with an agreement i will talk more about later. i want to take a look a little bit more macro, as far as strategies during the cold war. it by to talk about talking about the obvious. i was in mind that at the end of the war we had japan, and how we handle japan really set the stage for everything else that would follow. germany,news, unlike with the exception of it northern islands, japan's integrity remained intact. this was a military command, i was mostly civilian crew. one of the members with a navy sailor who had sailed right after world war ii. he was telling me about his experiences, and what he did, he shore, coming on upon a couple of children who were playing outside, him and his shipmate with sale near. the mother came out of the house, she was terrified. she was under the impression that these americans were going to harm her children. they pulled out a couple of hershey bars. we learned some lessons from per se. -- from versailles. you can read how we brought to japan into the coalition of would help contain soviet expansion. it is a remarkable story. and the western alliance importance becomes

Related Keywords

Norway , Japan , Australia , Germany , Iran , Rhode Island , United States , China , California , Colombia , Russia , Washington , District Of Columbia , Jordan , North Korea , Houston , Texas , Cuba , South Korea , Czech Republic , Poland , Spain , Greece , Americans , East Germany , Norwegian , North Korean , Chinese , Soviet , Soviets , Japanese , American , Cuban , States Woodrow Wilson , John Paul Jones , Bering Sea , Lee Terry , Ronald Reagan , Woodrow Wilson , Atlantic Ocean , George Bush , Neil Hutchison , Indian Ocean , Robert Crittenden , Gary Hart ,