he owns the largest private collection of american patent models in the world. so, we did that. i want up to cazenovia for two days with alan and and. they cannot have been more gracious and hospitable and helpful. and, alan, they had built his wing on a house to display the patent models. and, he said borrow anything you like. so, i spent two days selecting. it was a hard choice narrowing it down to 40 models. as you know, the exhibition was a great success here for two years. so, that is my first contact with the rothchild. did --bit about alan, he received a degree in pharmacy and went into the family pharmacy business. threether had established pharmacies in the syracuse new york area. so, he was going to do that for a career. , he was was in college interested in apothecary shops. the display of the objects would going to this shop. historicd to create a apothecary shop museum. which he did. it was open for 25 years and syracuse. it was now here housed in the museum of science and technology in downtown. but, he got bored with pharmacy, which he described as counting pills from one big bottle into a little bottle. boat, andt out on his he founded the medical equipment and supply company. he established a home health care center. also, a company to build and theye medical buildings -- were success. he holds two u.s. patents for these timing devices. and, he is an inventor and a collector of patent models. as i massive scale. i'm sure he will tell you about that his talks. holds a masters degree in instructional technology. she was the director of the senior citizens programs for the city of syracuse. and, she also has run the family business. the syracuse glove factory. she assisted alan with research on patent models. she is the co-author of the book on the patent model collection title. mass.g and better with that, let's welcome alan rothchild. [applause] >> thinking for your kind worlds -- words. think the director of the smithsonian art museum for inviting us to do this presentation. betsy has always been a staunch advocate of the patent models. her support is very appreciated. thank you from the museum of arrangements for tonight's event. a special thank you to elizabeth doherty. the inventor of education for the u.s. patent and trademark office. also, a very well deserved thank you for gareth brandon, the editor of our book who also wrote the introduction for the book. i believe he is here this evening from grudging guiles from california representing the public truth of their book. thank you both. also, on thank all of you who have come tonight to hear a program. the patent system adds interest to the fire of genius. this quote was by abraham lincoln. president lincoln actually had a patent. the purpose was to lift votes with the river. lincoln is the only american president who ever obtained a u.s. patent. it is april 10, 1790. president george washington had just signed a bill to create the united states patent office. for the first time in american history, the right of an inventor to profit from his or her invention was recognized by law. the constitution of article one, section a clause eight empowers congress to promote the practice byscience and useful art securing the limited times that authors and inventors with perspective writings and discoveries. the subject of the united states patent is defined as useful art, manufacturing devices or any improvement thereafter. patent, aor a specialization in drawing and model are to be submitted. secretary of state thomas jefferson, henry knox, and attorney general edmund randolph or chosen to have a three-member patent commission. the members are given the power to issue a patent, if they deem the invention or discovery sufficiently useful and orton for a time not to exceed 14 years. grantard's authority to patents is absolute. it was no appeals process. the department of state is given the responsibility for administering patent laws. it is between 4-5 dollars. this is an example of a patent model. all of the images of models in this presentation are patent models that are in the book and part of the collection. models were required from 1790 until 1880. many were still being submitted until the late 1890's. the model was not to be more than 12 inches squared and needed to have the inventors name affixed to it. the united states was the only country in the world that the required a model to be cemented for a patent. era, thee patent model office of a patent and a receiving tag so each model that was granted a patent, the patent was attached to the model by a short length of red twill fabric, and the expression government red tape may have had its origin from this practice. they patent tag had the number on it along with the inventors name, with the patent was for, and the date on which received a patent. the receiving tag had the inventors name on it. what the patent was, and the date the model was received by the patent office. approximately 10,000 models were issued from 1790 21836. the papers issued to the inventors or each side by the united states president, the secretary of state, and the attorney general. an image displayed as original patent paper signed by george washington on january 6 1797 for the invention of a process relating to the making of perl actions. 1810, the patent office moves from the department of state to a hotel. also known as the great hotel and the union pacific hotel. streetbuilt in 1793 on e between seventh and 8th avenue. for the first time, patent models were put on public display. tobecomes a local custom stroll through the room on sunday to see what models are new. on december 15 1836, there is a fire in the office. the entire building burns to the ground. all the records of most of the models are a destroyed. congress appropriate's $100,000 for the restoration of $3000 for the most important ones. luckily, many records are allowed outside the office. nearly all the models were allowed to be reconstructed. they were given an original date. the acts signified that the patent was signified prior to july 1836. in 1836, top -- congress authorizes construction of a new building for the patent office. the design is a greek revival structure. as many of you may know, we are now actually sitting in the building that was built near the patent office. congress set certain requirements for the new building. must be fireproof, meet the requirements of the office for the next 50 years, and include a gallery for display models to the public. by the end of the 1840's, as many as 10,000 visitors her mother came to be the models. reestablishes the examination system of 1790. models areion of once again required by the commissioner. the application fee is $30 for u.s. citizens, $500 for british subjects, and $300 for all others. instituted system is relating the previous practice of just using names. is given tor one john rutgers of maine for traction wheels on a locomotive steam engine. it was not supposed to happen, but it certainly did. on september 24, 1877 a major fire breaks out on the first floor of the west wing of the office building. it was supposedly fireproof the league. 87,000 models are destroyed. 27,000 are retrieved from the debris. and, congress appropriate's $45,000 for the restoration. 1994, iummer of stumbled upon a group of patent models for sale at an upstate new york antique show. completely captivated by them come i purchased a few of the models. then a few more, then a lot more. this was the beginning of my collection. in the passing years, models were added to the collection from auctions, private sales, and several other collections. 21 years later, the collection consisted of over 4000 patent models. the the years come of collection has been featured in hundreds of articles, stores, and magazines. some of the more interesting stories were in the new york times, the wall street journal, the christian science monitor, the robb report, and emirates airwaves. also featured was on television programs, cbs sunday morning with charles osgood. and modern marvels, and home and garden television. have generated more than 24 patent model exhibits that of travel drop the country. of the exhibits have been the patent and trademark office, the federal reserve bank of all ,oston, texas a&m university the louisiana art and science museum, and without a doubt, the most significant of all the exhibits was the exhibit inventing a better mousetrap that was actually in this 2011-ng from november of november of 2013. one of my favorites is at the discovery arcata disney parish. the one question i have been asked many times over the past year is how did i end up with these models, if they were in the possession of the property of the united states patent office. that in 1883, the models were moved out of the patent office and placed in storage. it was estimated that from 1884 until 1925, $200,000 was spent in moving and storing the models. congress appropriated $10,000 to do away with the short models. 1925, the models were sold at public auction in new york city to the philanthropist of the drug company now part of the collateral welcome. he died in 1936. his dreams of establishing the museum never materialized with the 1929 stock market crash. the estate sold the models for broadway producer who sold the collection to a group of businessmen. 1940, american patent models declared bankruptcy and they were required by gilbert. over the years, he had many auctions and thousands of models were sold. 1979, floyd peterson, a designer and inventor purchased gilbert remaining collection of models. peterson printed and eight volume set of catalogs showing patent models for sale. he sold many in private sales and auctions. i began purchasing models from him in 1994. i eventually ended up with his personal collection. at this time, i would like to give you an overview of the book , inventing a better mousetrap. written by myself and my wife. there are 25 chapters, broken down by subject matter such as steam, mining, home, manufacturing, agricultural, and various other subjects. each chapter reviews the history of the subject as it relates to its significance during the 1800s. featurester also government patent models with short descriptions of how they work long with stories about their inventors. our book has had over three dozen reviews and comments. all have been extremely confident tree and informative. i would like to share one of the comments with you by somebody whose name you will recognize. the rothschild patent model collection lets us see how different our lives to be without the spirit of invention. seeing what other inventors have done as motivated us to think outside the box. do we want to watch life go by or be a part of it? steve bosniak, the founder of apple computers. i would like to talk now about a few of the inventors featured in the books. corliss was known worldwide for his contributions to the design and construction of the steam engine. , he established the nightingale company in providence rhode island. of all the thousands of steam engines built at the factory, at most famous was the one the 1870 six centennial convention in philadelphia. the steam engine was the largest in the world. it's applied power to 14 acres of machinery. the patent model -- this is the corliss cutting machine from 1877. the machine was adapted to cut large gears with any required degree. this is the machine that was on display at the 1876 centennial celebration. whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin was born in massachusetts in 1765. father was a farmer. in 1794, he reckoned -- revolutionized the industry with his invention for removing seeds. eliwhitney son also named was born in 1820. he was five years old at the time of his father's death. away, hefather passed too became known simply as eli whitney. 1841, the son eli's portrait is on the screen took over the operation of the musket manufacturing from his cousins, the blake brothers who we will talk about next. whitney's patent model was for a new and improved breech loading firearm. he received many patents over the 30 year time. he was one of the first gunfacturers for percussion caps. the son eli whitney died in 1894 at the age of 74. they first lock company in new haven was the blake brothers company. it started in 1833 by three brothers. eli whitney blake, john blake and lawrence blake. inventor of the cotton gin, after whitney's death in 1825, the blake brothers took over the operation of the gun factory. as i mentioned, his son took over the operation from his cousins. 1858, he invented the first stone crushing machine which provided the material to build the nation's first paved roadways. this achievement earned him the title father of the american road system. brothers, patented by them in 1833 was the world's first lock and latch that was inserted into the body of the door. there invention replaced the box lock and latch that was affixed to the outside surface of the door. sir henry stephen maxim was born in maine in 1840. all born in america, he later became a british citizen. he received his greatest recognition for inventing the world's first portable machine gun. his gun could shoot 500 rounds per minute, equipped with the firepower of 100 rifles. the gun revolutionized warfare. he offered his weapon to the united states war and navy departments. both of which declined it on the ground that it was impractical. the following year, he sold his gun to most of the major powers in europe. in 1900, he was knighted by queen victoria, becoming sir henry maxim in recognition of his contribution his gun played in the success of the british army. he was a prolific inventor, from inventing the first automated sprinkler system to flying a plane before the wright brothers. it was in brooklyn, new york or he developed machines for generating and illuminating gas. establishing the gas company. his invention for the carburetor was in our -- automated machine recalculating error for illuminated purposes. melvin bissell and his wife or partners in a cracker store. frequently material would spill onto the floor and needed to be constantly cleaned up. this'll was frustrated with the sweeper he was using. patented his bissell carpet sweeper. melvin bissell died in 1889 at the age of 45. upon his death, as wife became the head of the company, becoming the first female ceo in america. the bissell carpet sweeper was patented in 1886, the drive wheels that turned the rotary relocated outside their walls of the sweeper casing. the casing was surrounded with a circled elastic band for preventing the dry wheels and casing from coming into contact and messing up the furniture or wall surfaces. the bissell company is still in existence today in grand rapids, michigan. it is still family-owned. in 1843, at the age of 19, a young quaker named stephen whitman set up a small shop close to the waterfront in philadelphia, pennsylvania, trying to compete with the fine european chocolates of the time. future customers from all walks of life. it was the sailors from the nearby wharf who provided him flavors from their travels. he incorporated all of these delicacies into his chocolates. he began his company selling individual chocolates. by 1854, he introduced his first box of candies. whitman sugarplums. container, a kinky it became the first packaged confession in the printed trademark. sugarplums used to refer to any type of candy. intman patented his machine 1875. the machine use a steam box surrounding the body to heat the pre-molded batch which would be poured into multiple vessels located around the top. a lever controlled a sliding gate. testament to stephen whitman, 160 years later, the whitman name is still synonymous with chocolate. was an american press maker who, in 1843 invented the rotary press. it will revolutionize printing. the rotary press printed both sides of a sheet of paper at the same time. press couldtary print 8000 pages per hour. a larger press made renting larger newspapers possible. he received over 30 patents for his inventions. his inventions were responsible for the company becoming one of the most successful manufacturers of printing equipment in north america. his patent model for printing railroad tickets was one of the most elaborate and rare in the collection. today, 12 models by richard neal on the national museum of american history. i believe that this is the only other existing model not in that collection. this press uses a revolving cylinder numbering the tickets in successive numbers by a registry apparatus. then, cut them from the role and deposited them in a receptacle based on numerical order. every one else was knowing england's first women engineer in her improvement and propeller might be the most important medical invention of the 19th century. father, henry and his had patented his idea of a submerged gun mounted propeller. the low propeller was fitted on many warships. ,ollowing her father's death she carried on the pioneering work in the development of the propeller for steamship. her propeller was used on many warships and liners. on may 4, 1869, vance card received a united states patent for her construction of the propeller. allow ships to go faster with less fuel, less vibration, and better steering while in reverse. the civil war changed the field of military surgery and orthopedics. the powerful, destructive, and more powerful weapons did more damage to the human body than ever seen before. resulting in not only more injuries, but injuries of a more critical nature. beginning in 1862, the federal with uniongave money actions with which to purchase artificial limbs. abt were given $50 for the arm, and $75 for the leg. in the state of north carolina, a resolution was passed to begin a program similar to the federal one to supply legs to confederate veterans. the state of north carolina, contracted with jewels like company contracted to give that to be tease. the leg supplied was an artificial leg at number 35,686. this is the actual patent model for the artificial leg that ended up being given to the confederate soldiers of the state of north carolina. company was started in new york city in 1853. it was a family business run by henry steinway along with some of his eight children. christian steinway, the eldest of the five sons was a brilliant engineer and scientist. he accelerated the pace of invention, research, and development within the company. he was responsible for 45 of the firm's 100 patents. frameatent model of the was one of christian steinway's most important inventions. the all grass frame covered the width of the pno, a wire was attached to each key that went over the bar, then under, then back over again. it was then attached to a tuning peg. this was the first invention that kept each note in kingdom. it was eventually copied by every panel manufacturer in the world. at this point, i have gone through a abbreviated synopsis of the first 23 chapters in the book. it is time now for some fun. chapter 24 is a visual quiz of 25 models to see if you can guess what the invention is. let's try one and see how you do. please, raise your hand if you think this is a circumference the, a hilovice, arm at her, see, a rocking cradle, and the a coin sorter. it looks like the coin sorter got the most votes. unfortunately, he said that, you're wrong. it is a healy almond or. a healy almond or is a type of sundial. so, now, you know at least one correct answer on the quiz. another unusual part of the book is chapter 25. six patent models you can make. the models are in the electromagnetic rotor, the lounge, a mouse trap, a pigeon starter, a rowboat, and a washing machine. arelete instructions included to allow the reader to build their own replica of the model using 3-d printing conventional techniques and other inventions. one of the models you can rip you create is a pigeon starter. you're probably thinking what the heck is that? at the time this patent was issued in 1875, live pigeons were used for target practice and traps dug into the ground just below eye level. however, opening the trap was often not enough to make the pigeons fly up or, even leave. yelling and throwing stones at the pigeons are common methods of starting the pigeons. but, it impacted the shooters concentration. this started made a loud noise and use a catlike figure that moved from a crowded position into an upright stance to startle the birds with flight. soon come after the patent was issued, the shooting of live pigeons for sport was banned. the live pigeons were replaced right a patented clay discs which are then named clay pigeons. they sport took on the name of trapshooting, resulting from the fact that the pigeons were originally kept in those traps. the replica model you can build looks like this. the original looks like this. once again, this is when you can build. at this time, i would like to do -- introduce dr. david cole, ahead of the hadley museum and library which is located in delaware. dr. cole wrote the afterward the book, what is next? [applause] dr. cole: can you hear me go -- hearing me? you heard a few stories. the first one told very well by alan is the story of american innovation. how the u.s. patent system developed and, how the models became the main artifact in the innovation of this country of the 19th century. it is an exciting -- exciting story full of fantastic artifacts ideas, and inventions. but, also, is a bit of a checkered history. punctuated by some rather sad events. there is a rather dismal history for the models beginning in the late 19th century, and into the early 20th century and sadly they were neglected. their full value as a visual record of american innovation and what some consider the golden age of innovation of this country was sadly ignored and lost. but, then you heard another story. it is a better story. it is a story about how a handful of people throughout the 20th century kept the plan alive. and, culminating in the marvelous work that allen and and have done for over 20 years to gradually, and with great enthusiasm and energy gathered together over 4000 of these models and, create, as he mentioned the greatest private collection of these models anywhere in the world. really preserving through these artifacts a legacy of innovation that would otherwise have been lost. so come wield them a great deal having done this. now, they are passing the baton. and, i am the director of the hagley museum and library in wilmington, delaware where we specialize in determining the history of business and technology and innovation. and, we have been doing that for over 60 years. but now come with have some wonderful new toys to play with. i am delighted to say that allen and and have chosen to bestow upon our museum both a great honor and a great responsibility. have4000 of the models come through their entire collection to the hagley museum and library. and, it will be our job and our pleasure in the years to come to interpret them. to carry on the great work that they began and was accelerated in 2011 by betsy and charles here at this institution, bringing to the public's attention what a wonderful legacy of innovation this is and come what marvelous stories there are two tells through these models about the history of american innovation. it will be our job in the years to come at hagley through exhibitions and educational programs and traveling shows and documentaries and all kinds of media to bring these models that are associated stories to life. really, there are two rules. appreciationer an for and an understanding of innovation in america, simply the 19th century, but also, without something else happens. we hope that people of all ages, when exposed to these models in the stores that have to tell will become inspired to innovate in their own lives. that is really the ultimate goal. and come i think it was allen said the first time we met what his dream was come with their dream was for these models. that is that you hope that somebody looks at one of these models and is inspired to create, in their own rights to create something and, maybe if they get lucky and the stars align, they will be able to build a business around that invention. ,aybe, if they really get lucky they can build a community around that business. that is our vision. that is what we hope to do. privilegedfeel so that the rothschild would give us this opportunity and come away hope we do not let you down in the years to come. thank you very much. enjoy the book. i highly recommend it. [applause] mr. rothchild: thank you. >> i would like to know if anybody has any questions. i will do my best to answer them. on either microphone side of the auditorium. you can ask your questions. >> [indiscernible] >> hello. i'm curious if while you are building your collection if you came across any models that you are interested in adding. if so, why? my models were made up of many different collections private fromodels at auctions, and individuals that maybe had one or two models. there is really not any one particular model that i would have wanted, except, maybe an edison model. there were very few edison patent models, he had many patents, but, the reason there were not many because most of his inventions were after the model requirement. >> i am confused about the dispersion of models any patent office. someone to the smithsonian and someone out at auction. out? d all of that play mr. rothchild: the models were offered first to the smithsonian and other industrialists. 1925, that happened. in 1925, the bulk of the models were put out to auction in new york city. henry welcomedr into group of models. they were in the hundreds of thousands. -- thousands. >> are the models on display at the museum now? or, are you in the process of mounting an exhibit? what is the status? >> we have about 100 on display right now. we will add that from a few years ago. >> their exit 25 models on display here at the smithsonian. being involved in , one of theffice disclosuresis the coming in through video format 3-d formats and virtual course,gies, and, of this is a lot of 3-d printing craze going on at the moment. you think these models could make a comeback? book washild: our published by the mixed-media, the company that goes throughout the world. strong there is a very interest in making. individualsoung and, if anyvolved, of you have an interest, it is really unbelievable event to attend. i do not think there will ever be a requirement for patent would in the office, i roof deferred to elizabeth the -- iand, i think think there's a very strong --erest at the present time, >> out of your collection, remember that you spent a number of resources returning the patent models, and many were not restored, i just wondering if there was a restoration for those models? mr. rothchild: i'll refer that to dr. cole. dr. cole: we had a couple of reservations on the staff, some of the models may be restored. interestlightly in the of not over restoring, and not attempting to remove some of the original qualities. as we continue to unpack them and work our way through them, we will have that discovery. mr. rothchild: thank you. with the end of the requirement for patent models, is there any that itthat indicates cause any kind of a problem with the approval or issuance or the understanding of the concepts are the patent examiners yuriko was there any material affect with the end of the model iquirement you go dr. cole: do not know of any. i've never seen any written about that. i think that it basically probably became overwhelming, the number of patents became a geometric each year, almost from the very beginning. time itink that by that is mention in 1870, the patent offices had more models, they were still turned in during a great number until 1880, the patent office said we really do not want any more models. and, model making was a profession at the time. the inventors were used to submitting a model. were stillakers turned in from 1880 right but, it is in a very small number. to answer your question, i think glad tont office was have them not being submitted anymore, and they panned examiners probably were just as happy also. it was overwhelming, as you can imagine, some of you have seen the models of stairs. 25 models, some of the room they took up. they're having a couple hundred thousand models in this building , that is where they were. >> thank you for the talk. i have only to the models by the glass, i was wondering how functional they are when you actually get to touch them. are handles, it looks like -- obviously, they are a model of an actual invention, but will usually have these moving parts. to a lot of these models -- are the functional or just a visual representation? mr. rothchild: when these models were made by the model maker, they were actually supposed to be functioning that showed what the claims were for the invention. so, they were functioning at one time. there were moving parts. yes, today, itis would be hard for them to still be working, because they could be over hundreds of years old. -- over 100 years old. >> my thanks to you, both for your beautiful collection, and your generous gift to the public and to the nation to choose to share this beautiful gift of your collection, and to share it in this beautiful book that is now developed. so, more people can learn and benefit from this beautiful piece of history, i do have one question. that is, having been bitten by the bug, are you still buying the models? mr. rothchild: that is a very good question. and, people have asked me that. as i said to david we're talking about the collection, i probably keepd have said i want to out, but how minute i said that, would probably get into some kind of disagreement on which so, i decided i would go cold turkey and give up the whole thing. read it recently they said once a collector, always a collector. that i haveo say started a new cap model collection. i have five models in my new collection. david asked how many was a planning on collecting. i said i want to hit 4010. i will probably end up with maybe 15-25. i want to be able to pass them on to our grandchildren so, they have an idea of how crazy the grandfather really was. thank you. earlier theoned word claims. i am not a she sure if there is any particular way with these models highlighting with the claims were. mr. rothchild: i am not sure. >> most of the models upstairs show particular devices. quite often, they are generic. they have claims with a particular thing which the models embody in some way. i'm wondering, quite often they include a general technology as well as a particular claim. was her anyway of highlighting these particular claims in the model? the past papers explain in detail. the models have an easy way of explaining what those claims are. or do you have to read the patent? mr. rothchild: if you get the papers and read them carefully, you can match the claims to the model. there is simply no claim about it. the model, by itself -- you have to read the patent papers. that we can understand the claims. mentioned, people say why have the patent model to begin with? they thought was that it made it easier for the patent examiners to see what the inventor was trying to claim. then, when the inventors submitted a new application for the patent, the examiner to take the new model and physically take it to where the model brings the two together. that was the purpose of the origin of why the patent models were required. >> with time for one more question. >> do you have any sense of the kinds of patents that people ase -- applying for changed a result of the patent requirement? mr. rothchild: i think that as time went on, number one, most all of the patents that were ,atented were improvements there was not really a tremendous amount of new patents issued during this time. we have the new patent system, and england had an ongoing system, most everything that was patented in the u.s. had already , so,patented in england most all of the inventions during this time were for previous patents, but, there were improvements upon them, so, as the years went on after the requirement was gone, i think ,at and became more complex and, today, they are extremely complex. >> thank you very much for your presentation. [applause] the shop is open. if you would like to purchase a book, feel free to go upstairs and get one. then, you can join us downstairs for a brief reception. thank you alan. thank you for coming. >> you're watching american history tv, 48 hours of programming on american history, every weekend on c-span3. follows on twitter at c-span history for information on our schedule and come to keep up with the latest history news. >> over the course of five weeks, american history tv is marking the 40th anniversary of the 1976 release of the church committee's final report on government intelligence activity with extended portions of televised activities. can find more 10:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. here on c-span3. here's a preview. >> welcome to railamerica on c-span3's american history tv, 40 years ago, in the wake of watergate, the united states senate critic special committee to look into the activities of u.s. intelligence services. the committee had a long official title. it was a senate select committee to discover government operations with intelligence activities. it quickly took on the nickname of its chairman, frank church. it is best known as the church committee. committee met for 16 months. it reviewed over 10,000 document . it called 800 witnesses before the committee and staff. the legacy included the select intelligence committee, providing oversight for the intelligence agency, and the creation of the intelligence creation act of 1978, the church committee's public hearings were known as the historic senate congress from. seeing only two years earlier. wherewe go to the room they explain how and why the church committee came about, and set the stage for september 16, 1975 hearing with william golding. washe church committee created in 1975 by the senate. it was done in response to a series of revelations and allegations about to mystic intelligence abuses and united states. the senate crated this committee by creating a partisan majority. thattablish a committee would establish just the issue of intelligence abuses, and how they would violate constitutional protections. went back committee to 1970. big is really the first revelation of the abuses. a former army counterintelligence captain provided details in 1970 and a published account by the washington monthly of a nationwide army domestic intelligence program. members of congress did not know anything about it. it had been a secret running for about a decade, and chemical purpose was to monitor political to send in the united states. those who voiced opposition to the u.s. to mystic and for policy. shouldator sam irving channel a committee to look into those allegations in 1971. two years after that, he also shared another committee, the water committee to investigate allegations of impropriety. and, over the course of the investigation, there were new allegations made about the political uses of the fbi and cia. that was during the campaign. 1974,inally, in december the journalist seymour hersh published the front page above the full article. alleging that the cia had developed a domestic program which would have been in violation of the charter. it had no domestic intelligence applications. came one allegation month after the midterm elections of 1974 my large group of the watergate babies were elected to congress. them were brought in to clean up the executive branch to provide better oversight was something about the abuses revealed during the watergate investigation. large class of watergate babies coming in to talk about the way the government is operating. and, you have a third investigation saying there are some intelligence abuses out there, and, congress does not seem to know much about them, so, in january of 1975, with the swearing-in of these shortly after the swearing in of a new toss, the senate agrees create this new special committee, senator frank church is the chairman heard that i would call the church committee. he was, at that te, an 18 year member. he served for 18 years. hadas a senate veteran, he been a prominent outspoken critic of the vietnam war. involved in issues related to the u.s. in terms of intelligence abroad. it was, himself a former intelligence officer during world war ii. he served as an officer so, while he had a deep respect for the nation of intelligence gathering and the communities, he was also skeptical about the application, particularly, domestic applications, the chairman of that committee was john powers of texas. he was a fiery member of the republican party. he was a tenure member of the armed services committee. he learned a lot about the intelligence operation. he was a little skeptical, a little concerned about how the senate could investigate these sensitive national security issues without revealing the secrets. that heer, he posted did that to make sure had to be not become a media extravagant. that is really the origin of the church committee. >> we have been victimized. it is only with respect to failure of the past congress also, they have excepting secrets see it as this kind of mischief within the executive ranch. here, we have a case where the very method of secrecy, concealed for five years, an act of insubordination within the light only byto the happenstance of mr. colby after he asked the agency if they would not tell him what had been going on. committee, 40 years later, you can watch more tonight at 10:00 p.m. and more at four clock p.m. eastern time here on american history tv c-span3. tuesday, henry kissinger defended his role in the vietnam war to a gathering of policymakers, vietnamese, veterans, and were protesters. veterans and more protesters. ofe 40 years after the fall saigon in america's withdrawal from vietnam, he called the 1975 evacuation one of the saddest moments of his life, but insisted he had no regrets. kissinger sat down with lbj presidential library director updegrove.grove -- and then took questions from the audience. from his daughters. the conversation with kissinger starts in about 30 minutes. this program is two hours. welcometh