To other people to determine the nature of these. Our wampum belts are never presented in Court Despite the aspiration that the treaties are important. These are replicas are important. Hopefully on november 11, we are going to bring back the real versions because november 11 is the anniversary of the treaty. The nation just sent more vermonters to the white house inviting the president or a designee to come to the commemoration. Stay tuned. If this will have any impact, november 11 will give us an indication. Every year, we gather to recite the terms of the treaty. We invite you there. Hopefully, this exhibition and the wampum lot in philadelphia, this will be the place where we can gather together, gather our minds together, and hopefully come together of one mind on what is the true nature, aspirations, and expectations these treaties provide for all of us. These treaties were made not just for our benefit, but for your benefit as well. I appreciate the time i have had here. I would like to acknowledge suzanne. If not for her grand vision and determination, this would never have come about. I would also like to acknowledge kevin having the courage to bring this exhibition here. When i first worked here years ago, this is the kind of thing we imagined would take place. Im happy to be here to be part of the celebration. Hopefully the next time i see you, we will be in england beating the United States in lacrosse. Thank you. [laughter] [applause] with live coverage of the house on cspan and the senate on cspan2, on cspan3 we show you the most relevant congressional hearings and Public Affairs events. On weekends, cspan3 is home to American History tv programs that tell our nations story including six unique series. The civil war visiting battlefields and key events. American artifacts, touring museums and Historic Sites to reveal what artifacts reveal about americas past. History bookshelf, the presidency, lectures in history with top College Professors delving into americas past. And our new series featuring archival government and educational films from the 1930s through the 1970s. Cspan3 created by the cabletv industry and funded by your local cable or satellite provider. Next, a panel of native American Scholars and tribal men theres tribal members. They talk about the impact of nonratified treaties and how women have played a role i refusing to relocate. This panel was part of the national hosted by the museum of the native american. It is about 40 minutes. Thank you very much and welcome to our session. I know the new exhibit on treaties that we recognize with the symposium was signed to coincide with many anniversaries taking place in Indian Country. In the case of my own tribal nation, it was 150 years ago just this past october that our leaders negotiated the old crossing treaty. During the course of which, we lost 11 million acres of land to the United States. That was in western minnesota, and as you can imagine, it was prime Agricultural Land full of natural stands of wild rice and game. I often reflect, especially during the past year, on what our leaders based in 1863, even as they struggle for their livelihood less free than they had ever been before. And living within the constraints of a new settler society. When i look at and read the transcripts and speeches from those negotiations, evidence suggests they were thinking about us. Their descendents. They were holding onto the idea that in 150 years, there would still be a homeland for people in northern minnesota. And there is. Despite the bad acts and that paper involved in this history, we must always remember that very important fact. I am very pleased to be able to be here to introduce a very distinguished panel. Two of them are fellow historians. Another a law professor, and a tribal chairman. They will each speak to us for about 15 minutes. And then we will have time for questions from the audience. Im going to introduce them briefly, and dispense with the tradition we have a universities of long introductions. [laughter] it is hard for me. Because each of them are deserving of very long introductions. They are very distinguished folks. First, mark. He has held his position for 19 years. Mark is on the board of the native american rights fund, and the harvard project on American IndianEconomic Development. He has a very impressive resume of projects. An engagement with his community and with the whole Pacific Region in california. Jennifer is a historian and professor of american studies at the university of new mexico. You can find your essay on navajo history and the treaty of 1868 in the new book, nation to nation. She is also the author of a book. Jane is a professor of American Indian studies. He has been the editor of a significant journal. He is an expert on issues involving repatriation james also has an essay in the new book, nation to nation, about treaties and diplomacy. We will also hear from lindsay robertson, who is a law professor at the university of oklahoma. He has an excellent essay in nation to nation that sheds new light on the history of a significant case, johnson the macintosh, which has had an impact on the development of law. Each panelist will have about 15 minutes for the presentation. We will begin with chairman macarro. Good afternoon. It is good to be with you here right now. My name is mark macarro. My tribal nation is both a place and a people. There is a duality that characterizes what im about to talk about. We have the public pechango. And thats what you see in the casinos and the wine country. And then there is the other pechanga. And its the head bob, leave us alone pechanga. The stop destroying our Cultural Landscape pechanga. I hope to convey a nation of the effect of treating on ratification on the pechanga. Im speaking to the tribal people out there. Have you ever wondered white what your world might look like if they treaty got lost in its way to washington dc or was never ratified . What it matter . That is what happened to us. In january 1852, a treaty was signed. It was the 17th of 18 treaties that was negotiated with Indian Tribes in california. Upon the return of these treaties to washington dc in september of that year, 1852, the United States senate not only failed to ratify these treaties, but under pressure from the california congressional delegation and others, they placed an injunction of secrecy on these treaties. Nobody saw them for 53 years. This five decade span and did up being a time of acute disposition. We are the people of the west. We are an ancient people. We believe that the world was created in our valley. This is the word for bison. The only bison that were ever found happened to be pleistocene bison. There are two river drainages. Originally, there were upwards of 30 villages in this valley. Why the late 1860s, there was but one. Not having title to these things, there were lots of settlers coming into the valley. Gold had been wellestablished in california. There was an influx of settlers coming in. One of the dynamics that people talked about were walking fences. The indians would get up in the morning, and the senses that the settlers had across the way had moved. This would go one week after week, month after month. The fences just kept walking, getting closer and closer. These would get reported to the indian agents, that amounted to taking of lands by the settlers. In 1869, a couple of sheep farmers established paper title to the name to the land underlying our last village. They were able to plead their case in Federal District court, and they got the court to side with them. In 1873, the court ruled in favor of the sheep farmers. In the court went one next up to issue a decree of ejectment, of forced removal of our people. This was appealed by tribal leadership. On a date in september, september 20, 1875, the San Diego County sheriff showed up with an armed posse to create the adjustment. It was carried out by his posse come in the middle of the day, with mostly elders, women and children. The men were off doing labor work that could sustain them. I will get to that in a second. Surrounded by guns, they were only allowed to take whatever they could carry in their arms. They were loaded onto wagons and taken two miles away, away from that site. They were dumped next to a dry sand wash. Any Property Value that remained was seized for recouping court costs. Crops and farms were earned, and all stock was seized. In the weeks following the ejection, sometimes the indian stock would make its way back to its former owners. They would be arrested and charged with wrestling, and finds had to be paid to remedy those situations. About 1 7 of the land based in california, 7. 5 million acres, comprising all these lands. This treaty is down here. They were the last to negotiated. This was the package. This is a blowup of that shape down there. This is the treaty to make in the land. Just for reference committees black and light black and white lines are currently freeways. This is interstate 10, going on his way to phoenix. Palm springs is appear. Banning passes appear. Temecula is appear. Thats presentday pechanga. The current reservation, with the overlay of the treaty lands. The treaty contained signatories from 33 villages and for linguist a groups. This is presentday overlay of the current reservations as it is now. It might have been a mess had this treaty not been ratified. We will never know. The location we were evicted from was on a bluff right here. This is the village. This dot represents the place were there was an adobe house where the treaty signing occurred. You can see how revered history is in Southern California, in Southern California, and the Rapid Development that has taken place. Neither of these locales actually exist, they are under neighborhoods and thousands of homes. The path of the eviction and wagon trails right here, and people were dumped right here. In the 1880s, after the eviction, one of the things that occurred was a woman came into the valley. She was tasked with writing a report on the condition of the mission indians. It is a term we dont use. We were referred to as a lump sum group on paper as mission indians. She became appalled at the actions of the United States and publish this book, the century of dishonor, to profile some case studies across Indian Country and the treatment. And then she wrote a thinly veiled work of fiction called ramona. The central plot and that that fictional work was this eviction. If you come across those texts, that is what she is talking about. That is why people she is talking about. From 1875 to 1882, about seven and a half years, our people were homeless. We had no paper title to anything. It was a really tough time. Most of the people evicted from the village stayed together. I will expire what happened next. A few of them left the group, living with families elsewhere in Southern California. This all changed in 1882, when president Chester Arthur created in the Pechanga Indian reservation. The initial creation of the reservation was 2500 acres. It was about two miles up valley from where everything took place. The eviction, and where they lived. There is a spring on the reservation. The name means where the water drips. This ancient spring was the only water source for the people then initiated to in 1882, 3 1975 when the first water system was created on the reservation. That spring is our namesake today. Named after the pechanga spring. I think the exhibition will address treaty claims. In january 1905, the treaties were unsealed and read in the senate. This led to an act of congress in 1928. Cant respect Congress Passed the california indian jurisdiction act. The court case was known as k344. As a result, 33 judgments or establish and finalize in a 1944 congressional settlement. The outcome of that Settlement Companies treaty not being ratified in the takings of land was a paltry and insulting 17 million, awarded for 7. 5 million acres of land that was stolen through concessions that were made under these treaties. Out of that 17 million, told me in dollars was deducted to cover legislation expenses. 12 million was deducted. In 1950, the congress allotted more to be distributed. It brought it into that chapter. But he doesnt really end. This is a pechanga schoolhouse that was built on a reservation in 1885. This is what it looks like now. It kind of his look like this for most of my lifetime. About 1955, nation 56 come other were multiple attempts to the Riverside CountyRoads Department officials to put a two lane road to the reservation. We had been a close reservation. Our people said no to these attempts. We dont want the road. Go home. There were multiple attempts. One day, when they made this together sunday trip, they said we hearty told you know. There is nothing to discuss. They picked both men up, and threw them out the windows and onto the ground. It is called defenestration. It is a political act of defiance. Among other things. Suffice to say, they never returned. The road was never built. That was one of the first Small Victories for us, standing our ground. One day, about 1980, our tribal leadership was looking at a map of our reservation and comparing it to the original set aside. They noticed some thing adjusting. There was an audit asymmetry here with a stairstep. It appeared the logic of this creation shouldve had a line running to this corner and then down. Along one of the rancho land grants here. This is three entered 66 acres. Research ensued. They discover the original titleholder of this land, pedro marino, had a fraudulent patent on that land. When he sold the land, the land transferred. The current owners of the property in 1980 were Kaiser Aluminum corporation. So we filed suit based on a clouded chant of title in federal does to court, hoping to get that land back. The District Court decided sided with cake or realty. It is passed through six or seven purchasers, the current owner has nothing to do with the clouded title or fraudulent title. We appealed the case in 1982. Pechanga versus k corp realty. We lost. This is what it looks like today. It is a little closer and review. This is a public high school, a Public Recreation park. Here is our casino right there. These are thousands of homes in this neighborhood. This is part of the reservation. Thats a view from the ground. In 1995, things started to change. The tribe decided to build a casino, and open up the Entertainment Center the pechanga Entertainment Center. We had a governor who did not want to negotiate a contract with us. He refused to negotiate with tribes, and we opened anyways. There were attempts by u. S. Attorneys to have a shutdown. Eventually, the furthest they got was a seizure of our video gaming terminals. Our video slot machines. They arrested the machines on our floor, but they stayed on our floor. Our defiance was only emboldened. We thought we were right. The government didnt want to negotiate. He took them so fun of the equation, and we force the issue by bringing it to the voters of california. Over 100 tribes in california were on the same page in the advocacy of proposition one a in the year 2000. It passed on a six to 7 approval. 67 percent approval. Since then, tribes in california have had the opportunity to conduct indian gaming on their own lands. That was a huge win for us. The next episode is in 2001. This area in blue was not part of the reservation. It had been in private ownership. It was land that belonged to the author, the creator of. Mason. His name escapes me. We bought it from these people in 2001. In that same time span that we purchased it, it became known to us that that company, San Diego Gas and electric were planning to put a transmission line through that land. And we said no. We enlisted the aid of congress and the community didnt like it. A coalition of us, the winegrowers association, and 3000 homeowners and their homeowners associations pulled up together to fight these guys. And we were successful, i am happy to report. They ruled that the plan was not well thought out, it was the wrong project for the right the wrong time. We were able to protect our greater tree, at the heart of this ranch. It is known to be over 1500 years old. It is still thriving. The powerline was to come within 200 feet of the street. And that was just too much to risk. The next episode talks about these lands right over here. This is our current boundary today. This is interstate 15. These lands and yellow. That mountain in this picture is at the core of our origin landscape. It is part of our creation story and part of our religion. Its the place with a first person ever died. Where death came into the world. On may 5, 2005, at the urging of some local political leaders, who were instrumental in our great oak protection efforts, they urged us to sit down and listen to the proponents of a mining project. Out of this obligation, we had a meet and greet with these folks. Granite construction is their name. We listen to them. It was a project overview, they had glossy pr packets, jobs would be greedy, no visual impacts. And they were soliciting our input. We do mirrored in any substantive response. We knew there would be a formal project that would have to be produced. We would have time to comment on all those things and to kill the project there. Liberty core rate was proposing a 75 year in duration line, three miles long, 1000 feet deep. This is what it wouldve looked like at your 25 year 25. Theres the u