Foundation and of course the 2014 George Clooney film. I should add monuments women, togethers. Ing they are straight celebrated for the role they played in wartime. Absent from this story of individual heroism is any analysis and assessment of the way that culture and knowledge mattered in world war ii. Winning the war became a lion upon the accumulation of included and commitment for the protection of culture. How the objectives of the American Government, the military and cultural institutions intertwined. In practices and policies this endeavor shifted with the fortunes of war. They had long term effects. Effortsdiminishing the of any individuals involved, i aim to address these larger historical issues. In addition, my work shifts from is focus on art, which typically unique and rare in terms of Cultural Heritage to print culture. Of books and texts that serves many purposes. We will see and allied mission preserve monument to collections. Most was stolen from jewish institutions and individuals. Not exist indid isolation. Wartimeit was beholden missions. Including intelligence policies and a post americantion of intellectual readership. The american book men and most were men, librarians, the likecollectors and were involved in a set of actions that involved mass acquisitions. These were collecting megses that brought the world of text a new andof war into intimate relationship. An unusuali produced alliance between American Intellectual and government officials policymakers and the military. I wanted to start by saying, simply a product of wartime mobilization. Consequence of longer term trends beginning in the new deal. The administration defined a new interest in cultural matters. Booksf them related to and documents. Programs like the historical Record Survey and the aderal writers project and new institution such as the National Archives, which was founded in 1934. Addition, the library of congress became a sight of of a cultural and governmental fdrs unusual appointment of poet and 1939. Ight to librarian in he raised the stakes for librarians. Not only on them to be custodians of culture but to be defenders of freedom. Ill quote him here. Ours when warsas are made against the expert and keeping of these records is a warfare. Keepers whether they wish cannot be neutral. 1940. Americans awareness of the political of books and libraries had already been raised by nazi book burnings. When the u. S. Entered the war, the defensive books became a the freedom to speak, write and read. Underscored in book collection drive and the bookl remembrance of burning led by the opposite war information. You can see several of their posters there and council of books in wartime. Allianceg sign of this between academic and cultural leaders and the government maybe initiatives. One with a very long name. Hat im not going to give you commission. Which was charged with finding and salvage art and other historical treasures zones. The armies monument fine arts known asves unit is the monument men who were charged executing this policy. Important to note their mandate barely included books records. He said theres nothing in the field of bookses that beingponds to the work done in the field of art. By the end of the war, there ofe a small number testify in europe. Names sergeant child repeatedly griped about the dominance of art boys and the builders. Pg rated. S is policyure, the american towards Cultural Resources did librariesnumber of and historical buildings holding the collection. The monument in the field have emphasis of looting and destruction. Including the burning of books for heat. Manuscripts to wrap food. Wasnt a policy towards the preservation of Cultural Heritage that was most important the wartime handling of books, text and documents. At least not in the first instance. Rather it was the importance of when newtent in an era ideas about information were coming to the form. Essentially, in early information turn or information age. Impact on profound wartime thinking before the war, there was early Information Science known as documentation which ed adherence in research and academiaed library and and governance. They were interested in wider access to Library Material and uses the new technology. Its all very similar today technologyre new was microphone. Not so new. The information had a broader usage as well. It referred to communication, propaganda and intelligence. In this era, many social scientists and Public Opinion researchers have come together in a new loosely defined field of Mass Communications research. Much of it directed at the toential propaganda manipulate the Public Opinion liberal democracy. Period and ai and 1930se 1920s sale with the rise of radio. In 1939 the rockefeller seminaron ran a secret and protecting americans from propaganda. Iet 1941,n the summer of president roosevelt, many of you story, appointmented william to be coordinator of information. Really interesting title. I want to underscore it, coordinate of information. Manage american intelligence, foreign propaganda encounteric intelligence. C. O. I. Will be into two divisions. As librarian of congress was involved. He established information for analysis of foreign intelligence. Operationswined with as coordinator of information. Origins ofnough, the americas vast intelligence might be addressed to morning the summer of 1941. Pair,n this unlikely archibald and bill donovan. Cool porch of in excitement of great things to come. The United States then, an effort to acquire information initiated. Intelligence this sending five human beings into an Enemy Territory in the first instance. To deploy the scholarship of the day. Looking at foreign newspapers, periodicals and other kinds of published work. Source ay is called open sources. Usingcould be analyzed the tools of scholarship. With the International Book interrupted by war, means of acquisition had to be found a committee was o. S. F. Andugh the c. O. I. I will give you the long name i. D. C. Will hear call it i was formed in december of 1941 langer at william harvard. He hired a librarian name Frederick Kilgore who at the time was a 28yearold who the harvard library. Slow start ina failed acquire a single piece of information. They were beginning to get worried. Travelingd to scholars. They asked embassies to microphone newspapers. Liaison with the british information. Was aent eugene power who filmenergetic micro booster. He was recruited to set up an operation in london working with the ministry of information and association. Ibrary this association had received toms from rockefeller microfilm enemy periodical. Ramped up. Fort was worked out plan to receive materials from the British Foreign offices and other Government Agencies and the americans would microfilm them for the american and british intelligence. April 1942, much to everyones relief, the first 2000 feet of microfilm arrived in washington. Inthis time plans were set ofion to send a group librarian, micro photographers and epidemic to neutral cities the world. The most famous of these people fair banks. Who was the founder of studies here in the United States. Story connections to this and the route by which i got into this Massive Research relative ofhat, a mine was also ones of these to acquire. Ntelligence material this time unfortunately, i dont have many wasures because it intelligence. [laughter] ill tell you about the operation. Wasstockholm operation headed by the only book woman among the group. I dont have a single photograph of her except her college photo. K she received a ph. D. From the chicago in 1930. Like many women of her era, she was denied an academic career. Instead, she carried on her own employed byle senior faculty at the university of chicago. Abroad and she was isnt there to photograph theirripts for scholarships. Library, 1934, historians. Observe filming their Research Materials with miniature cameras. Trained herself to do the same. The war intervened and as it did, you can trace her through canceling trips through denmark. The state library when war was declared in an area that she was held. She made a trip before the marched into paris. Fled to lisben. Later, she waslf sent abroad again. This time to stockholm to enemy publications for the i. D. C. She was worked closely with intelligence but also developed her own initiatives. Sellers. To local book she approached sympathetic academics and Government Agencies and librarians. She developed her own covert set contacts. She knew people in the clandestine prest. She worked with the british to smuggle technical manuals from sweden. Into there are stories that she did ofewhat more robust forms secret intelligence as well. Which i could not confirm. Was undoubtedly the most successful agent in the americans worldwide effort to acquire foreign publication. Operation was in li highly developed economy. Antonio rship of newsstands, you can see there on the slide. Newspapers, from the daily express. Sensors and customer restrictions and difficulty of the politics of lisben. To importrs found way european publications and keep their shelves stocked. Educated portuguese and travelers haunted the bookstores and newsstands of the cities. Were a group of librarians. One who had been a librarian at harvard. They made the round to subscriptions,ce took buyin trips and appealed locals who were sympathetic to the allies. At thekstore there bottom of portugal, had the very sympathetic to the allies conduct some secret assignments for them including microfilm secret documents from the government. I. D. C. Was only able to ship 165 pounds of material by panamonth on the clipper. This was not much. Microfilm was essential in reducing the volume and bulk acquired. Their camera was often going day or night. Im going to put this on a blank of time. A little bit its very difficult to assess intelligence. His despite the i. D. Cs claim. Operational importance was very limited. Signalpare to intelligence or code breaking. All. Was no comparison at government officials in the war effort perceive this material to be highly value. They invested considerable resources in digging them out. Books shipped, microfilm reel shot. Seems to be a progress on the intelligence front that was murky. Retty printed text, also appeared to stable ande to be credible. Especially the well educated who spokenavor print over word. The head of american swem by reading d leads intelligence found leads by reading the daily press. New weaponry, industrial production. They were even advised to read the Society Columns because that inadvertently reveal the of regimen. Onehe end of 1942 over million pages of such materials indicate ly duplicated and distributed to agencies. Theres much more to this than simply reading microfilm. Reading microfilm will only get you so far. It will get you a headache a half an hour. Neededans of the o. S. F. To transform the familiar form books serials into a genre. In a way these librarians themselves. Initially Frederick Kilgore understood the job from the Library Point of view. Not too much from the point of view of the information in publication. Librarians were oriented and properly catalog and indexed by author title and subject. Responsibility for identifying the content of his publications rested with the reader. I. D. C. Initially thought there would be Government Agencies who would them we need this particular issue of a magazine. It. O find thats how they would proceed. Demands and of war the best number of microfilm inls that arrived washington, kilgore came to understand that information, not publications themselves was the i. D. C. s products. They needed to extract the useful information that contain them. And to make it identifiable to the officials with many different interests. Find way to guide required eventhey to information they didnt know needed. The wartime agency asking for keywords. They created a subject index of and periodicals that were tailors to those needs. This digest became a dilly with 300 copies directed to government distributed to Government Agencies. They can ask for an abstract and full text translation. About four percent of all the produced in the form of abstracts and the i. D. C. Translate 42y to languages including 16 of them quickly. Eraou can imagine in this before computers, theyre personnel role expanded exponentially. Efforts, they just grew hiring an army of indexers. S and many of them who had the skills and women. Ultimately this acquisition mission contributed to the informationof science and its uses for intelligence as an instrument of state. Rican the embrace of technologies of document reproduction, the sis transformation of physical text. This did not originate with the war. Many of the librarians associated with this effort went war pioneerspost of library information, management. Nd most notably Frederick Kilgore o. C. L. C. Infounded 1971. Largest online database. Cardsst printed catalog were printed last week. The end of an era. Mission ofing librarians, scholars and book men and women continued through war. It changed after dday in june of 1944. Acted as book buyers and orderings, subscriptions and etcetera. Teams thatcollecting were known as tforces, which the alliedhind armies as they advanced, operationalgets for or strategic information. They began to wear military uniforms and served specialist select recordso fly. On the this unlikely was for many of them. One of these collectors. I dont have a picture of them. Name was ross phinney. Music professor who volunteered to do work. Ition he learned slightly different acquiringdmethods of publications. He interrogated informant, he suspicious people. He found massive quantities of which heaterials confiscated. Needed an convoy of them. In 1944 heving day made his biggest discovery, a huge cash of patent abstract concerning rockets and jets. Time s these wartime collectors, began to direct the fate ofion to the european book world. Let me describe one other person here. No photograph. One of them unusual examples, is max lobe. A German Jewish journalist who and established himself as a book dealer in new york. He listed in the army and was the i. D. C. In london in 1944. That time, there was growing interest in the impact of allied and culturalademic institutions and concern about publish erman press and Publishing Industry could be rebuilt in the planning for the post war. Max lobe came up with the idea of interrogating german prisoners of war who had book trade. To the working on his own, he interviewed 200 p. O. W. s about the status and location of booed archives,s, publishers and book dealers in berlin and elsewhere. His investigations produced about industrial tacts, about the relocation of party use was nazi offices. It caught the interest of even theleaders and british war cabinet. Ins was a significant shift direction for the book man with of traditional work bibliography. Now defined in terms of target, forces in search of pu publications. All the records that would be prosecution of war thees and in managing reconstruction. Very quickly, however, the logic created an every woulding mandate what we call mission creek. Manner of seen all scientific of medical research, but began to sweep off other works. Certainly those with nazis these might be useful construction. Thisobe was dogged in regard. There were so many tempting tacts. And successfulod day, when he had seized a and technicalal and scientific books, he still felt uneasy because theres still so much undone. Eday, hister the team arrived in the center of publishing. Bombing vastated by the bombing. They went as much as they could street by street to find these things. They requisitioned a number of volumes. Aey removed books from chamber of commerce library. They were ordered to the integrity of University Library. When they found collections in of nazi ideology, for example, there was an institute for science, which was a University Library, they considered that it. Game and took as the investigators dug deeply, they found vast quantities of books and other publication surprising places. In the weak of the allied bomb campaign, german relocated and books and library collections. These are two examples of bomb site where is there had been books and newspapers. Y stored them in daves, safety. Ine for the allies prior knowledge of movement of libraries had only touched the surface. This salt mine were golden treasures and even opera costumes have been stored yield parts of the prussian state library. Entitles in disarray were 2 million volumes of books and journals and other records. With no cartel. Tragically, a fire burned for several months likely set by refugees trying to keep warm and the mind was in the process of gradual destruction from pms smoke damage dampness. This was only wanted of 25 places where that single library happens toward. Of 1945, over 800 mind castles country houses churches contained works of art and archives. The number continue to grow into 1946. The interesting discovery of s burdensits in saxony of mass collecting push by the americans. They were racing the clock with the area was going to be turned over to the soviet union. As one oss official road, the team working in the area came across collections of such size that it had no hope of either transporting reflections entirely or in making appropriate selections on the spot. So this compulsive logic of collection and its expanding regions go in opportunistic quality. This wartime history lay the groundwork for the treatment of works is cultural artifacts. Which books would begin created created and ships to america . Which would be rested treated which would be destroyed for the American Government and library of congress, these are compelling and complex questions. The librar