Gonna use that as as a way to link. Kind of wars throughout the 19th century all the way up to it including the spanishamerican war so our focus is were kind of around that. Were thinking more kind of legal policy and issues and and such so the goal is to think in that broad 19th century way so our start point is a couple key things we need to kind of deal with the second half of our semester one of the Big Questions were picking up on is what does it mean to be an american . All right who can claim to be an american . Thats one of the Big Questions thats going to kind of . Take us through the end of our semester into as we deal with the 19th century. So in upcoming weeks were going to talk about, you know, immigrants. Were going to talk about kind of the progressive error and things like that. I think this is a good start point. To think about who is claiming american status. And what does that mean . So were going to build from some of the ideas. We talked about with manifest destiny. From the discussion of Political Violence and build into these are other things. Couple key concepts that we need to deal with first of all a settler colonialism. Have you heard that phrase before . I see a couple yeses and a couple knows some heads kind of bobbing every which way, okay when we talk about settler colonialism, let me give you kind of a general definition here. Were talking about colonialism that seeks to replace. The original population colonialism that seeks to replace the original population with new settlers hence settler colonialism and and this is done in a couple different ways. One way is through kind of depopulation right an intentional effort to remove. Either physically, you know like the physically take them to another place remove or to exterminate. Depopulation right a second way that settler colonialism functions is through assimilation. Right getting the previous population to transition into membership in the new population. And theres a third way right the recognition of a previous population as unit within this new. Organization, were not going to see that nearly as much were going to see the first two more in our discussion today. So settler colonialisms. I mean we need to kind of keep in mind second big thing. We think about is the frontier. And what is the frontier . How does it function . And for that were going to deal with Frederick Jackson turner in 1893 Frederick Jackson turner as a historian at the university of wisconsin delivered. Well lecture about the frontier the Census Bureau in 1890 had said there was no longer a frontier and one of the things that turner wanted to talk about was what the frontier had meant in American History. The essentially argued that america doesnt exist without a frontier than americas existence is directly tied to this notion of a frontier. But what is a frontiers i think a fantastic question and in turners construction of this. Basically the frontier in American History has always function as basically a colony. The same way overseas colonies had functioned for european powers. This is how the frontier function for the United States. It was a place for Raw Materials to be produced. A dedicated market to export finish goods but more importantly it was a safety valve. And people disgruntled at home. Well move to the colonies on the same way people who are disgruntled on the east coast would move to the frontier. And that process reproduce. Kind of what it meant to be america. So you have this kind of contiguous colonies thing. Thats kind of right up close to it. And what makes the american frontier different than some of these other colonies is that theres this constant integration of the frontier. Into whats called the metropole into the mother country itself. And so thats an important distinction. But turner doesnt necessarily see the the frontier in purely positive light cc is a important space. For the recreation of what it means to be american but he also says i want to quote a piece from him. He says that the democracy born of freeland and by this he means kind of the frontier is a space where no one can has claimed this land. Just not true, but like thats the conception the democracy born of freeland strong and selfishness and individualism. Intolerant of administrative experience and education and pressing individual liberty. Beyond is proper balance has its dangers as well as its benefits. So from turners perspective, the frontier is an important location and its necessary for defining the american character, but its also a place that has generated a very unique vision of what it means to be american. Right and one that is. Very much tied to very kind of brutal and violent realities, right . So thats important for us right in terms of thinking about native americans and and that connection because again in turners vision of the frontier, free land its open space. So hes conceptualizing it as a without people already there. Okay, third thing we need to think about. Our ideas in the 19th century about social development. And for that were going to turn to lewis h morgan. I wrote a book in 1877. Called ancient society the title is its a 19th century book. So like the title is like forever long. We just call it ancient society. And basically what hes talking about through kind of studying kinship relationships and such. Is that all societies . Move through a uniform and identifiable path. Into civilization from savagery to barberism to civilization right and and savagery he identifies as kind of that huntergatherer kind of lowest rudimentary level of technology. Very little in terms of hierarchical social organizations, but its the start is in his mind the most primitive. And then you move into barbarism which you might see as analogous to bronze age technology, right the use of you know, smelting technology to create first of all iron tools with that into bronze and more intricate social organizations more sedentary lifestyles his vision of how this works is based in technology, but then also in sedentary life. So for huntergatherers to more permanent societies and then ultimately into what he defines a civilization which he defines breaks up into ancient medieval and modern. To kind of how we understand the western world and its break up and of course. America is the pinnacle its the top. Its the most modern of all places. It is the most civilized. So, okay great. So if you take this notion kind of all societies because he talks about whats called monogenesis. Are you familiar with this term monogenesis . That all people come from one singular creation. Samantha, do you have a question . So good. America was like the pinnacle. Did morgan view like the early colonists who were like technically british colonists as like savages . Oh, no, no. No, they still are part of civilized world. They are just so the again morgans vision is kind of Anglosaxon America english acts and vision to the british are the british even the french i guess he would throw in but kind of western european conceptions are the height of civilization. That includes all the western world. Not just yes. Brandon would you put in the five civilized tribes you had civilized into American Society five civilized tribe. He would have put them somewhere in that space between barbarism and civilized. Were theyre not there yet. At least thats my understanding of morgan. I meant that i have not Read Everything that morgan wrote so i dont know 100 but i think thats where you put the he puts most native americans in barberism or kind of savagery into barbers. Thats kind of where he sees native americans, but i dont know if he would necessarily classify. So the civilized tribes. I think you would say are imitating the civilized that may not necessarily. Be civilized. A good question. These are fantastic questions. So morgan is obviously not the only person out there and his ideas are not the only ideas but they are representative of kind of a notion a set of ideas and this idea that native americans arent necessarily civilized or theyre on maybe an earlier edge of civilization. And that one of the things that could be done is to help progress them into the civilized era into the modern world the civilizing mission, which will actually talk a lot about as we go through the rest of the semester this kind of notion of kind of what later. Individuals were called the white mans burden. All right, well talk about that. So those type of ideas but also then the idea that native americans are potentially an impediment. To progress right because they are stuck. In barbarism and so if theyre stuck in barbarism and theres no way to bring them into the modern world. What do you do then . Right. So these conceptions of who is modern who is not whether or not progress can happen you tie that then to this idea of the frontier and notions of settler colonialism, and i think what you get is the intellectual framework for understanding what whats going to happen throughout the 19th century again, like i said, were not going to talk about the wars. Ill talk about that in a couple weeks, but everything short of war here. Were going to talk about in terms of settler colonialism and its connections. Does that make sense any questions before we move on . Fantastic all right, so well start with the trail of tears. All of you have heard the trail of tears before i assume. Yes, okay. How many of you have heard about the georgia gold rush . Okay, so a couple of you have alright in 1828 in northern georgia in the appalachian portions of georgia. They find gold. Hence the gold rush but people are kind of pressing into this area increasing population and then in 1830 a second. Kind of vain is going to be found, but this is going to be in land. Claimed by the cherokee when it does not going to stop the the miners from going into that territory the cherokee yearly, please. Please dont. Please get out. Its actually called the great intrusion. I mean what . What a wonderfully kind of almost victorian understood intrusion, right . This is an invasion of minors into cherokee lands. And because of that theres this. Desire to kind of take those lands out of the hands of the cherokee. The gold rush doesnt lead. To the indian removal act. I want to make that clear. Its not like this created that but it made it easier. For people to support the indian removal. Oh, theres golden in our hills. Okay. Yeah. Sure. Thered already been a push to. Remove some of this land from what are referred to as the five civilized tribes, right the the cherokee. Muskogee or the creek the seminole the choctaw and the chickasaw right . I got all five, right . Wow, okay addings bad for me. Okay. So they wanted theres already that movement thats going there and in 1830 Congress Passes the indian which empowers the federal government to send out negotiators. Thats all it does. You can send out these negotiators to to create treaties to Exchange Lands in the southeast. For lands and whats designated indian territory right that portion of the Louisiana Purchase territory west of arkansas . The very first of these treaties is actually the treaty of dancing Rabbit Rabbit creek. With the the choctaw in 1831 and so they shine this agreement. To move from basically, georgia to to indian territory and theyre going to do it in three ways between 1831 and ultimately 1833 not all the choctaw were talking about 15,000 out of a population of just shy of 20,000. So vast majority the thing is the first wave. Its a blizzard. Second wave is going to be decimated by cholera. And all three waves are going to face. Significant supply shortages and kind of general incompetence on the part of the federal individuals who are leading this process so that all said and done Something Like two to four thousand people are going to die in the process of moving. Its actually in this choctaw removal. That we actually get the first time people use the phrase trail of tears. Thats the first like thats the start point. Theres an effort actually to to get a treaty with the seminal in 1832. And what . What they do is they send negotiator down to the seminal the seminar like were not so sure how we feel about this this land in oklahoma. Can we send some people to check it out . And so they do yeah sure. So they go to oklahoma and they come back and the thing is theres this report that supposedly the these seminal leaders signed saying oh, yeah, this land is terrific and wonderful and amazing except for of them actually signed it. And so when the seminole say well then were not moving. The Us Government says well, yes you are. You have to and thats what its going to lead to eventually the second seminal war in 1835. But again, thats a couple weeks from now. Well talk about that. But so you get some people are gonna fight back against removal. But i think whats interesting we think about the cherokee the cherokees response to this whole process is perhaps the greatest example that theyve had at some level assimilated. Parts of white culture. Theyve taken bits and pieces and said like well if youre gonna make us do this, lets do this. Brandon you look like youre like, nope. Thats not oh my supporters because the cherokee of white supporters. Yeah, so the cherokee actually have a number of people that are on their side in this process, right . So in the early 1800s, georgia seated a large portion of its western land claims. To the United States government which basically is going to encompass, alabama and mississippi. And then in that process the georgia gives up its land claims with the cherokee dont give up their land claims in 1825. They basically create a new capital and in 1827 write a constitution. I mean if you look if the whole point is native americans need to assimilate into white culture. I mean the fact that the cherokee have done exactly what whites have said do and doesnt seem to matter seems to be a big deal. They actually pass along 1828 saying that any member of the Cherokee Nation that signs some sort of removal agreement or land claim agreement without the approval of the council. Has committed treason against the Cherokee Nation. And Something Like they theyve got this figured out. All right. So when the when the indian removal act comes along theyre already set and ready to go. The problem is georgia has looked to the Us Government saying hey. You promised us when we seated you all this land that you would come and help us remove portions of native americans living in our territory, but youre not doing that. So the Georgia StateLegislature Just passed a series of laws giving them the power to basically do whatever they wanted. The cherokee suit in 1831, it goes to the Us Supreme Court at which point in the Us Supreme Court says, were not going to hear your case. Ive always loved. Always loved that Us Supreme Court, just but yeah, no. Thanks. We understand. This is a huge concern has major ramifications, but were just were going to have tea that day. The next year in 1832 another shoot makes its way to the Supreme Court and theres something actually going to hear the case in worcester versus the state of georgia. And the Supreme Court actually sides with cherokee in this. Least on some level and basically basically the ruling here is that the state of georgia doesnt have the right. To pass these laws and that, you know affect the cherokee because constitution is quite clear that when it comes to the phrases Indian Affairs only the federal government has that authority so georgias attempts to kind of control the cherokee. Violate the constitution the president jacksons response to this is basically cool dont care. Theres the famous the like the thing like the you know this idea that he said, you know marshall is made his decision. Lets see him in force it is that where youre gonna ask brandon see about that. Wasnt that his response to it. Well show there seems to be no evidence that shows him actually saying this now could he have said it out loud and no one wrote it down. Yeah entirely possible, but we dont have any documented evidence as far as ive been able to find. That says that he said that specifically but the sentiment is there right the sentiment of ideal it. Basically im i dont care and on some level. Its not so much that hes not going to enforce the ruling. Its just that. Hes not going to side with the cherokee right . The Supreme Court has sided with the cherokee. You cant remove us in this way, but theyre still the the indian removal act that jackson supported so he doesnt really have a problem. But it all gets really kind of interesting because 1832 remember the jackson basically declared war on South Carolina over the nullification crisis. So i mean like its a busy year for him. Right what ultimately ends up happening is an 1835 a treaty assigned with a faction of the cherokee. Basically the the whole thing is after the decision from the Supreme Court and it seems like theyve won. But this doesnt look like the federal governments going to care a rift begins to develop amongst the leadership of the cherokee so im saying well its inevitable that theyre going to force us to leave. So lets get the best terms we can now and in other groups saying were not leaving under any circumstance. And what happens is the group that ultimately is in favor of leaving at least on the best terms they can get sign a treaty in 1835. And even though that would technically be an act of treason under. The cherokee constitution and under their their law. The Us Government says nope you this treaty off you go. And so in about three different waves, theyre forced now. Theres some who voluntarily move. There are some that are literally drug kicking and screaming. All right, so its its an interesting mix about 16,000 or so. And aga