In two months, the construction of our building will be complete. For now, we are glad to be over here at the other croft auditorium to discuss this book fdr goes to war. Makeg time ago, i want to Old High School in may. Kentucky, and in my senior year, the high coed of school newspaper, the cardinal. Classmates, anita prince, got married to burton folsum, she got to history degrees and that got two history degrees she got two history degrees. Her coauthor and has been is burton folsum, jr. , who holds a phd from the university of pittsburgh. Pittsburgh last follows saw something i had never heard of, which i am surprised at the cathedral of learning, which is the second tallest University Building in the world, the tallest one, as you might guess is in moscow. Building things bigger was doing something better, but this is a 42 story building. The first few floors are built like a gothic cathedral. It is an amazing thing. A few are ever in pittsburgh, go if yound some time are ever in pittsburgh, go and spend some time in the cathedral of learning. Burton folsum serves as a Senior Historian at the economic of education. He has published seven books, including the myth of the explainsrons, were he entrepreneurs, and the differences between crony capitalism and the free enterprise. Administration his the roosevelt book came out in the fall of 2008 his work on the administration of franklin d. On thelt his work administration. Said in my book, in many ways, we still living in the washington that roosevelt dont built. As a dominant figure in the political system, all of that goes back to fdrs transformation of politics and policy. It is important to study and understand how fdr governed and how he changed what had gone before. It also has an additional importance for libertarians. That is, the Libertarian Movement arose in opposition to roosevelts new deal and imperial presidency. Particularly, if you want to pick a date and say when did the Libertarian Movement began . Libertarian movements have long prehistorys, but if you want to put a date, you may say it was 1943 when three women all published books about individualism, free markets, and constitutionally limited government, and sort of brought together the nucleus of a movement for those ideas. Turnis why we occasionally to Public Policy to history, and that is why we are delighted to host this event, so please of fdrthe coauthor goes to war how expanded executive power, Spiraling National Debt, and restricted Civil Liberties shaped wartime professor burton folsum. [applause] let me start with opening remarks. Were Franklin Roosevelt, the president , world war ii, the event. You cannot miss for an Exciting Book with those topics. Just bold,president dramatic, greater than life itself. Give the biggest military event in the history of the world, world war ii. Had aering this, we tremendous scope, and what we were trying to do in this book is give a history of world war ii 300 pages, readable for today, for people to grasp the war itself, the president who conducted the war. We have a chapter on pearl harbor, the dramatic attack. Anita wrote the section on midway, the turning point militarily for the United States in many ways. You have the generals, eisenhower, patton, bradley, marshall all conducting erprises that were listed enterprises that were essential to the victory for the United States. That would make a pivotal difference in the war. Then you have the end finally of the Great Depression. What you the thinking of a generation of americans. Coming to an end at the end of world war ii. You have a lot to work with. We worked with those elements in the book fdr goes to war. I would like it needed to comment on some of these features of world war ii and Franklin Roosevelt. Anita it is a pleasure to be cato and my old friend david bowles. As burton just said, her goal in writing this book was to make it larger than an economic pick. Book to give everyone a that in 300 pages or so, you can get an overview of world war ii, whether you are a young person trying to learn about world war ii. We have a pseudothat is 26 result we have a son that is 26 years old and i can assure you that most of his friends do not know anything about that entire period. And then we have mature you probably have not heard before. I want to set the stage a little bit about the 1930s, and to explain that part of what led to world war ii being such an up people for the United States were the policies of Franklin Roosevelt during the 1930s. Give you some statistics, i will be brief, for instance, factory output, the output of an american industry increased every decade beginning in 1899 for the following 10 years, factory output was up 4. 7 . To 1919, it was up 4. 3 every year. 1919 to 1929, the roaring 20s, Factory Production was up 5. 1 each year. Decreasedo 1939, it slightly every single year during the 1930s. Complex byustrial aged and is out of touch with cutting Edge Innovations that are going on in europe and elsewhere. Suddenly, we are faced with this problem, a military complex in europe. We do not have anything to compete with them. Thehe book am i mentioned army chiefs of staff, douglas macarthur, at one point, testified before congress in 1935 pleading for enough money so that his army would have enough bullets for 100,000 soldiers. Were not talking about stealth bombers or complex weapons, we are talking literally about just having enough bullets to man a 100,000 army. I can understand if you are not for a Strong Military american presence oversees that we do not necessarily need, but i do think that a Strong Defense of America Awards off problems, and a 1930s, we sadly did not have that, and germany was aware of that, and so was japan. That leads to a lot of problems. The war comes to the United States in the late 1940s and factors have to be converted. What are you going to do . Overnight, for one thing, they restricted products to consumers. Overnight, in january, 1942, you could not buy tires for your car. If your tires were getting aged and you thought that you would run down to Sears Roebuck and get a new set of tires, you were out of luck. The only way you could get another set of tires was to go before the governments tire board and prove that you had an essential reason for getting a new set of tires. Radios, bicycles, clocks, even , america could no longer purchase after the spring of 1942. All of those mechanisms were used in the war effort. Most americans supported the second changes. And that was of course, with the wave of patriotism that swept through. Everyone wanted to win the war. Y people had new fighting people many people knew men fighting overseas. Bombing pearl harbor for the declaration of war was given to the secretary of war secretary of state in washington dc, that angered everyone. But what did the government due to suddenly help the American Economy beat the war emergency . What it did a lot of the time, began regulating everything. The federal war production board took control of the allocation of almost all materials in the United States and said wherewith they be used control of the fuel supply and took control of industrial production. The war production board is one of the most powerful agencies ever created by the federal government, and would employ literary hundreds of thousands of bureaucrats by the end of the war. The government issued ration books to every american, even babies. In new york city alone, 7 million ration books were issued. Rations, you could not purchase shoes, gasoline, many other items. As soon as the ration books were issued, there were all of these unintended consequences. Crookes discovered that these ration books were easy to copy. Sometimes, we have a picture of world war ii and the solidarity of the american people, but it is like any other time. There is a great deal of craftiness in human nature, and the incentive became, lets just cannot own ration books, and they did, by the hundreds of thousands. It was big business. Also the theft of ration coupons was big business. There is an account of a veteran coming home after serving in the war overseas coming back to Central Indiana during the latter days of the war. And he is at a rally, a high school rally in Central Indiana, giving his story of fighting the japanese and all of these hardships he endured, and he went outside to the parking lot after the rally and someone had broken into his car and still in his gas coupons. Not as solid as sometimes i think the rosy picture that is painted of the war years. There were a great many struggles, but by a large, most americans did support the war and wanted the United States to wins it. Entrepreneurs had to come up with new things on the good side, such as, aircraft manufacturing. That is where we lagged behind. The most glaring example for instance, in 1940, henry ford was asked to get behind mass production of aircraft. This was before we enter the work, but they knew he was good at assembly lines. What can we do to massproduce airplanes . Fort said his son and its top executives out to california. California 1940, was one of the main places where air draft work aircraft were built. Most of them are put together outside. That sounds just unbelievable, but they were putting planes one at a time, out in the california sunshine. You can have been you cannot build 10,000 bombers to do that. Ford had to figure out how to do an assembly line. Fashion,l henry ford he owned a farm in michigan and turned his farmland into a bomber plant called miller run. The bomber plant had the largest room in the world to build be 24s. B2ra. Line curved around. Another huge success during world war ii that we often do not realize is the development of penicillin. Penicillin was not available before world war ii. Has been developed and it was a great breakthrough. After pearl harbor, one of the few Success Stories in the spring of 1942 was not one injured man, who was entered by the japanese bombing of pearl harbor had to have an amputation due to infection. This was a new world and military medicine. Theuse the salt prevented infectious and they used it liberally come and it worked and everyone was thrilled, but the problem with salt was that it did not deal with extremely deep wound infections in the abdomen or the chest. Those are so common in war. Penicillin had to be developed, and that was down with the help of the british. Of course, penicillin had been discovered in the 1920s, and even before that, chemists knew that certain types of mold killed bacteria. Course, fleming publicized and discovered penicillin. In 1941, the british brought over strains of penicillin they had. With their limited capacity because they were strained by the war effort, they had only been able to develop enough penicillin for five patients. They tried it on five extremely ill patients and they knew it worked extremely well and they brought it over and said to the department of agriculture and the United States, do you think you could grow penicillin . They said they would try to was a great Relationship Partnership between it took a year and a half, but revolutionize medicine for the american soldier and the American Public because by 1945, penicillin was available for american citizens, and we were very soon, very could be sending it overseas, so that is one of the better Success Stories of world war ii. But overall, the American Public was challenged pulling together, and this wartime emergency, knowing that the japanese were sailing off the coast of california, and knowing that hiller had overrun europe, they met the challenge. Enter the entrepreneurship and the spirit of the american people, made these great contributions. Now, burton is going to come and talk about the economic and what got us out of at the in the war and of the Great Depression. Burt . Burton you know, we look at world war ii and franklin agoevelt, seems so long since the bombing of pearl harbor and you do not really realize that much of american politics from Foreign Policy to domestic policy, is shaped by the events that happened in world war ii. Frank and roosevelt was very anxious for an active role of government in the American Economy. World war two provides that in a big way and anita has gone into some of those details. But roosevelt wanted it that way after the work, too. That is the important thing. So during the war, Franklin Roosevelt created the National Resources planning board. They were supposed to take ideas for after the war to run the American Economy. And inlt picked this up a state of the union speech in 1944, he talked about the economic bill of rights. The economic bill of rights, and i quote from parts of it it includes the right to a useful and remunerative job. Family to a every decent home. The right to a good education. The right to adequate medical care. These become new rights, which roosevelt described as the new economic bill of rights. Sometimes he called it the second bill of rights. And they roll off the tongue so nicely, dont they . Dont we all want decent homes . The right to a good education. The right to a useful and remunerative job. Roosevelt issued these, and these become the plan for after world war ii. When the war is over, then these rights can be given forth. If you think about it, if anita has a right to a useful and remunerative job, then someone here has an obligation to provide that job. If i have a right to a decent home, taxpayers have an obligation to provide that home. If david has a right to adequate there arere, then hospitals owe through federal funding of some kind, those hospitals, those physicians are obligated to supply that medical care. How different is this from the first bill of rights, the rights of free speech does not impose obligations on you to even listen to the speech, least of all except it or pay for it. The right to freedom of religion, we are in a church here the freedom the right of freedom of religion does not obligate anyone to go to a certain church. It just provides the opportunity for someone to practice freedom of religion. The first bill of rights by the founders are rights. The second bill of rights impose obligations and involved the government in a big way. What we see in the war is a huge tax structure being set up, which roosevelt will 20s after the war and it will be used after the war to find more federal programs. Year defra frozen roosevelt was elected president , in 1932, the year that Franklin D Roosevelt was elected president , it was the most had said anyone had to pay. Top incomes. Most americans did not pay income tax at all. In some ways, that there is a problem with that. We only had 5 of americans paying any income tax as right before the war in 1940. War, twod of the thirds of American Families were paying the federal income tax. And it started at 24 . The exemption was only 500. If you made over 500, you started paying the 24 . That been increased in a progressive way up to a maximum income overl 200,000. That means that if you want 300,000 on your third 100,000, you keep 6,000. You get to the government 94,000. A lot of people thought, hey, that might stifle entrepreneurship. It iselt believed essential in providing decent homes, good education, adequate medical care, this will be the basis of the funding of those kinds of actions. So, what we see is a dramatic increase in the taxpayer base, and in tax revenue. We see withholding introduced for the first time. We have a chapter on that that will be introduced that will take money directly out of paychecks so the government can use it right away, rather than having to week for a year. Rather than having to wait for a year. What we see as a defense from Franklin Roosevelt i would like to read from a kentucky senator. Senator happy chandler, democratic chama from kentucky, the state were david was born and where anita was born. But neither of them agrees with happy chandler, at least on this point. He said this quote all of us over the government. We owe it for everything we have. And that is the basis of obligation and the government can take everything we have if it needs it. The government can assert its right to have all the taxes it needs for any purpose, either now, or and anytime in the at any time in the future. The chandler view expressed on we pulled floor, and us out of the congressional record, are part at the defense of government becoming or at the defense of the government coming the main source, of not only for the economy for providing jobs, for providing health care and the tax revenue going into the government. Government programs kid the Government Programs can provide jobs, decent homes, and good education. When we got to the end of the war, roosevelt died. Every treatment comes in. Harry truman agrees with roosevelt on many of these issues. They are different kinds of people. But on these issues, truman is ready to go along with a lot of this. In. An comes the economic planners are wanting to institute this. They think the war is going to go on until 1946. Germany surrenders in 1945 here it it appears it will go on for a long time. Truman did not know about the atomic bomb. That is one of the shocks peering roosevelt and ne