i want to talk about an elusive d-day mystery that exists. despite the millions of words written about the allied invasion about normandy, june 6, 1944. what did general dwight d. eisenhower say when he gave the final order to launch the attack? it's puzzling to me, anyway, that perhaps the most important decision of the 20th century did not bequeath to history and posterity a quote to mark the occasion, something to live up to the magnitude of ike's decision. something iconic like general douglas macarthur's vow to the people of the philippines, "i shall return." the stakes of the invasion certainly merited verbal splendor, if not eloquence, if the overlord operation had failed the allies might never have won the war and yet eyewitnesses to eisenhower's great moment of decision could not agree on what he said. and as for eisenhower, he could not even agree with himself. he related five versions of his fateful words to journalists and biographers over the years that perhaps even more mysteriously he wrote five different versions of the statement in a 1964 article commemorating the 20th anniversary of d-day. to put those words, whatever they might have been into context, the high drama of those meetings leading up to the invasion decision certainly bear repeating. all of the elements of the d-day attack were in place by the spring of 1944, more than 150,000 men, nearly 12,000 aircraft, almost 7,000 sea vessels. it was arguably the largest amphibious invasion force in history. every possible contingency had been planned for, every piece of equipment issued and every bit of terrain studied. the invasion force was like a coiled spring, ike said, ready to strike hitler's european fortress and all it waited for was his command as supreme commander, allied expeditionary force to go, but for all the preparation there were critical elements that eisenhower couldn't control, namely the tides, the moon and the weather. and the ideal low tidal and bright lunar conditions required for the invasion prevailed a few days each month and as we saw a few moments ago those of us who watched eisenhower's documentary on d-day, the dates were june were the 5th, the 6th and the 7th and if the attack was not launched on those dates, they would be forced to wait until the 19th to try again. any wait increased risking the secrecy of the operation and any wait would also cut into the summertime weather that the allies would have to campaign, and the inescapable consequences of postponement ike would later write in his 1948 memoir, "crusade in europe" were almost too bitter to contemplate. ice and his staff began meeting early in june to choose the final invasion date and a date now contingent on the best weather forecast. the setting was southwick house near portsmouth in southern england. the conference room where they met was large, a 25 by 50-foot former library with floor to ceiling french doors and dark oak paneling and a blue rug which ike would pace anxiously in the days leading up to the invasion and empty bookshelves lined the room and a forlorn reminder of its now decidedly unliterary purpose. ike's commanders and his weather team led by group captain j.m. stag met in the library twice a day at 4:00 a.m. and 9:30 p.m. on the evening of saturday june 3rd, stag reported that the bad weather has moved out and a low was coming in. he predicted june 5th would be cloudy, stormy, windy, and with a cloud base of 0 to 500 feet. too windy to disembark troops and too cloudy for the all-important preparatory bombardment of the coastal defenses. the group reconvened early the next morning to give the weather a second look, stag's forecast was no better and eisenhower reluctantly postponed the invasion for another day. the group gathered again at 9:30 the evening of sunday, june 4th. ike opened the meeting and signaled for stag to begin. standing, stag reported a coming break in the weather predicting that after a few more hours of rain would come 36 hours of clear skies and lighter winds to make a june 6th invasion possible and he made no guarantees. the commanders debated the implications of the forecast and they were still struggling towards consensus when eisenhower spoke up. the question, ike said was just how long can you keep this operation on the end of the limb and let it hang there. the order, he said, must be given. slower ships received provisional orders to sell, but ike would wait until the next morning to wait the decision final and he ordered the men to return in the early hours of june 5th. ike rose at 3:30 and traveled the muddy mile from his camp to suffolk house through withering rain and wind. stag had been right. if the invasion had begun that morning on june 5th it would have failed. ike started the meeting and stag repeated his forecast and the break in the weather should hold. his brow was furrowed as a kansas cornfield, eisenhower turned to each of his principal subordinates for his final say on launching the invasion the next day, tuesday, june 6, 1944. general bernard law montgomery who would lead the assault forces said go. admiral sir bertram ramsey, the naval commander in chief said go. air chief marshal sir trafford lee mallory, the air commander in chief said go. eisenhower stood up and began walking the war room's blue rug back and forth, pondering the most important decision of his life and the fate of millions of people and it was now up to him and only he could make the decision. he kept pacing, hands clasped behind his back and chin on his chest and then he stopped. the tension left his face and he looked up at his commanders and said, what? well, this is where history draws a blank. what did ike say when he launched the d-day invasion and why is there no single memorable quote? well, the eyewitnesses offer answers, but little help. of the 11 to 14 men who attended the final decision meeting and that number, as we'll see is in dispute, only four men besides eisenhower reported what they believed were the supreme commander's historic words. in the accounts of three of these men appeared in their memoirs published between 1947 and 1969. lieutenant general walter biddle smith who was ike's chief of staff probably spent as much time as anyone during the war reported well, we'll go and his memoir, eisenhower's sixth grade decisions which came out in 1956, major general francis wiggin who was general montgomery's chief of staff reported, we will sail tomorrow. in operation victory published in 1947 and in intelligence at the top which came out in 1969, major general kenneth strong whom ike has described as the best intelligence officer he ever worked with said okay, boy, we will go. admiral ramsey died in an airplane crash during the war and left no memoir, but his version survives through the reporting that allen micci of readers digest magazine. he published in the 1964 war book the invasion of europe and it's the best account of a contemporary journalist who tried to verify what ike said near the date of the invasion. micci writes how he began his quest for the elusive phrase on june 5th, pressing ramsey for the moment by moment details of that final meeting at suffolk house and ramsey was fluently unruling his story until he reached the moment of ike's decision barely stalled. what words did he say? what words did he actually use? i can't quite remember, ramsey said, but it was a short phrase and something typically american. micci peppered ramsey with possibilities all of which the admiral dismissed until the correspondent hit upon, okay, let her rip. ramsey tentatively confirmed it, but warned micci he would need eisenhower's commitment. micci rushed to eisenhower's command toufr. he ran to ask an aide. the aide returned a few minutes later and told mitchy that if he was on the phrase, it was -- a sensor forced mitch to get the quote reconfirmed later when he gave it to reader's digest, once again eisenhower obliged and "okay let her rip" appeared in the magazine's august 1944 issue. mitchy's account of the meetings leading up to the decision impressed the military assistant colonel james gault who noted to the article in the diary. gault lent his diary to kenneth s. davis when he arrived at ike's headquarters in august 1944. notes from the diary found in davis' personal papers who were over at kansas state university confirmed that davis was aware of mitchy's version of the quote, but he published his own phrase in his 1945 book soldier of democracy. all right, davis reports, we move. davis presumably got this from eisenhower in one of his three interviews of the general that august but his papers do not contain verbatim notes of his interviews with ike. the davis book project was backed by milton eisenhower and ike's youngest brother and the president of kansas state college at that time now, of course, kansas state university and milton encouraged davis to write the biography, quote, so that at least one good one is produced, unquote, competing books by alden hatch and francis miller were already in the works by 1943. hatch would do an interesting and credible job, milton told his brother, but it will not be very deep. while he feared miller's book would read, quote, like the encyclopedia britannica, but dry. hatch did not meet ike until july 1945 but he nevertheless published his own version of the d-day quote in the fall of 1944, gentlemen, we will go ahead as planned. miller's account stopped on the eve of the invasion and omits ike's final words. this first of eisenhower biographies appeared in bookshelves four days after we landed in normaldy, so they were very quick. milton assured ike that the davis book, promised to be one of real value on the home front and to have real, historical information. although ike would have qualms with soldier of democracy, he thought davis overemphasized class conflict here at ike's kansas hometown, he improved the recommendation of the work to a man who again, quoting wanted to know what your thoughts were at 4:00 a.m. on that day when you had to make the great decision. additionally when eisenhower made 250 annotations and his copy of the davis biography, he does not comment on davis' version of his d-day words. another wartime writer, chester willmontt of the bbc reports okay, we'll go in the struggle for europe which came out in 1952. willmont interviewed eisenhower twice on august 11, 1944 and again on august 16, 1945, and he submitted questions to the general before the 1945 interview which we have in the archives here at the library and question three asks specifically for the details of the june 5th meeting and perhaps he got them and like kenneth davis, willmont's interview notes that at the national library of australia contain no direct evidence of his quote. nevertheless, willmontt's version was in the documentary d-day plus 20 years which we watched just a few moments ago, it was an anniversary special filmed in england and france in july and august of 1963 and then aired on june 6, 1964 which was a saturday night 50 years ago. walter cronkite interviewed ike in the same suffolk room where he made the great decision and in this interview ike said, quote, i thought it, meaning the likely weather was just the best of a bad bargain so i said okay. we'll go. eisenhower had the chance to mend his words when he reviewed galley strips of transcripts prepared for publication in the new york herald tribune by the historian martin blockingson. he made 80 revisions and did not touch the d-day quote. the case for okay won't go appears to be strengthened by its use by the late john s.d. eisenhower and ike's son and grandson and their respective works, allies by john which came out in 1982 and eisenhower at war and what are we to make of john's earlier use of the quote, i guess we'd better go which appears in letters to mame in 1978. a similar version of the willmontt cronkite quote is stephen ambrose's okay, let's go which appears in his many popular world war ii books. the supreme commander which came out in 1970, he claims he garnered it from eisenhower during an october 27th 1967 interview, quote, he was sure this is what he said. and ike's posed presidential records cast doubt on ambrose's claim. he did not see the young historian that day and ike was playing golf in augusta, georgia, cursing his slice, not revisiting the past. furthermore in ambrose's book, d-day june 6, 1944, the climactic battle of world war ii he mistakenly attributes the quote to the 1963 walter cronkite interview which in any case he said we'll go, not okay, let's go. the confusion over ike's d-day words would spread beyond the english-speak world. a german journalist interviewed eisenhower in 1946. his version approximates the cronkite quote, adding okay, we'll go ahead. eisenhower reviewed the article before publication and as usual, did not comment on the d-day quote, although he did strike out the statement that the allies would have dropped atomic weapons on germany had the d-day invasion failed. eisenhower's last documented encounter with an author's version of the d-day words is found in a manuscript written by his friend colonel red reader. reader records well, we'll go. i rely on the courage of your men and dwight david eisenhower, fighter for peace which came out in 1968 is a children's book. ike reviewed the reader's draft in july 1967. he made almost 180 comments on the manuscript, but he did not question the d-day quote. in fact, i found no evidence that any of our records that ike ever once commented on or corrected the different quotes he found in the work of journalists, biographers or former comrades and neither did he use them in his own most detailed account of the june 5th meeting and nor for that matter did he use his own most recent statement, okay, we'll go. instead eisenhower wrote five different version of the quote in drafts of the 1964 article for the paris match magazine. paris is in france, not texas. the article was about d-day, but it had a contemporary, strategic purpose as well, france was becoming more and more independent and the north atlantic treaty organization, nato at that time and reminding the french of the shared sacrifice during the second world war might strengthen their bond the allies. as john be monet and leading advocate said to ike in a telegram at that time quote, i felt sure that an article would be politically most important, end quote. given this importance, ike presumably put a lot of thought into the story which either makes the various versions it contains more perplexing or it may explain them and eisenhower may have been searching for just the right words for his french readers. in his notes for the article ike wrote, yes, we will attack on the 6th and the first full draft of this story he writes, yes, gentlemen, we will attack on the 6th. in the next draft he scratches this out and he writes, gentlemen, we will attack tomorrow. elsewhere in the draft referring back to his decision, he said we will make the attack on june 6th which he then struck out and wrote we'll attack tomorrow. and the final draft he makes two references to his decision. we will attack tomorrow and gentlemen, we will attack tomorrow thereby demonstrating once again his apparent lack of concern with exactly what he said in the early morning hours of june 5, 1944. the paris match article appeared within days of the new york herald tribune series and the cbs airing of d-day plus 20 years and the spiegel article to put three different eisenhower quotes in three languages before the international public at the same time. the quote was lost before there was even a chance for it to be lost in translation. what accounts for all these accounts of ike's d-day works, his own and those of the eyewitnesses and others, the historian david howard perhaps captured it best in his description of the june 5th meeting, howard writes, nobody was there as an observer, however, high a rank a man achieves, his capacity for thought and feeling is only human and one may imagine that the capacity of each of these men were taxed to the limit and that none of them had the leisure or inclination to detach his mind from the problem and observe exactly what happened and remember it for the sake of historians. come the commanders obscured the meetings and what time did they meet? who was there? was ike sitting or pacing when he made the decision? and how long did it take him to make up his mind? various eyewitnesses placed the june 5th meeting at 4:00, 4:15 and 4:30 a.m. eisenhower was nearly as inconsistent with the time as he was with his words. in the early paris match drafts he states this he made the final decision at 4:00, but in the last draft he says the meeting started at 4:15. in his 1948 war memoir he records he made the decision at 4:15. general montgomery puts the decision at 4:00 in his 1946 account of his meeting, but at 4:15 in his memoir 12 years later. another six eyewitnesses who note the time of the meeting cast one note for 4:00, one for 4:15 and one for 4:30 and francis omits the june 15th the identity of these eyewitnesses is questioned by the eyewitnesses. a june 5th, 1944, memo by operations planner puts eisenhower, montgomery, lee mallory, air vice marshall james rob, rear admiral george crazy and generals smith, strong, and dwiggen as present. air vice marshal rob had his own list who had the administrative officer and the officer with my favorite name, agp wigglesworth. in some accounts captain stag attended. eisenhower is alone in including general omar bradley in his account of the final meeting but bradley states in his 1951 war memoir that he was aboard the "uss augusta" at the time of the decision. the eyewitnesses, a designation rapidly losing its force by now, further disagree on ike's miements in the final meeting. eisenhower paced the room in the account i shared early which i got from general strong but general waller smith asserts ike sat but was it on a sofa as smith writes or at a conference table or in an easy chair? and how long did it take eisenhower to make up his mind once his commanders had expressed their opinions? was it the 30 to 45 seconds or was it, quote, a full five minutes as general smith recorded in his 1956 memoir? well, ike pondered these discrepancies in later years and while did he not directly invoke david howard's fog of war explanation, in his essay, he agreed with the simplifications. ike wrote, when accuracy is all important, memory is an untrustworthy crutch on which to lean. witnesses of an accident often give under oath contradictory testimony concerning its details only hours later. how then can we expect two or more individuals, participants in the same dramatic occurrences of years past, to give identical accounts of the event? ike, of course, is saying you can't. but there is more, i believe, to the mystery of ike's d-day words than the inability of memory to preserve the past. eisenhower's humble character krints, and while his character alone can not solve the mystery, it may slain why there is no single memorable quote associated with his great d-day decision. eisenhower famously disdained pomposity in word and manner. he disliked what he called the slick talker and the desk pounder. the histrionic gesture or declaration wasn't in his personality or makeup. as his biographer writes, there was nothing dramatic in the way he made the final invasion decision. he didn't think in terms of history or destiny nor did there arise in him any of that grandiose self-consciousness which characterizes the decisive moments of a hitler or a napoleon. everything about eisenhower was restrained, the great d-day historian adds quoting, apart from the four stars of his rank, a single ribbon of decorations above his breast pocket, and the flaming swards shoulder patch, eisenhower shed all distinguishing marks. even in the command trailer there was little evidence of his authority, no flags, maps, framed directives or signed photographs of the new york great who often visited him. there is no memorable quote, in other words, because of ike's good old fashioned kansas modesty. he did not have the ego that spawned lofty sentiments. for the press or posterity. ike was a plain speaker from the plains of america's heartland. contrast this with his former boss, general douglas mcarthur whose i shall return was crafted for press and prosperity. the u.s. office of war information preferred we shall return. but lost the fight to the lofty macarthur. eisenhower's self effacing character is also revealed in his other d-day words, words he never intended anyone to hear. the words show he was far more concerned with taking responsibility for failure than with glory and whatever success crowned d-day. during that somber lull between the decision and the invasion, ike scribbled a quick note and stuffed it in his wallet. as was his custom before every major operation. he misdated it july 5th providing more evidence of the stress vexing him. and hiss subordinates. he found the note a month later and showed it to an aide who convinced him to save it. we have it in the library. it's probably our single most important document. the note said simply, our landings have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and i have withdrawn the troops. my decision to attack at this time and place was based upon the best information available, the troops, the air, the navy did all the bravery and devotion to duty could do. if any blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone. eisenhower's d-day worries lie with the consequences of that great decision, not the style or lack thereof in which it was uttered. and while the result of his decision was well-known his not so famous last words will remain a mystery probably just the way he would have wanted it. thank you. [ applause ] and we have a few minutes for questions or comments. we just ask you come and use the microphone, please, since they are doing some filming today. but if not, that's okay, too. and we would welcome you all back for our next session, which begins at 1:30 this afternoon. thank you all very much. [ applause ] you're watching american history tv. 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter @cspanhistory for information on our schedule, upcoming programs, and to keep up with the latest history news. each week, american history tv's reel america brings you archival films. on october 12th, 1962, lyndon johnson spoke at a civil rights symposium at his museum in austin, texas, in what was his final public speech prior to his death only six weeks, he talked about the future of civil rights and the role of government in insuring equality for all citizens. >> i believe that the essence of government lies with unceasing concern for the welfare and dignity and decency and inlaid integrity of life for every individual. and if our efforts continue and if our will is strong, and if our hearts are right, and if courage remains our constant companion, then my fellow americans, i am confident we shall overcome. so i tell this story about how i, whose every aspect of whose identity is in one way or another a threat to israel. i am -- my gender is male. my religion is muslim. my citizenship is american, but my nationality is iranian. my ethnicity is persian, my culture is middle eastern. everything about me sends off, you know, all the warning signals for israel. and so the experience of an iranian american single man trying to get through the airport in, you know, the 21st century, is a remind er to everyone that despite the way globalization has brought us closer and has diminished the boundaries that separate us as nations, as ethnicities, as people, as cultures, despite all that, all you have to do is spend a few minutes trying to get through the airport to remember that those divisions, those things that separate us, are still very much alive. >> best selling author and professor reza aslan will take your phone calls, e-mails and tweets on islamic fundamentalism and the war on terror live on book tv's in depth, part of a three-day holiday weekend of nonfiction books and authors. book tv, television for serious readers. you're watching american history tv, all weekend, every weekend, on c-span3. to join the conversation, like us on facebook @cspanhistory. >> the d-day invasion of germany took place on june 6th, 1964, when troops attacked the german forces along a 50-mile stretch of german coastline. next, our discussion on d-day with craig symonds on the 70th anniversary of d-day in june, including his responses to your calls, tweets, and facebook posts. >> now joining us live from new york city is craig symonds. >> now joining us live from new york city is craig symonds. he's the author of the new book "neptune: the allied invasion of europe and the d-day landings. mr. symonds, thanks for joining us. >> my pleasure. thank you. >> we just saw yesterday, mr. symonds, an anniversary in normandy, the 70th anniversary of d-day. a lot of dignitaries there to make the day special yesterday. why do you think 70 years later this date still resonates with

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