>> all right. let's get started. obviously today we're going to talk act the 1960s. do you guys know about that song with by the way? buffalo springfield for what it's worth? steve stills wrote it when he was with buffalo springfield. he wrote the song after a protest. they put a law on how long people could be outside of bars in los angeles. and all of the young people protested, i don't want to go to bed at 10:00. i want to party at the whiskey a-go-go, right? the cops came, they beat some heads and there was a protest. stephen stills writes this song all about the contentious nature of the 1960s, right? and the thing about that song, it's a ski protest song, you guys know it all and it was written 50 years ago. the thing about that song is it's not so much a protest song i'm right and you're wrong. but it is about look at what is happening to our society, right? field day for the heat. right? a thousand people on the street. all of them carrying signs mostly saying hooray for our side, my side, not your side but my side. battle lines being drawn. who is right when everybody is wrong. right? it's a key song of the 1960s not because it's a good lefty song or a good conservative song but because it talks about the rise of the contentious nature that we know of as the 1960s. there are a lot of misconceptions about the 1960s, but one of the key things that i want you to learn today, i'm going to repeat this theme over and over and over again. one of the key themes of the 60s is calls for freedom. right? people want freedom. hooray for my side. and in the 1960s the cost of that individual freedom might be the greater good. and so the story of this lecture in the 1960s is going to be the rise of the calls for freedom at the expense of the greater good. that kind of sounds bad. but when you think about what the greater good was doing, why did the civil rights movement happen? well, the greater good wasn't creating an equal environment for everybody. why does the women's movement happen? because women were treated as second class citizens in a lot of ways. so that's the theme of the lecture. and it really plays on what we've learned about since world war ii, right? america comes together during world war ii. what does fdr say that the world is about? anybody remember? the four freedoms, right? the two freedoms from something were the two freedoms for something. the society in the 1950s gets incredibly wealthy as we stop making bombs and start making frisbees and yet there are all of these rules, this conformity that people sense in the 1950s. remember we talk about that? and then starting in the 1960s, even early in the 1950s but comes to a head in the 1960s, all of the sudden people want to bust out of that box, right? they want to bust out of the contained society that has been successful in a lot of ways. 1950s with the richest society in the history of man kind. human kind, right? but a lot of people feel it's not quite spiritually satisfying. and the busting out of that, declaring their freedom from conformity or declaring their freedom from the onerous burden of bureaucracy and taxation, that's what the 1960s is about. and that's going to be the theme of the lecture today. does that make sense? yeah? calls for freedom, right? okay. instead of a story, normally i start with a story. instead of a story, i'm going to show a bunch of pictures to start us off because i any there's so much about the 1960s that is generally misunderstood. i went and looked up some images of the '60s, right? and evidently, if you google search "the '60s", this is what you get. this is a halloween costume you can buy to be a '60s kind of hern. this is a poster that you can buy to decorate your dorm rooms or what not. you can buy this post, right? you're in tune wh the 1960s radicalism. and this was a mini series that appeared on nbc television about 10 or 15 years ago, was all about flower power and families experiencing what it's like to have a daughter become a hippy. these kinds of things. right? and so in our popular mind, popular culture especially, the '60s are really perceived to be there, hippies, flower power, smoking pot and all of that stuff. but of course the '60s are way more complicated than that, right? you guys know what this is? right. jfk getting assassinated. 1963 in texas. rig right? '60s people listen to music, youthful music. we talked about elvis presley last time. we've got bob dillon up there, one of my favorite jimi hendrix of course as you guys know. people went on picnics, right? i'm always -- i want to wear those shorts every time i give this lecture, right? not the haircut but the shorts. the civil rights movement which we talked about last lecture really heats up in the '60s and even changes course towards the end. we've talked about that, right? remember this image up here, martin luther king, the assassination of martin luther king, right? calls for freedom, right? freedom must be lived. it's called the freedom movement, right? of course african-americans aren't alone. these are images of women's liberation, right? liberation of course is just another word for freedom, right? women's liberation. don't call me girl. all right. this is the rise of the whkhaka movement in the 1960s. see your chavez unionizing a lot of latino workers in california trying to protest and bring their protest to national prominence, right? we must understand that the highest form of freedom carries with it the greatest measure of discipline. stay true to the cause and you will be free. right? all these movements for freedom. right? and yet we must not forget that in 1968 this guy becomes president, right? you guys know who this is? richard millhouse nixon. the simpsons took his middle name. richard nixon and he wins in '68. and some of the things that he advocates for are free markets. freedom. so freedom is a call from the left and the right in the 1960s. and it's a real challenge to the post-war society that emerged out of world war ii. right? if you remember what we talked about in that society, in the 1950s, it was premised on government control, a little bit of the economy. it happened during the new deal. it happened during world war ii. bureaucracies were taking over, right? it was premised on friendly corporate relationships with the government. remember i showed you that really weird complicated slide about defense spend in the united states and how the congressman worked on that door to become lobbyists and worked in the defense industry. huge amounts of federal dollars were being spent in the defense ministry to help prop up the economy that needed help after the war after it converted frwod war ii, right? and society in that period, it became suburbanized. remember i showed you the pictures of all of the straight lines in the middle, the potato fields, william levitt planting those houses everywhere, in pretty straight lines with no trees until the trees grew up. right? and people followed the rules of society. and if you followed the rules of society, you too could have a 1200 square foot home in new jersey or pennsylvania, something like that, which to us sounds unappealing. but if you grew up in the great depression in chicago say in some small apartment building and your dad was always looking for work, that house sounds fantastic, right? but it also came with certain rules and expectations. remember what happens to women after the war? right? rosie the riveter has to go home and have children. that's the social expectation. and the number of children skyrockets, right? so there's all this -- and there are these complaints, the sense of that we're a conformist society, we need to bust free from conformity. and what happens in the 1960s is people start pushing back. okay. so the start of the 1960s actually looks a lot like the 1950s in your imagination, and that '50s idea lasts through '61, '62, '63. only in '64, '65, '66 start changing in what we saw as the 1960s. do you know who this is? this is john f. kennedy. i have down here playboy millionaire catholic for president. he inherited -- he was the son of a very wealthy man, joseph kennedy, who made a ton of money in the liquor industry, in the movie industry, in hollywood. and he really wanted his sons to not sort of be businessmen working on the margins. but he wanted them to be presidents or senators. there's a scene in one of my favorite movies "the godfather" with don is sitting there looking at his youngest son michael about to take over the mafia. he said michael, i never wanted this for you, i wanted you to be senator corleone, judge core rer corleone and instead you became the mafia boss. that's what joseph kennedy wanted. they go to harvard. it was the oldest son that joseph, the dad, was priming for the presidency. the oldest son gets killed in world war ii, so it's the second oldest son, john f. kennedy who becomes the heir apparent. after the war he runs for the house op representatives from massachusetts where he's from. gets elected. becomes a senator. and at a very young age, he's 43 years old when he runs for president in 1960. he's really, really young. and one of the things that was inspiring about him was not just the rhetoric -- although he had a very very powerful way of speaking to people. he was very charming, very comfortable in front of cameras. he looked good. had hollywood good looks, they said. he was unafraid to use those looks on a variety of women as you guys probably all know about, to great effect, i should say. but to people who were starting to complain about the conformity of the 1950s, they saw this young guy as maybe a spark, a way out. right? it was incredibly close election in 1960. he just squeaks by. this is the famous election where a lot of dead people in chicago vote and kennedy wins illinois and kennedy goes on to win the presidency. in his inaugural address, he gives one of the more famous -- he says one of the most famous lines in presidential history right? there are a handful of this unbelievably famous line as enthis is one of them. i'm sure you guys know this line, right? "ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country." you guys know this line? do you ever think about what it means? ask not what your country can do for you, but ask what you can do for your country. what can you do to improve the whole of society? right? don't ask about your own individual freedom but ask what you can do to make our country better. right? you guys get that? that sense? right? just to give away the lecture, it's hard to imagine at the end of the lecture somebody saying this because so many calls for freedom had happened in the decade of the 1960s. he comes in to office filled with hope and promises of change in some ways, right? but it's the cold war period and everybody assumes that the cold war is going to be what dominates his ten years as presidency. and sure enough in the very beginning it does. the focal point this time is cu cuba. an island 90 miles off the cost of florida here. like many latin america countries in this period, there are revolutions. like many occasions of these revolutions, the united states try to intervene and dictate and make sure there's no communist takeover of these countries. in cuba the revolution is in '58. castro takes charge. he's a communist. the united states tries to unseat him but it doesn't work. this bay of pigs disaster that you can read about in the textbook. it doesn't work at all. and so slowly but surely castro goes through cuba's economy and they start kicking out all of the american businesses, nationalizing things like the oil refineries and we start kicking out american businesses. you'll remember dollar diplomacy from several lectures ago, the united states gets very interested. and so in 1962 the united states puts an embargo on cuba. we are not allowed to expo export/import goods from cuba. which still exists although there's much discussion about lifting it. so we'll see how that plays out ultimately. a funny story about the embargo, john f. kennedy really loved cuban cigars, who wouldn't, right? so the day before he's about to sign the embargo, he asks his press secretary to buy as many cuban cigars as he could possibly get his hands on. he gets his hands on 1200 cigars, delivers them to the president and three minutes later john f. kennedy signs the embargo. so jfk got his cigars, right? that's not the end of the story, of course. because now that cuba doesn't have a friend in the united states, it needs trading partners because cuba is a communist country, who are they going to pick to be one of their key trading partners? soviet union, right? as the soviet union and cuba become closer and closer partners, the soviet union says hey, there's a country that we're friendly with 90 miles from the coast of florida. i wonder if they would let us put some nuclear weapons on that island so that we can be right in range of the united states. right? they plan on it. they start building facilities in cuba. they start putting the warheads on ships and sending them to the island. reconnaissance photos of which this is one, from american spy planes, look at this and they say, you know what they're doing, they're building places to store these weapons. they're building places where they can launch nuclear weapons 90 miles from the coast of the united states. we cannot allow them to do this. then the united states discoffers that these ships have left the soviet union carrying the weapons. so on tv jfk announces what's going on and demands that the soviet union turn those ships around, no weapons in cuba. this is what comes to be called the cuban missile crisis. and this is the closest we ever came to having all out nuclear war between the two super powers. well the soviet union says, we're not going to turn our ships around. we're entitled to arm our ally. after all, you guys just tried to invade them and upset the communist revolution there. so we're entitled to defend them. and anyway, you, united states you have weapons in turkey and italy, within striking distance of the soviet union. so how is this different from that? and what ensues is remarkable. for 13 days the ships gets closer and closer and closer. television is covering this every single day. people start writing wills. they start plotting for the destruction of humanity. right? how is this going to end? there are all sorts of negotiations taking place. every day everybody turns on the tv an sees the ships getting closer and closer and closer to cuba. right. here they are arm wrestling. look what they're sitting on, right? they're sitting on their weapons. finally, after 13 days, there's an agreement. and on paper that agreement is the united states agrees never to invade cuba again and the soviet union will no longer plan on putting offensive weapons in cuba and they turn the ships around. secretly the united states also agrees to take its weapons out of italy and turkey, so there's a bit of a quid pro quo there. and kennedy is hailed as a hero. one commentator said he played the scariest hand of poker anybody has ever played and he won. all right. there's a pretty decent movie about this. i think it's called "13 days." i think that's what it's called. a pretty decent movie that talks about the anxiety, every day the end could come. right? i guess we all should live like that but maybe not with that much fear. so jfk is a cold warrior but he's also sort of facing the challenges of the cold war trying to maybe, maybe back it down a little bit. he's willing to use diplomacy. he's pulling nuclear weapons out of italy and turkey, right? he also slowly but sure ly gets engaged in the civil rights movement. this isn't really because he wants to get engaged with the civil rights movement. it's because the civil rights movement forces it to be engaged with it. remember last lecture i talked about the sit-ins in greensboro, really creating the mod tern civil rights movement. public spectacles. anybody can be a part of it, right? martin luther king picks up on this and starts his confrontational methods, having everybody dress up in really nice subdivisinday clothes, go for freedom and then get arre arrested, insighvites all of th cameras to show up. this is going to mobilize america to fight for civil rights and one of those people that gets mobilized is john f. kennedy. he has a great line. 100 years of delay has passed since president lincoln freed the slaves yet they are not yet freed from the bonds of justice, social and economic oppression. and this nation for all of its hopes and boasts will not be fully free until all of its citizens are free. right. a great sentence. or two. all right. so he's cautiously endorsing civil rights action. and why, just to remind you again, not because he's this advocate of civil rights activity. but because of images like this. right? remember, it was this image that he said it made him sick, right, these visceral images of the civil rights movement prompted him to act. right? kids getting pelted by fire hoses to stop them from marching. but before he can see through any of the change that's being pushed upon him, well this happens. november 22nd, 1963, he is shot. you guys seen the footage of this? it's pretty horrific, right? super gross. pronounced dead shortly thereafter but basically he was dead when the bullets hit his head. an unbelievably tragic event. but of course, it's just the beginning of all of these assassinations that take place throughout the 1960s. this is really is first prominent one. but pretty soon we're going to have malcom x, pretty soon we're going to have martin luther king, pretty soon we're going to be robert kennedy, his brother, right? sort of starting this violent pushback. of course we can talk forever about the conspiracy theories and who killed jfk and stuff like that. and do you guys know the onion? they have a great newspaper from, i guess it's november 23rd, that says jfk killed by fbi, fidel castro, the cia, the mafia, right, all of these conspiracy theories of people who may have had a hand in this. more importantly for our story though is what happens next, right? who is president now. remember that line after fdr died? who is president now. well, it's this guy, lyndon bains johnson, lbj, right? here's jackie kennedy only hours of president kennedy was dead, still wearing the same outfit that she is right there. standing next to lbj as he's sworn in on air force one. lbj is great. he's a -- so he's from texas. they call him big daddy, right? really tall guy. you can kind of see how tall he is right here. he became a lefty during the new deal. right? the 1930s. that's when he became a democrat and that's when he became politically engaged and politically active. remember the new deal. going to put everything against a wall, see what sticks, put american to work, provide hope. these are the kinds of programs that lbj becomes a part of and that becomes sort of his calling. so he gets involved in the new deal in texas in the 1930s and then he goes on into the house of representatives in the senate. and he becomes like one of the most powerful members of the senate. and he's famous. this is called the johnson treatment. they actually called it -- there's a name for this. if you don't believe what he -- if you're not going to vote the way he wants you to vote, he goes, gets in your face, he talks with you, he insults you, he tells jokes to you, talk to you until you're blue in the face and then all of the sudden you say fine, i'll vote how you want me to vote. the johnson treatment. and he becomes a really skilled leader of pushing legislation through. and but he's also got this sort of, you know, kennedy had hollywood good looks, he was from boston and could speak well in front of people. lbj is from texas. a rough edge around him. one of the great joys of being an american citizen, you should know this because you'll take joy in this as well. about every three or six months or so somebody discovers a new recording of either lbj or nixon and you realize how hilarious or awful or funny these people are. so there's one that's circula circumstancirculat circulating right now about lbj ordering pants from his tailor. he's a very crass man, let's say. in the middle of the phone call he lets a huge bull elch out. not making sense, using foul langua language. it's pretty fun to listen to. and if you weren't sure how to vote in the senate, he would do all of that stuff to you until you were like fine, lyndon, go away. when he becomes president, which is something he always wanted, right, that's why the onion headline has lbj kills jfk too. something he always wanted. and what he wants to do is sort of revive the new deal. and he gives it his own name and it's called the great society. all right. where no child will go unfed and no youngster will go unschooled, where every child has a good teacher and every teacher has good pay and both have good classrooms, every human being has dignity and every worker has a job. rig right? now the thing that i want you to get about the great society, it's like the new deal where there's a whole bunch of stuff going on and he pushes all of this legislation, a lot of it passes right? it's a whirlwind of stuff that goes through. and what he's trying to do is tackle poverty, tackle racism but he's doing it with the new deal kind of way. doing it with government programs, doing it with government bureaucracies, right? and remember the beginning of the lecture, right, there's this t tumult coming from beneath. he's trying to, right, educate everybody, every human being has dignity, every worker has a job. but the way he's doing it is going to be against the push of the times. does that make sense? so what he does is really admirable in a lot of ways. he pushes the civil rights laws that we talked about on monday. the civil rights act of '64, civil rights act of '65, civil rights act of '68. he's pushing all of these things. he's one of the greatest presidential speeches he gives after selma. right. one of the greatest presidential speeches is after selma and he ends that "we shall overcome" and he starts pushing for voting rights legislation. and he pushes all of the civil rights laws through. but for lbj, class issues were way more important than race issues. he thought if we could solve the economic problems, the race problem would take care of itself. you can argue with that but it's not an insubstantial argument. and so what he really wanted to do was end poverty. war on poverty. right? that's one of his phrases, the war on poverty. so he starts this bewildering series of programs to make america more fulfilled, right? in education, starts head start, right. fairly financed preschool for kids who can't afford it. service. he wants all americans to give to the country. volunteers in service to america. it's like let's go to clean up the lake over there and pick up trash. let's go volunteer in this way. let's put these people to work for the good of society. right? and like the new deal, these programs just keep on coming. medicare, which is health care for the elderly, hud, which create housing and urban development which pushes all sorts of public houses issues. a lot of the public housing programs we now call the projects. some of them are not terribly successful. but what he's trying to do is say okay the government is going to build a nice house for you were give you low rent and from that you can push outward. highway beautification, that was a particular interest of his wife, laddy bird johnson who drove around texas all of the time and wanted prettier roads. clean air and water acts, numerous education acts. he even can lower taxes because the economy is so well. it's like the new deal, he's throwing stuff up there trying to make the united states fulfill the promise of what he thinks it can be. related to the great society, not technically a part of it but related because it happens in 1965, he also signs into law the immigration act of 1965. which is why many of you are here today, i would guess, right? many americans come -- he signs the act. remember, looking at the tushy of the statue of liberty up there. not sure why you don't do the front of the statue of liberty but he wanted to do the back of it. this is the chart of the immigration and this is the immigration acts to have 1920s. it sputters along, picks up in the 1950s and after the signing of the immigration act in 1965, look what happens. it starts shooting straight up. and one of the unintended consequences of the act, we're going to get rid of the quotas that were put in place in the 1920s, remember we talked about that, the tribal '20s. we're going to have it based on family need or what kind of jobs we need. and unbeknownst to everybody, it's not the europeans who take advantage of this the most, but it's people from asia, latin america and africa. if you look at the yellow, those are immigrants from asia, right? and europe is blue. it was almost european immigrants. and then look at the number of european immigrants towards the end. it changes the complexion of the united states. right? now lbj has done all of this. he's pushed all of the laws. they all get passed. he says this congress in 1965-'66 was a congress of established hopes, a congress of realized dreams. he thinks he's brought america to the millennium. he's going to end poverty. right? he's going to do it with all of these marvelous programs. the reason i have a picture of them with the christmas tree is because to prove to you what lbj thought he was doing, when he lights the national christmas tree -- you guys ever watch that on tv, the president flips the switch and there's bands. when lbj does this in late 1964, obviously, this is the line he says. right? "these are the most hopeful times in all of the years since christ was born in bethlehem." we did it! the great society has been created. right? but guess what? he's out of sync with the tenor of the times. and the pendulum swings back against him. it starts in a way with radicalization of the civil rights movement. right? calls for freedom from those government programs, freedom from the government bureaucracy, freedom from the development of housing projects, freedom from somebody on high telling us what we are supposed to do and how we are supposed to do it, right? the civil rights movement changes tone in 1964, '65, '66. and the west way to remember it is by black power. this is stokely carmichael up here. a fascinating figure. part of sncc up there. student nonviolent coordinating committee. and he was integral in spreading the sit-ins from greensboro, north carolina to other places. nonviolent integration protests. he was integral in making these things happen. a sort of martin luther king mold. by the mid '60s he gets frustrated that the whole focus has been on the first civil rights movement. you guys remember the distinction? and hen wants more on the second civil rights movement, greater equality in economics and society in general. and so in 1966 he gives this dramatic speech and he says, oush integrationists days are over. what we need to do is take care of ourselves. we need to buy goods from our own people. we need to start defending and protecting our own people because the police aren't going to help us. what we need is black power. and everybody hears this and they say "black power". then he looks in the crowd and says black power. they say black power. that slogan is born. can you blame them? this attitude is reflected in almost yearly riots, usually in the summertime they come to be called long hot summers. almost yearly riots. we talked a little bit about this last time. in '64 new york city, '65 malcom x is assassinated, '67 dozens of riots all across the country, '68 after martin luther king is assassinated, there are thousands of riots. the african-american community is frustrated that these pramtss that are supposed to bring them freedom and greater equality are not working. they're going to do it by themselves. black power. right? and one of the more famous sort of illustrations of this is the black panthers. the black panther party, right? they're born in oakland. in '66, '67. and they spread from oakland around the country. and they're going to be the ground soldiers for black power in a way. they're going to arm themselves and make sure that the government does what it says it's going to do and they're not even going to care what the government's going to do because they're going to make sure society is run in a proper way. they start programs to bring chickens to poor people. chicken in every pot. they start armed patrols through the neighborhoods to make sure that the police are doing their job. right? what they say they want is freedom. from the white power structure. right? lbj's sitting there saying, i passed these civil rights acts, i'm building public house fac sill ts, right? we want freedom from the white power structure. this is not working. this attitude is not just coming from the african-american community right? it's also coming from students. on college campuses. like yourselves. there are organizations, students for democratic societies, founded in 1959, so they start kind of early but they really amp up in '64, '65, '66. one of the main sort of sparks for them growing is what comes to be called the free speech movement. the free speech movement. right? uc berkeley where i went to school once upon a time, they decided to outlaw political activism on campus, right? you need to fit into your box, we don't want any radicals thinking outside of that box. students don't always listen to what the dean says so protests start happening. when one of the guys, jack weinberg, sits at the core table, the congress of racial equality, advocating politic, political change, they arrest him and they put him in the back of a police car. there's a spontaneous rally in berkeley. it would be like if the quad right over there, right, a police car comes onto the quad, throws this guy as a lesson to all the students and the students say, we're going to teach you a lesson instead. and so a spontaneous protest. 3,000 students come and they surround the car. for 32 hours. jack weinberg? in the car for 32 hours. which is kind of gross when you think about it. but -- right? they use the car as a platform. this is mario savio, one of the leaders of the movement. they use the car is a platform to say, we need to break free from these structures, we want to push out of this quoermist culture that has these expectations for us, we want freedom to advocate politics, we want free speech, flight this sparks a movement in college campuses starting in '64ing '65. it goes to michigan, it goes to wisconsin, it goes to columbia, right? college campuses become hotbeds of youthful radicalism demanding freedom. who else wants freedom? women's liberation picks up speed significantly in the middle 1960s. it starts -- it starts a long time ago, we've talked a lot about women in this class. it it really gets ignited 1963. betty friedan writes a book called "the feminine mystique." went to smith college. and then did what you're supposed to do after the war, she became a mother, she got married, she did the housewife stuff, she made peanut butter sandwiches, she sat and played games with her kids. but she kept swig. so she wanted to do a report on what her fellow smith graduates were doing 20 years after college. and she realized they were all miserable. because they were expected to go in the box. right? they were expected to make those peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. she writes this book, "fell anymore mystique: the problem that has no name." women are expected to do this and women could hadon't have thm to do what they want to do. and this book really ignites the women's liberation movement. betty friedman starting n.o.w., the national organization for women, which still exists and is still very active. calls for women's liberation. this is betty friedan. radical feminists start bubbling up too. they want the end of marriage. it's a male-dominated structural thing ianyway, right? my 6-year-old daughter wants the end of the patriarchal language. when i say everybody, hey, guys? my 6-year-old daughter corrects me all the time. i'm not a guy, dad. she's quite. gender normativety, right? these radical feminists start making us aware of these things. not just women bursting for freedom. but latinos as well. the chicano movement picks up. right? chicano's a great word. it's fun to say too. it's barrio slang. right? it means, our people. right? caesar chavez, dough lower yes huerta, the two leaders of this. it starts out protesting on behalf of the grape growers of california, right? i will not sell my family to the growers, end slachry, free from us this tyranny. right? anybody know what the political organization is for latinos that emerges out of the chicano movement? la rasa, the race. right? and then there's the fun stuff. that stuff's pretty fun but really important. then there's the cultural stuff. rock 'n' roll transforms in the middle to late 1960s. it becomes overtly political. not that it always wasn't but it becomes overtly and directly political, right? bob dylan famously puts down his acoustic guitar, plugs in his electric guitar, and initiates this new sound of rock 'n' roll. it's not going to be your dad's folk music protesting from the left anymore. we're going to plug it in and we're going to scream. remember the first day of class when i played some of this guy's music? ♪ freedom that's what we want right? remember that? sly and the family stone is another one of these sort of acts. they're promoting this sort of interracial challenge. there's sly, a couple of white guys there. jimi hendrix, this interracial challenge, he's by far the leader of the band. the two guys who play backup to him are white guys. we're going to challenge the structure. how else can we challenge it? drugs too. drugs start proliferating. right? marijuana. everybody smoked marijuana. even conservatives. although they say that they went on a boat outside to the international boundary so they could smoke legally, right? this is someone smoking marijuana, for those of you who haven't seen this before. this is what you look like when you do too much drugs, all right? that's keith richards of the rolling stones. he's done a lot of drugs. and maybe it looks like it. right? think of this as a challenge. the youthful people are choosing their own forms of recreation. and what's every youthful person's favorite form of recreation? you edisaid it, not me, right? sex. right? the birth control pill gets perfected in 1953. it is illegal. and it finally in 1963, in this famous case of griswold v. connecticut, gets legalized. and it makes sex something that can be enjoyed for pleasure without a significant percentage of the risk of pregnancy. and for women, who bore the indisputable larger costs for these unintended pregnancies, this is freeing. it's liberating. my mom, who came of age in this period, she talks about how the pill came along and it just opened up the possibilities for women. which i found gross to hear my mom talking about this. but that's how important it was. but of course freedom is not just people pushing from the left, it's people pushing from the right. and what you see in the 1960s is a resurgence of conservatism. a resurgence of the conservative movement. starts by barry goldwater and william f. buckley here in the '50s and '60s. and then you know these two probably more famous, ronald reagan and richard nixon. they want freedom from the great society. freedom from the bureaucracies. freedom from the tax burdens. right? and after this clash, remember the song i started with? the battle lines are being drawn. who can be right and who can be wrong? after one of these clashes between all these pushes for freedom from the left and all this push from freedom for the right, one of the guys looks down and he says -- he's talking to a woman -- and he says, dear miss, we will be fighting for 40 years. and he's right. and the thing that makes this fight for freedom go from just being a call for political rights to something that's violent in the streets is the vietnam war. and that's what we're going to talk about next time. all right? all right. thanks, guys. next on c-span3, "hearn history tv" in primetime all week with our original series "lectures in history." tonight we'll take you to classes around the country lecturing on religion and its influence throughout history.