But when the cold war ended and particularly when the war in terror began, it moved so drastically away from focus on russia that i think it lost its ability to conduct operations even in conducting basic analytical work about it. There is still very good people there who deal with russian and who are experts in russia. But its drastically shrunk from what it was. And i think now that russia is seen as much more of a threat over the last couple of years, particularly because of its activity military activities in ukraine, is that there will be some respectificati firectif thereby more effort and more personnel devoted to trying to understand russia. Did you have something . Just really quickly, you know it takes time and as mark said, if you focus on it now, it takes years to develop expertise and if you are talking about human intelligence penetrating russia and putins inner circle so it will take a while. Even if theyre doing it now. Thank you very much, thank you for coming. Please return tomorrow at 1 00 p. M. And we will continue. American history tv in primetime continues tuesday night with a look at africanAmerican History. First well hear from historians and activists reflecting on the civil rights movement. And later a discussion from the Smithsonian National museum of africanAmerican History on the concept of being black in america. Thats tuesday night beginning at 8 00 eastern here on cspan 3. Youll have a front row seat to every minute of the republican and Democratic National conventions on cspan. Org. Watch live streams of the Convention Proceedings without commentary or commercials. Use our video clipping tool to create your own clips of your favorite convention moments and share them on social media. Also, read twitter feeds from delegates and reporters in cleveland and philadelphia. Our special Convention Pages have everything you need to get the most of cspans gavel to gavel coverage. Go to cspan. Org Republicannational Convention and cspan. Org Democraticnational Convention for updated scheduling information, to see whats happening during each convention session. And every speech will be available on demand for viewing when you want, on your desktop, laptop, tablet, and smartphone. Our special Convention Pages and all of cspan. Org are a Public Service of your cable or satellite provider. So if youre a cspan watcher, check it out, on the web at cspan. Org. Well, coming up next on American History tv, author alex kershaw discussing his book avenue of spies, which tells the story of the jacksons, an American Family who aided the French Resistance in nazioccupied paris. The jacksons lived on the avenue fache in paris, also home to nazi officials and the gestapo. They were deported to german prison cam pds less than a month before the allies liberated that part of frabs. The National WorldWar Ii Museum is the host of this event. Its about an hour. Im boeigoing to say bonsoir monsieur and madam, vive general de gaulle. But i didnt think there would be many people in the audience who are fans of general de gaulle. I actually am for many reasons. First id like to really thank, without being too selective, id like to thank in particular Jeremy Collins who where are you, jeremy . Hiding over here. And larry de coeurs. Where are you, larry . Is he here . Somewhere abouts. These two gentlemen were my coconspirators. We actually walked along this beautiful avenue here very late at night at least a couple of times during a World War Ii Museum victory in europe tour, and i thought to myself, wouldnt it be a great idea if i could persuade a new york publisher to pay me a certain amount of money to go back and get drunk at least two or three times every year, and it worked. Unfortunately, i had to i actually had to write a book at the end of it. So i wanted to read to you a quick quote. I dont want this to be too much of a slide show, but i was very fortunate in finding some really remarkable images that were given to me by the last living hero of my book, phillip jackson, whos 89 years old today. And youll see some images of him later. But i want to just read you a quick section. Its a very short section. I hate reading from books because people always fall asleep. But this is really the theme of the book. And its by a very distinguished and extremely brave frenchman. There were many in world war ii. Called johnpierre levi. We lived in the shadows as soldiers of the night. But our lives were not dark and martial. There were arrests, torture, and death for so many of our friends and comrades. And tragedy awaited us, all of us, just around the corner. But we did not live in or with tragedy. We were exhilarated by the challenge and the rightness of our cause. It was in many ways the worst of times and in just as many ways the best of times, and the best is what we remember today. I think you can say that of the entire narrative of world war ii. Memory serves us in many wonderful ways. It makes the horror in some ways more diminished as we go on. To the left here is dr. Sumner jackson, born in maine, very poor childhood. Left school when he was 10 years old. Worked in a quarry for a couple of years breaking rocks. Finally ended up working for a doctor as his chauffeur. And the doctor encouraged him hes on the left here. To go back to college. He did so. Bowden. I pronounced that correctly. Bowden college. Yeah . And then became qualified as a doctor at the massachusetts general hospital. This is him on the left and hes actually joined as a volunteer the harvard medical unit. And thats taken in 1917. Hes on his way to france to serve as a combat surgeon. This is another picture of dr. Jackson, 1917. And this if you look at the back of the photograph, i hope some of you brought your spectacles. I havent. But if you look at the guy at the head of the table operating, thats jackson. Some people say that the woman right beside him to his right is his future wife, toquette jackson. This is taken in 1917 in a hospital in the rue pacini in paris where dr. Jackson actually met his future wife toquette who may be right at his side there. Phillip jackson, their son told me they fell in love while jackson was operating on very severely wounded doughboys from the trenches. And that their very first long kiss was in a linen closet just out of the picture. Philip told me it was a very long kiss indeed. Its france after all. Heres toquette and sumner. She was an absolutely remarkable woman, very strong spirited. She was a fantastic tennis player and boasted throughout most of her life that shed beaten frances number one tennis player of all time. Actually suzanne legaren, who won 31 championships. Toquette when she was young had beaten this woman. So she was a very good tennis player. She loved to play tennis with sumner. They married in the early 1920s. And for ten years she tried to get pregnant and it did not work out. And finally, lo and behold, in 1929, phillip jackson, their only son, was born at the American Hospital in paris. At least a crate of ballenger champagne was drunk to celebrate his arrival because she was in her mid 30s and had given up hope of ever having a child. Here is phillip. Thats sumner. Its an absolutely beautiful photograph. Phillip is still alive. Hes 89 years old. The thing to note about this photograph is the railings. You can see a blurred effect of railings behind them. These are railings at number 11 avenue fache. So this photograph is taken with phillip and his father in the front garden at 11 avenue fosche. Very privileged upbringing. Lived on the most exclusive street in paris. Sumner in the 1920s started a private practice. He specialized in urology and ended up treating hemingway, fitzgerald, the lost generation of parisians. Many of them theres a picture of phillip and Sumner Jackson in the 1930s. Actually, thats taken on juno beach, one of the landing beaches of dday. The family here again in the 1930s. Phillip obviously with his father. The gentleman to the left is a guy called rene lagarde who actually played a very Important Role as well discover later in saving phillips life. He taught phillip to swim in the very rough waters of the English Channel. Sumner was determined that phillip would learn to box so he could defend himself. Sumner actually hired a professional boxer to come and give phillip lessons and he always had phillip learn to swim in the very difficult waters of the English Channel. I point out here if you can see this. This is the arc de triomphe here. Thats where the jacksons lived. Avenue fosche. There were two entrances, there you go. Thank you, jeremy. Perfect. This is the address today. A good friend of mine took the photograph. Its the ground floor apartment. Thats where dr. Jackson, Sumner Jackson, had a private medical practice. He made a lot of money because if youre a specialist in urology, you often have to solve issues of venereal disease. So a lot of very rich american businessmen that came to paris and had a good time, they had number 11 avenue foch and his telephone number in their pocketbook just in case. Importantly there, was an exit just to the left here onto rue traktir and a front entrance. Two entrances to a ground floor apartment where people came and went all the time to see dr. Jackson. In june of 1940 sumner sent his son and toquette to the south of france. June the 14th the nazis arrived in paris. And dr. Jackson was made the principal surgeon at the American Hospital of paris. He didnt leave paris. Actually, 4 5 of parisians fled paris before the germans arrived. Hitler said on the 10th of may 1940, i will be in paris with my artists in six weeks. And he was, amazingly, with albert speer and others six weeks almost to the day in june of 1940. This gentleman here is one of americas first spies. Before the Second World War there was no foreign intelligence service. The americans you guys didnt have a foreign intelligence service. That was the job of people who worked for the state department. Donald coster was a princeton graduate. This is his picture. He was a princeton graduate from 1959. A volunteer ambulance man working in normandy during the blitzkri blitzkrieg. And he wrote a very detailed story about the blitzkrieg for readers digest. And he witnessed this huge terrifying onslaught of armor and steel. The wehrmacht at its most violent in the spring of 1940. And was an ambulance driver. And in fact, he was working for the americans and recording the impact and the ferocity of the blitzkrieg. And he found his way to paris in early july of 1940, was dropped off at the Hotel Bristol by none other than george kennan, who became a Great American statesman. And then found his way to the American Hospital of paris, where he went to the office of dr. Sumner jackson and said to dr. Sumner jackson, i need to hide for a while. And the theory is that he was being hunted by the abwehr and the gestapo, that they were on to him, they knew he wasnt an ambulance driver, he was a spy. Donald coster in 1981 was interviewed and he said only one person hid me in the basement of the American Hospital in paris, dr. Sumner jackson. And he also added that after a week false papers were found which allowed him to get to the south of france, then to spain, and then back to the u. S. He was one of several oss agents that were sent into north africa in 1942 before operation torch and went on to have a very long and distinguished career, oss in the Second World War and then the cia after the war. In allowing coster to hide in the basement of the American Hospital, Sumner Jackson took his first great risk of world war ii. Avenue boche its called, in the fall of 1940. The germans, in particular the most vicious and depraved and most cultured and malevolent of the germans who arrived in 1940, they chose the nicest place to live. And im talking about the ss and the gestapo. When they came to the avenue foch named after the great world war i french general they literally chose the nicest residences. So the mansions owned by the rothschild family, renault, the car manufacturer. They all lived on avenue foch. By the fall of 1940 it was known by parisians as avenue boche because there were so many nasty gestapo and senior wehrmacht officers living in the finest houses in all of paris. Here youll see that the arrow is pointing to number 72. Thats the residence of Helmut Knochen. Ss colonel Helmut Knochen. Here it is. A bundes archive shot. Hes 37 years old here, has a ph. D. In medieval english literature. He speaks four languages, a distinguished and brilliant journalist. He arrived on the 14th of june 1940 in disguise as a military policeman because the senior wehrmacht generals in paris did not want these black bastards, as they called them, anywhere near power in paris. Theyd seen what theyd done in warsaw, theyd seen what the gestapo had done elsewhere in europe and they wanted to have a very nice war, thank you very much, as occupiers of the most beautiful city in europe. They did not want men like this terrorizing and exerting undue influence. Hes the nemesis of my book and i found him to be incredibly interesting. Here is an extremely able intelligence agent. He was involved in one of the great coups of counterintelligence during the early days of the Second World War, the wenlow incident. Extremely cultured, extremely sophisticated, really, really highly functioning operator. Winter 1940 the jacksons were wealthy. They had a country home in enghien which is about 20 miles north of paris. They had a very nice house there. This is phillip on the right and thats sumner with a cigarette in his mouth. Chain smoker. Smoked all the time. Theyre cutting woods in the backyard. I actually went to the backyard about a year ago. Theyre cutting wood because it was a very cold winter in paris. It was the coldest winter on record. Over 100 days when the temperature went below freezing at night, which is unbelievable when you think about it. Its paris. Phillip told me he loved this photograph and he loved it because it was one of the few occasions when he actually got to spend time with his dad, who he hero worshiped. His father was very busy at the American Hospital. And doing things like this bonded them. Made him feel very close to his father. 1942, if you go on youtube, you can find the original newsreel the propaganda newsreel for this image. It is a truly horrifying image. When you look up here at the planes, when you think about what this museum means, it means the defeat of these black bastards. Three of the most evil operators in nazi europe. In the center obviously, those of you who recognize senior ss officials, this is reinhart heydrich, the architect of the holocaust. At least 15 to 20 Million People died in europe because of his plans. Not just the jews. You name it. Anyby that opposed nazism, his life mission was to kill, destroy, or deport them. To the right here we have ss colonel Helmut Knochen, king of paris, number 72 avenue foch, greeting his boss, heydrich, on the 8th of may 1942 just outside paris at orly airport. And on the left you have ss general carl oberg, who has arrived with heydrich to take over control of the ss in france. They got into a mercedes, beautiful mercedes, and knochen took heydrich to visit some of his favorite haunts. The first stop was the ritz, where heydrich stayed for about a week. And together they planned the murder of 80,000 french jews. Number 31 avenue foch was the headquarters of theodore danica, who also worked with them very closely during that week to deport and kill over 80,000 french jews. They also are responsible, these three men, for killing roundabout 90,000 resistance, frenchmen and women who dared to resist their rule. Heydrich, thats one of the last photographs taken of heydrich. Hes 38 years old here. What struck me about these men is that theyre so young. You know, im 49. At 37 and 38 they have the future of entire civilian populations in their hands at their whim. Heydrich is dead three weeks after this photograph was taken. Assassinated in prague. Czech. Two czech paratroopers rolled a bomb under his car and killed him. Bad news for knochen. Dr. Bones, his nickname was. Knochen in german means bones. Bad news for helmut because heydrich is his protector and mentor. There had been a nasty incident in 1941 when knochen had blown up several synagogues in paris and tried to make it look like frenchmen had blown up the synagogues to create a wave of antisemitism. It was squofdiscovered by the s german commanders in paris and they had him sent back to berlin. Heydrich sent knochen back to paris and had the senior wehrmacht generals removed. So during the week that heydrich spends in paris, wining and dining and meeting various mademoiselles, the heiresses, a woman called florence gould, et cetera, they talked about what they would do in france. The plan was that the ss would take complete control of france. And heydrich was killed because of the shuffling that went on, the revolving door of senior command within the ss and the gestapo. Helmut knochen here becomes head of the gestapo in paris, the most powerful man in paris and really the most powerful man within the gestapo. Thats the german secret police, the nazi secret police. In the whole of france. Under the control of ss general carl oberg. Meanwhile at the American Hospital, Sumner Jackson has been waging his own private war against the nazis. As a doctor he falsified several documents for p. O.