The west, prior to st. Louis being the gateway. A pittsburgh native who took the art world by storm. A visit to the andy warhol museum. He grew up in pittsburgh. He was born in 1928, the youngest of three siblings. He grew up really religious. They revise and team catholics. Byzantine catholics. We begin at the Heinz History Center for the look at innovations created right here in western pennsylvania. Pittsburgh is an amazing place. It is a city with a tradition of innovation. For 250 years people have come from all over the world to the forks of the ohio, the place for the allegheny and monongahela river comes together to form the ohio river. It is a place where ideas have converged. Now follow me and lets take a look at 250 years of pittsburgh innovation. 20,000 years ago, people started coming to north america. No one is native to north america. They all came from someplace else. About 30 miles west of pittsburgh is a place called the meadow cropped rock shelter. It is the oldest side of human habitation in north america. This figure is representative of those first peoples in western pennsylvania. When the first europeans arrived they found native peoples here. Peoples who had settled at the confluence of the three rivers. When George Washington arrives in 1753, he wanted to meet queen alaquipa. She was a chief. She was already probably already in her late 70s or 80s when 21yearold George Washington arrived. 21yearold washington was six feet, two and a half inches tall. Big and strong with red hair. He was trying to build a career. The governor of virginia hired him to come to the western wilds and chase out the french who were building forts along the Allegheny River. George was captured. He nearly drowned in the Allegheny River but he kept coming back. And he secured the forks of the ohio as they called them for the British Empire. Lewis and clark started their expedition right here in pittsburgh. Meriwether lewis was at fort fayette, which replaced fort pitt. He and William Clark set out on a transcontinental exploration in 1803. They built a boat right here in pittsburgh, a 55foot boat. On the very first day of the expedition lewis took his air rifle, a 22 shot air rifle, didnt use powder or flint, and he gave a demonstration on brunos island, the first island on the ohio river as you head west. He was an expert marksman. You put a mark on a tree and fired seven times and hit it bullseye each time. A local man said that is amazing. He pulled the rifle from his hand. It went off and shot a woman in the head. She went down, feathers from her hat flew into the air. He thought the first day of the exposition and i have already killed someone. He learned some first aid from dr. Rush in philadelphia and applied direct pressure to the gushing head wound. In a few minutes he got her back on her feet. She was wobbly that she was alive. He said, boys, lets get out of here. They set off on their 8000 mile journey. The first day was a little rough but things got better. Pittsburgh industry started early because pittsburgh was the gateway to the west. Think about that for a minute. We often think of st. Louis as the gateway to the west, but in 1803 this is where lewis and clark started their expedition. This was where things could be manufactured. Iron could be used for boilers, for steamboats, for tools of all kinds, packaged foods, clothing could all be acquired here is as people headed west into the wilds. We will go this way and look up as you come through. You will see the vin fizz, the first airplane to make a transcontinental flight from coast to coast in the United States. A pittsburgher, cal rogers was its pilot. Vin fizz was the name of a great soda that sponsored his expedition. Think about this. How many airports do you think there were in america in 1911 . Zero. He had a land on cow pastures, abandoned roads, baseball fields. Any place he could. He crashed 20 times on his flight across the country but he made it and dipped his wings in the Pacific Ocean had long at long beach. Lets head in here and learn a little bit more about pittsburgh, the arsenal of the union. During the civil war pittsburgh was going 24 hours a day turning out cannons and munitions. The largest cannons ever made in American History were made here in pittsburgh during the civil war, including an 80 ton behemoth designed by Thomas Jackson rodman. It was 20 inch caliber. It through a 20inch ball 4. 5 miles when loaded on top of 200 pounds of mammoth gunpowder. A special kind of powder that he invented. Pittsburgh was the arsenal of the union. It was going 24 7. Women and girls rolled cartridges at allegheny arsenal. They turned out thousands and thousands of them every day using a machine that was invented by Thomas Jackson rodman that could turn out these mini balls, these lead bullets very uniformly and by the thousands. But on september 17, 1862, a tragedy struck. A spark ignited the gunpowder that those women workers were using. It blew up allegheny arsenal. Three blasts rocked the city. Windows were broken for blocks around and 78 of those women and girls perished in the flames. It was the worst industrial accident of the civil war. After the war the Energy Industry grew up as the Steel Industry grew. People used the natural gas here in pittsburgh to fuel industry. They used the soft coal that was natural here. They burned it and made coke out of it. Coke was used to fuel last blast furnaces that made the steel. Pittsburgh also used oil. In 1859, the First Commercial Oil well was drilled by a man named drake. And then another inventor used that oil and refined it to make gasoline. They called it rock oil in those days because it came out of the rocks. It replaced whale oil that was used extensively for lighting america. Pittsburgh is still an Energy Center today. Not the coal center it once was, but now shale that is frakked and sucked out of the earth. It is one of the largest deposits of its kind in the world. Safety has always been important in pittsburgh. The coal mines and factories and mills could be dangerous places. People came from all over the world to work here. But many people died. Whether it was from lung ailments, black lung from working in the coal mines, or just the dangers of a steel mill. A Company Named mine Safety Appliances Company developed breathing apparatus and special lighting apparatus that would not ignite volatile fumes in mines and would help men breathe underground. Msa is still here today. Steel was king in pittsburgh, and labor unions grew up to protect the men who were working in those mills and mines. In 1892, an anarchist named Alexander Berkman attacked henry clay frick, one of the coke and coal magnets. He was a partner of andrew carnegie. One day he burst into fricks office with this dagger and stabbed frick repeatedly and shot him twice. Frick was not killed, but he was badly wounded. They apprehended berkman. Frick was about to be taken to the hospital when he said i have to finish some work. He signed the papers, the blood splattered papers on his desk and then he said ok, im ready. They hauled him off, patched him up. He always had a stiff neck for the rest of his life. He loved to play golf but he had a stiff golf swing. He was a tough guy. Pittsburgh was the place where aluminum was first reduced. It was an electrolytic process developed by Charles Martin hall in the 1880s. Right here in pittsburgh the first globules of aluminum or reduced. These are considered the crown jewels of alcoa aluminum, the Aluminum Company of america that started right here in pittsburgh. These are the very first globules of aluminum ever produced. In the early days people did not know to do with aluminum. They tried making all kinds of things out of it, from violins, horse shoes, to kettle. They soon discovered for aircraft it was exactly the right thing. The Wright Brothers came to pittsburgh in 1903 and had alcoa aluminum engine blocks, and that made air flight possible. Andrew carnegie was born in scotland, but he made history here in western pennsylvania. He was a giant of industry, but you can see he was only about 52. He is the guy who had a big vision. He vertically integrated his factories. That is he controlled the mines, he controlled the transportation, the coke works that were used to make steel. The controlled those steel mills and the delivery systems, the railroads that took the steel to market. He was an amazing guy and he turned into americas greatest philanthropist. His goal was to make a lot of money and then give it all back before he died. He made so much money he could not give it all back. In 1939, there was another worlds fair. This one in new york. And the Westinghouse Company wanted to do something special. So they invented the first robot. His name was electro. 71 tall, he could walk, talk, recognize colors. He could even smoke cigarettes. Yeah, smoke cigarettes. He smoked in billows. The engineers who worked on electro were so disgusted by the tar and nicotine they found built up in his artificial lungs that they all quit smoking. Now the people of america said electro will be lonely. He is the only one of his kind. We have to build him a woman robot. So they designed a woman robot, but it was frightening. I cant even describe the designs they came up with. Imagine madonna wearing a target bra on steroids. They said we cant build this thing. So they built him a dog. Sparko, the wonder dog. Sparko would only respond to electros commands. They were the hit of the 1939 worlds fair. Pittsburgh has always been a place of innovation, but that is not limited to industrial or scientific innovations. Jazz. This is one of the birthplaces of american jazz. Here you can meet billy extine or mary lou williams. These were innovators. In the hill district in pittsburgh where the Africanamerican Community came together with other immigrant communities there was a hotbed of creativity and fun, excitement and music. During world war ii, pittsburgh becomes the arsenal of democracy. A lot of you probably have seen that image, that we can do it image. Did you know rosie the riveter was invented here in pittsburgh . It was a westinghouse artist named jay Howard Miller who in february of 1943 came up with that poster. He had gotten a contract to do 41 posters for the war effort for westinghouse war workers. He came up with this woman. You can see her collar says Westinghouse Electric on it. The very week this poster came out a popular song hit the radio. It went like this. All the day long whether rain or shine she is working on the Assembly Line she is making history working for victory rosie and the riveter the people of america heard that song and saw that image and said that is rosie the riveter. Howard miller had not named her but the people of America Associated the song with that image. The jeep was invented in western pennsylvania. Who knew . It was 1940 that the War Department sent out an request for proposals to 135 carmakers in america. Well, it said we need this miracle vehicle. Something that will replace the horse. It has to go anyplace a horse can go. Climb a 30e able to degree grade, pull a gun, and i cannot weigh more than a big horse. We need to to design and build this miracle car in 49 days. The big car makers said we can design that who can do it and 49 days . Its impossible. Ford and gm and the big guys did not submit. But a little carmaker in western pennsylvania, butler, pennsylvania, said no one is buying our midget automobiles. They were building small cars on the british austin patent. Those engineers stayed up all night at a diner and literally on the back of a napkin sketched the design for a jeep. We can do it, they said. And in 49 days they delivered the banton reconnaissance car as it was called. After pearl harbor the War Department really wanted as those little miracle cars. They said to the bantam car company, can you make 300,000 . Bantam had ever made more than 500 cars in a years time in the history of the company. They did not have the horsepower. So the War Department pulled the contract, gave it to willis overland which made 334,000 in world war ii. The government wanted more so they can ford a contract for another 300,000. After the war there was a battle for the jeep brand and willis overland won out. After world war ii pittsburgh was a mess. It had been going 24 7. There was smog that covered the valleys. The people of pittsburgh got together and said we have to clean this place up. The Allegheny Conference for Community Development was invented. With an eye toward first cleaning up the skies, then the waters, redeveloping downtown pittsburgh, renewal projects were all the rage in the 1950s and 1960s. The pennsylvania turnpike was the first road with bank curves, rumble strips, it was concrete, and you could drive fast. There were stops along the way. You had to pay to use it but people did not mind because they could get you across the state in six hours. It used to take six weeks when George Washington was here with conestoga wagons trying to get over the allegheny mountains. Now they were tunnels hunched punched through the barriers, the mountain barriers. Every mother in america had one of dr. Spocks baby books. It told them everything about feeding and about disciplining. Dr. Spock said he should never spank your children. Then a whole generation of unspanked kids grew up. There were other doctors here in pittsburgh who were making history. In 1955, jonas salk invented the polio vaccine. He first determined the three strains of polio that were out there that were infecting millions of people around the world every year. And most of those people were children. They were crippled by the disease and they died. Salk determine a way to make a vaccine using a killed virus. Everyone was afraid of the vaccine. They did not want to be infected so he had to convince america that his vaccine was safe. He gave himself an injection. Then he gave the vaccine to his own children. This calmed down some of the fears. He went to Arsenal Middle School in pittsburgh and thousands of kids started getting the vaccine. They were the guinea pigs for the first polio vaccine. Soon it was proven to be safe. And kids around the world received the first polio vaccine. It was a miracle and he changed the world. Well, we could go on forever here in pittsburgh talking about art, science, innovation. The technologies that are have changed the world. I just hope you will come and visit us here at the Heinz History Center and learn the whole story of innovation. Its a good story. Were a place with a tradition of innovation. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2016] American History tv is that Point State Park in pittsburgh. Is located at the overhead the head of the ohio river and one of the centerpieces is this water fountain. Up next we will take you to the antiwar whole museum and learn about the artist that was born right here in pittsburgh. Andy warhol is one of the most prolific artists of the 20th century. I think that goes back to how he was able to tap into certain ideas of what it means to be human. This sort of base understanding of american identity that remains to be part of our country culture. He cap into technology and interesting way. He was always surrounding himself with the Younger Generation and ideas. He did not go stale in the later part of his career. Inuntil 1985, 1986, he died 1987, he was painting the enormous canvases. A lot of work had not been shown during his lifetime. Into anot as if he fell specific way of working. He really expanded his practice, opened up to larger ideas and technology. I think thats why he remains so contemporary. Warhol was born in pittsburgh in 1928. He was the youngest of three siblings, three boys. Mother, they were immigrants. He grew up fairly religious. They were buys and teen catholics is in teen catholics. There was a lot of Creative Energy in his house. Julia was no for her creativity. We have a lot of her drawings. She had a spunky spirit about her. Warhol did a film about her in the 1960s. He captured her humor. A lot of people would reference later on julias quick wit. He had an illness at an early age. He spent a lot of time at home with his mother. That is why they had a special bond and thats where his Creative Energy started to form. We are on the seventh floor of the andy warhol museum. Pictures of his family, works from his era carnegie tech, now Carnegie Mellon. He was there from 1944 to 1949. We are going to look at one of his paintings he did for his senior year. Nt this canvas called osepicker 1. The reason why it is so fascinating is because it is pretty provocative of a subject matter. This portrait of a young boy picking his nose. He submitted it to one of us important shows of the year. A huge salon style exhibition. It was denied by the jury. Warhol did not give up. That summer he showed it again with a different title of why pick on me for the student show. It has a little bit of biographical reference. I am fascinated by some of warhols early fixations on his own body or the bodies of others. He is known for