ruben: we are here at the carmel mission. its original founding date was 1770, june 3 in monterey after which the site moved. the initial mission is a should of what we call out the california or upper california with this devilish meant of the -- the establishment of the san diego mission. joint military and religious expedition known as the sacred expedition. by commander was accompanied a friar who came to the monterey bay to establish the first site. father serra was born and raised in a small community. this was the place that had been overrun and conquered by various groups, including the moore's -- the moore's. they have military bastions extending back all the way to the roman conquests. you have roman and islamic another traditions presented your one could argue that there was a very conservative trend in so far as catholic religious a wasf there, which serr inspired to bring into the americas. the evangelization of gentiles, in other words, people not christian should be one's life devotion. and father serra devoted his life to that. in 1749, he boarded a ship for mexico, arrived in east spain in veracruz. spain was being transformed by enlightenment ideology. the notion of the enlightenment, which we continue to espouse, is central to our constitution and the united states. that all men are created equal. you know as well as i do, in reality, when he came down to, slavery was condoned. the indian wars were condoned under that. so things were not quite equal. so when we look at the missions thelta california, we have espouse meant of this ideology. missions were looking for communities that could be built and transformed. the problem was, while the enlightenment ideology seemed noble, the reality is that releasing people from the mission so that they could be exploited by outsiders was one of the faults of that. so the franciscans were tasked with essentially evangelizing .pper california their objective was basically bringing indigenous communities into the fold, into the church, into the worship of christ. that was the prime objective. they did that by i didn't -- by introducing skill sets, including music, reading, agriculture, the liturgy, etc. all of these things were new imports to the region. about serra was zealous that particular effort. but these did not grow up overnight. they were the result of decades of work. when father serra was here, there is a tendency to think that he lived in this palatial estate and you look at the nice buildings in the mediterranean architecture. but he lived in what we called cales, much structures with thatched roofs. he complains about the roof leaking like a sieve, his colleague dying of pneumonia, and he is housing a soldier who went awol. radley the buildout of more substantial structures. this ultimately had seven churches. i have excavated one side. ultimately, father serra built an adobe church. he died surely thereafter so he was buried in that church. then that church was demolished. where it comes to abuses, the primary allegation against father serra has much to do with the fact that he worked within a system which condoned corporal punishment. what is corporal punishment? the use of whips, sticks or other devices in order to punish individuals who had transgressed against the church or the state or the indigenous community of the mission. so that did occur. the one of the misunderstandings is that it was father serra doing it. note. father serra could order it done. but all corporal punishment, all administration within the mission site were conducted by native people who were selected by their own communities, it either to meet out punishment, corporal punishment, or to basically determined and administer resources that should be within the indigenous communities of the mission. but the reality is that father serra himself has never been documented to have laid a hand on any individual. you might say, well, he still order it. yes, that was a fact. punishment onhe indigenous people and others. that was the way things were done in that time. though sameis that kind of procedures occurred within much american history until relatively recently. rra's is to be condemned within that system, clearly, there is condemnation to go all around. competingve two groups. those who believe the father serra was not worthy of canonization and those who absolutely felt he had lived a life as a holy man. so began here. it wasn't until january of this year, 2015, that pope francis announced that he would be canonized and that it would happen on september 23. right about that time, i was interviewed by "the los angeles times" for a story on father serra and my work in the mission. that launched a series of [indiscernible] i was involved with the canonization as one of the scholars invited to rome to speak at augustinian. while there, i spoke with three other scholars, monsignor weber, for some timen about father serra, and then robert sienkiewicz. we did in overview on the strengthen the merits of the canonization. the media entered the picture. we dealt with that. two days later, we basically participated in the second half, in which vatican scholars and friars and others were instrumental. we then conducted mass with the pope. that was an incredible experience. i was kind of on the ground floor to see a lot of that. but at the same time, i was aware, as i was there testifying to the merits of the canonization, there were people in california who were less than happy about it. but what i have seen as there has been a significant amount of rent -- of misrepresentation and even hate speech related to father serra, the catholic church and the hispanic catholic tradition. to address those characterizations. i am not going to minimize what happened as a result of european colonial interface in this region. it is clearly catastrophic on many levels. but there was a lot of it that allowed the native people to mexican era, and ultimately the american period. it was in 1846 through 1848 when the americans first entered monterey that the first governor of california, peter burnet, basically ordered the annihilation and extermination of the california indians. he asked if a taxpayer money behind that effort to the extent that, within 12 years, a population documented to have existed of 150,000 native people at americana context bundle to less than 30,000. so over 120,000 people have been documented to have been killed during the period. that was truly genocide. i believe, based on anything i have seen, including recent publications and want to come out next year, that essentially native peoples have conflated the authority -- the atrocities of the early church with the shortfalls and the misgivings of the spanish o'neill period and they blamed it all on father serra. i think has truly gotten a bum rap. and the demonization and the hate speech associated with father serra is really and called for and illegitimate. obviously, history is used in a lot of different ways. we see that going on in our country right now. the reality is that i construe of thepanic tradition southwest, in fact all the way through south florida, as part of american history these are founding communities. even jamestown was left out of many american history books .ecause it was in the south at one point, after the civil war, jamestown was written out of the narrative in the pilgrims took the place. so the narrative changed and it became freedom from religious persecution versus a group of brits coming in and founding a military settlement and that becoming a disaster. that has now been re-included in our history by the vert -- by the work of archaeologists. rewriting the history of these mission sites, such that we now recognize them as those very traditions under the auspices of frisco's -- franciscan friars who introduced many of the technologies that today we take for granted, including agriculture, stop raising, viticulture or the wine industry, metallurgy, architecture, all these things came in and are a direct byproduct of interdictions made by father serra and his compatriot. so to leave this dimension of this history out leaves us with no escalation why these massive sites exist which were in effect american indian communities under the tutelage of franciscan or european friars. >> all weekend long, american history tv is featuring monterey california, home to a robust fish canning industry in the early 1900s. together with our comcast cable partners, c-span cities to her staff recently visited many sites exploring the city's rich history. learn more about monterey all weekend here on american history tv. >> welcome to monterey's old customhouse. this is state historic landmark number one in the state of health when you. the customhouse is significant to historians and should be to all californians because it is the first place that they government of mexico and ultimately the government of california did business. entry the main port of 18 46. 1841 and the first flag of california was raised here at customhouse. the reason why monterey in it of trade in alta california was really the precedent set during the spanish colonial years. very first spanish expirations, when they were trying to colonize this area, included voyages by juan sebastian vizcaino who in 1602 found the harbor. suitableoking for a port for spanish turning galleons. what they were looking along the coast, a suitable harbor. and they missed the best one, which was san francisco. speculation was that maritime people couldn't find san francisco because of their notorious fog. so they found this harbor. vizcainoly, sebastian named the harbor after the man who financed his expedition, the count of monterey of spain. right now, we are inside the past amount -- customhouse. theight now, we are inside custom house. things, wagon wheels from england, vinegar's from china, brandy from france, all of these big countries were it trade with monterey because of this embarrassment of riches that they had. they had tens of thousands of cow hides. literally currency during the mexican era. in fact, used so often as trade, for trade, that they were called california bank notes by sailors on trading vessels. one of those sailors was a very distinct one because he kept a very important journal. richard henry dana junior. he referred to the highs as california bank notes. he talked in great detail, wrote ascriptions of all the ports that they made along the coast about the california. they did confirm that this was the main port of entry and was the first place that they stopped. so the hides, you probably what makeshides, hides so valuable to the rest of the world. when you consider 19th-century life, think about the horse and buggy. you got checks, bids, cells, bridles, ulcerative things made out a leather. clothing. so that might be a good reason why the rest of the world wanted so much leather. but there was a more compelling reason. that was the timing. we are in the height of the industrial revolution. things that used to be made by hand are now being made by machines. big steamdriven by a wheel, a big camshaft going down the middle of the ceiling. and hoped to that shaft, a driveshaft, there would be leather belts. a typical factory in boston or new york would have thousand miles of leather belts. that is what drove the economy in california. another thing that we might mention are the two prominent americans here that really helped drive the economy with the import/export business as they established in monterey in the 1820's and 30's. this is captain john rogers larkin.nd thomas oliver you see their names on some of the cases up here. was an john robert cooper sea captain from boston who heard news that mexico was about to open up its port for international trade. so he sailed in with his own sailing ship and he stays with the vallejo family. maria on of alejo -- mario know before -- it wasn't long they married. this happened a lot here in california, where people coming in to do business with the mexican government would find a home here and intermarry with the californians who were already here. it wasn't long before captain cooper called his half-brother, thomas oliver larkin, to help him with his import/export business. with inside of a year, larkin was on his own making quite a success for him so. these two americans living in mexican california really helped drive the mexican economy during the california-talon years. we are in the customhouse officials office. he was the person who assessed the value of all the cargo, determined what rate to charge the trading company, and he did that by examining the cargo as it came in. during the mexican era, there was a very strong sentiment among some of the imperialistic powers, that this country wasn't able to defend itself adequately and had a very shaky government. the mexican government was renowned for corruption, political disputes. there were disagreements between the southern part of alta california, an area we call a and us now, and the northern part of alta california about who the governor should be. a one point, they shift at governor they did not like. this political upheaval, that seemed characteristic of the region, certainly was noticed by the rest of the world. finally, it came to a point obvious thatme almost anybody could sail in and take the area. but the thing that tilted at the last straw was the declaration of war between mexico and the united states. this is really the result or tension inn of the texas. that discouraged general santana for making any kind of a deal. .ventually, war was declared they got to the point in fact where tensions were so high between the two countries that to warships commissioned guard the american trading vessels off the coast of alta california were given standing orders. war break out between mexico and the united states, you must sail into monterey and claim the territory and bring it under united states protection. that actually happened twice. the first time it happened was a mistake. a rather young suave, well-educated but somewhat hasty commander of the pacific squadron of warships had heard a rumor of war. remember, tensions were running very high. he was sailing off the coast of south america when he hears war has broken out between mexico and united states. he also knows that the french have warships offshore. he did not want monterey to follow into french hands. so he sailed into monterey very quickly and almost immediately raised the stars and stripes over the custom house right outside this building and claimed the territory for the united states. there is only one problem. war had not been declared between mexico and the united states. so jones was faced with a dilemma and the embarrassment of having to lower the stars and stripes and apologize to the mexican government. four years later, wars eventually declared between mexico and the united states. 1846, a more well seasoned, veteran and perhaps more patient commander of the also order toon protect american trading interests was given the order to sail into monterey. but not wanting to repeat the mistake of his predecessor, he immediately goes to the american consulate. this is thomas oliver larkin. so he goes to larkin's house and the two of them confirm that war has broken out. larkin had collected several messages that had indicated that very thing. so the to them crafted a proclamation that would be read to the citizens of monterey here, right on the beach outside the custom house. the messagecony, was read to the citizen saying they were now under u.s. protection that their lives would remain unchanged. they could choose to fight for their country or's are -- or remain here under u.s. protection. that was the proclamation. it didn't exactly work out that way for the mexicans who lost their lands over this class of cultures -- clash of cultures. back at what would have been a listen to the stories of people who lived here, they give nyssa found -- it gives us a foundation for where we are now and where we should be going. i think the customhouse stands as testimony to a very important casting off when you should not be forgotten. we bring thousands of school kids through this business -- this building, many learning about how to for the first time, many of them finding out the context for their own culture, many of them latino who did not even know that this was the capital of mexican california. and if we are not here to tell them that and show them with the physical evidence and show them that we care enough about that past, then they won't have a context. they won't care. and they may be among those who think that time starts now. announcer: all weekend, american history tv is featuring monterey, california. the carmel mission was founded by father junipero serra to bring the catholic faith to the native evils. carmel was one of nine missions in spanish california established by father serra. by our comcast cable partners, c-span cities to her staff recently visited many sites showcasing the city's history. learn more about monterey all weekend here on american history tv. hall in which i have in at work all year is finally finished. it is built of whitestone court from a neighboring hill. it is not an edifice that would attract any attention among public buildings in the united states. it is withoutnia, rival. the scheme is regarded with incredulity by many but the fit -- but the building is finished and the citizens have assembled it and christened it after my name. thiswalter colton had building constructed, it was the largest public call west of the --kies, perhaps web's perhaps west of st. louis. it also had been the oldest continuously operating operating -- continuously operating hall. the 1849 constitution and the men, the delegates who created it and wrote it in spanish and english and published in spanish ending bush, they were translated for the californians who did not speak much english or very little english. thise whole process was inclusive process. and the result was inclusion. it was a bilingual constitution. some of the landmark provisions of this constitution of 1849 was the allowance for women to own property. that was virtually unheard of. why did they do that? because it was california custom. the does it was a spanish legal tradition that women could own property separate from their husbands or other males of their family. so they wanted to continue it. delegates --hese delegates had an altar -- and all terrier mood -- but some of these delegates had no interior motive. if we add this to the constitution, we will attract more women. please come to california and marry me. and you would also have property as a woman, too. so there was that motive. but they did continue this someng blending of california oh rights and recognition of those california rights as well. another important one is -- we are talking 1849 and moving into the 1850's. and what is the real crisis of the country? what is hurting the country and the legislature? the issue of slavery. it is due to slavery that than it really called for this constitution because the legislature is at a standstill and they are not going to move on making california territory. california went -- telephone you never went through the process of becoming a territory like so many states data. and never did. it moved from being a military-occupied land directly -- statehood. following the 1849 constitution, it achieved that the next year. so those are a couple of the major provisions and really landmark elements of this constitution. it also set the boundaries. it is a very curious thing that no one really knew the eastern borders. they knew that it stopped at oregon in the north. they knew it stopped at baja california and mexico in the south. but they didn't really know where it should end. so there was a great debate here over shall we extended all the way over to almost utah? should we extended almost a colorado"? and then some of the more rational or reasonable delegates decided that that was far too too muchovern and not known about that land east of sierra nevada. so they made the sierra nevada's the real border of eastern california. we have some original documents from the constitutional convention in colton hall on display. this is one of them. this is the registration sheet for all the delegates. it is a great search of information. this lists every delegate, where they are from, what state or country, how old they are, and which district of california do they represent. so we have representatives of monterey, san diego, santa barbara, san francisco already visited here. and a 480 backgrounds and places. we have people from france, from spain, ireland, and people from and virginia represented. and the californians themselves are represented here. vallejo is here and others s.presenting the californio this is quite an amazing peas, obviously unique. one reason the delegates are represented here is that they had to register to get paid as delegates and for the president of the convention, robert semple $.5. this was important to them. they had traveled all this way beginning in september to arrive .n monterey so this was their document so they not only get paid but show they were part of this onvention what i have here this table -- this is the president of the constitutional proceedings desk. we have one here a practice sheet for the delegates when they were preparing to sign, affixed their name to the actual constitution. so they practiced here. in the center here is thomas o larkin. the one andkin was consult or and last ambassador of the united states to mexican california. he was very informed show in pushing for a peaceful takeover of california. is interesting is that this is a facsimile of the original california constitution. the original is actually in the state capital at secondment oh. but their names -- for example, larkin and then larkin is in the exact same spot. --y were's lot on as far as they were spot on as far as writing this. some of the hand writing, some of the floors, larkin being one so thistandouts on that is the signatures from october 13 when they completed their duties to create a constitution in english and spanish. portrait inunusual colton hall. just above me and above the president's desk is a portrait of george washington. one observer of the constitutional convention in 1849 described it as an unusual painting of the first president. there wanted to have the first president of the united states overseeing their proceedings. serious them as a gust, proceedings to create a constitution. but it is a most unusual portrait that you may see. it was painted by an itinerant painter in the style known as the american primitive. in other words, not taught in the academy. he was self-taught. we don't know the name of this painter. but we do know that he painted it in 1849. why is that? the stars on the flag are not for the time of george washington. for 1849. so that is very interesting. also, his sense of perspective is rather odd. this is the george washington on the dollar bill turned around. the dress of george washington is not from the period of the 1770's are 1780's. ,t is from the mid-19th century approximately 1840, 1849. so there are telltale signs about this that it is unusual. and the painter used what he was familiar with. and he had probably seen some portraits or some images of washington, but he probably wasn't that familiar. so he was using what he had at hand. we have some evidence that indicates this was most likely that unusual painting. oversee the proceedings. the what we have is the 1849 constitution, which allowed these feedings. -- these freedoms. it allowed for freedoms for every ethnic group? no. but it was a start and at that time it was a very progressive document. so i think it is a model for what can be achieved without rancor, without divisions, the people can come together. it is a lesson for our own political process now. it is possible to compromise, to collaborate, to create good outcomes that will work for everyone. so i think the california constitutional experience is one to really relish and one that ofves as an exemplary model what can happen when people come together from very diverse backgrounds, a blending of cultures actually took place here. long,cer: all weekend american history tv is joining our comcast cable partners to showcase the history of monterey, california. to learn more about the cities on our 2015 twhirl, visit to her.pan.org/cities we continue now with a look at the history of monterey. our.iestw pan.org we continue now with a look at the history of monterey. >> this is really groovy, man. >> three gave musical events in 19 six or seven that kicked off the summer of love. it was a big rock 'n roll festival of music to happen here. the city of moderate, a pretty conservative community at that point. there was a lot of concern of what they called then beatniks. the word hippie was a new word. in the past years or so, there was news of this young hippie movement. the summer love was happening in san francisco and no one understood what that was all about. andas boys with long hair the drug thing. so they were really concerned about this. the chief of police felt so confident about this group that was here, this -- these kids would not cause any problems that he released a big number of his police to canary row because it was a big fire. about what was happening at the festival that particular night. wasn't just rock 'n roll music. they brought all different genres of music here. there is african jazz, soul music -- the rawls saying here on friday night. one of the biggest hits of the entire festival was otis redding. most of the audience had no idea who otis redding was. and he had been singing songs for many years before that. he came here and blue this whole blew this -- and whole place away. you tooe been loving long ♪ >> he died a few months after that festival in a plane crash. they brought a lot of different ideas of music here to the festival and really kind of opened up people's eyes, not just the people that were here but also people in the area. of the musicians that paul mccartney suggested was a young african-american man who was not that well known in this country but well-known and jimmy -- in london, jimmy hendrix. 1961ix was in the army in and was stationed here in monterey. so he had been here. he played here in monterey at the monterey festival and he really ignited this place. fluid, pours it on his guitar and lights it on fire and gets on his knees and smashes it and throws it into the audience. people were stunned by it. this is exactly where he was when he did that. the stories that hendrix came down the next and carved his name and there. but there's actually covering on the stage. they put a wooden cover on the floor. you can see it in the film. someone years later came and actually carved the name underneath that. festival waspop different. it was a different kind of audience. it opened monterey's eyes to say we can makes these two cultures together. although they were very ensure aout it, once they saw it was really a lot of problems, i think it was really good for monterey. announcer: all weekend, american history tv is featuring monterey, california, which served as mexico's primary port of entry to alta or upper california. the custom house is now recognized as california's oldest government building. our comcast cable partners worked with c-span's cities tours staff to explore the city's rich history. learn more about monterey all weekend here on american history tv. this is my cia wall. a lot of metals. a lot of coins that are distributed among everyone there. most importante thing about this wall is this brick here, which is entitled "geronimo." broughtbrick that was back to me from pakistan by those who conducted the operation who went after osama bin ladin. >> we spoke with secretary of defense leon panetta about the leon panetta institute for public policy at uc california monterey bay. panetta: the institute is an institute my wife and i started. it has been a most 18 years. it happened when we came back from service in washington when i was still chief of staff to president clinton. i came back to my home area here. i was teaching some classes and got concerned that i just didn't see a lot of inspiration in young people to get involved in public service. that concerned me. so my wife and i decided that we would establish the panetta institute with a mission of trying to inspire young people to lives of public service. the reason why we want young people to be inspired to get involved in public services because it's critical to our democracy. our democracy just doesn't work unless people are willing to be part of it, to give something back to our system of governing in this country. inspired to get involved in public life because, first of all, my parents were immigrants and thought it was of or to to give something back to this country. secondly, i served in the army for two years and that taught me a lot about my duty to country. and thirdly, there was a young notident who said, ask what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country. public service in my time was a higher calling. that youally something strove for because it was important. there were a lot of role models in washington who inspired me as well. years, i think we have seen young people not so really giving back to the country. and that's why my wife and i thought it was so important to try to get young people to understand that they have a responsibility as citizens of this country to give back to the unique in its people is whatse our democracy is all about. we do a number programs. think a lot about what are the kinds of programs that could help inspire young people to lives of public service. we developed a congressional internship program, selecting students from throughout the csu mater, plus my alma santa clara and sylvia some amount of --, motter -- alma dominican college. we have a number of speakers. then we send them back to washington for about three and a in thenths to in turn california delegation. that exposes them to washington and how washington operates or fails to operate. but that gives them good exposure. we do a leadership program first and by officers. if you are a student body officer and you run for office, there must be something that inspired you to get involved. so we do a leadership program here for all of the student body officers from throughout the csu system as well as other colleges and universities. that a lecture series involves usually both republicans and democrats, conservatives and liberals, kind of discussing the issues in a civil way so that students understand that, you know, with all of the hardline partisan differences we see in washington today, it doesn't have to be that way. i have seen washington at its best. i have seen washington at its worst. and what are want young people to understand is that washington can work if you are willing to othersand to work with and try to find consensus. so those are some of the things that we try to get young people to see. it is interesting to see, when you look at the issues that students are concerned about, a lot of those are the same issues we are all concerned about. part of what the panetta institute does, an annual survey of college students' attitudes towards a number of issues, towards politics, obviously now we are the middle of a presidential race where we think about the different candidates. what are they concerned about? interestingly enough, they are concerned obviously about their future, whether they are going to have a better life in the future. they are concerned about education issues because they are right in the middle of education. they are worried about student debt. they are worried about whether or not they will be able to complete their education. interestingly enough, it was something that we hadn't seen before, but in a recent survey, the students said -- we asked them about national service. normally, students have not been that excited about the idea of serving this country in some capacity for one or two years. but this time, over 60% said they would support a national service system in exchange for benefits to help pay for their education. i thought that was really interesting, that students for the first time seemed to be very interested in some form of national service system that would allow them to give back to this country in exchange for hopefully getting benefits for higher education. i have been deeply involved with the panetta institute. my wife is really the one who runs the institute. ceo of thely the institute. she ran it. while we first came back, she did a lot of work managing the institute and i did a lot of the teaching of students. and then i also moderated the lecture series. and then, when i was called back to washington by the president to serve as cia director and secretary of defense, my wife, to her great credit, continue to run the institute and the programs here at the institute. as a matter of fact, those programs really flowered during the time that she ran the institute. and now today, coming back here, we have gone back to kind of our old mode.t our so he does a lot of the work of running the institute. this is a nonprofit. we have a board of directors that helps guide the programs here. so she works with the board. she works with our teachers, our classrooms, operations. and then what i do is usually support that in whatever way i can. i will teach classes here, particularly for the interns that are going back to congress. i will teach in the leadership program. and i will moderate the lecture series. it has been about 50 years i have been involved in public life in one capacity or the other. father,sked my immigrant father, why he came to thatcountry, coming long-distance in the early 1930's with my mother. he said the reason was because we wanted our children to have a better life, which i always felt is the american dream. had theany ways, i have honor of living that dream as the sun of italian immigrants or had the chance to come off first time in our's history, go to college at santa clara university, both undergrad at law school, and then service in the army, and then going back as a legislative assistant to the u.s. senator and all of the other career positions i have held. what we have here at the institute is kind of a history of some of those periods in my life. the secretary of defense presentation. it shows a lot of my visits to the troops around the world. of of the things i am proud it in this picture of the president is the picture of those that were involved with eliminating don't ask don't tell. this is a picture of the president looking at me during the state of the union and saying good job. interestingly enough, there was a mic there that picked it up. they were all asking the question -- what did the president mean? later, we had to indicate that it was because we had completed a mission to rescue a hostage in the middle east. they did a great job. this is my cia wall. a lot of metals. a lot of coins that are distributed among everyone there. most importante thing about this wall is this "ick here, which is entitled geronimo" from pakistan. it is a brick that was brought back to me by those who conducted the operation that went after osama bin laden. so it's pretty special. probably the only thing left of that compound, which has been torn down by the pakistanis. this is my wall dedicated to the congress. of thef the war -- a lot work i did in the congress. as you will see, a lot of it reflects ocean work. says montereyr national marine sanctuary. it was a bill that, when i was in congress, i was able to get the that established monterey bay national marine sanctuary, which is the largest .anctuary in all of the system it protects the coastline actually from san simeon all the way to san francisco. i was really proud of having been able to protect our great coastline. in every position i have had, i have been able to get something done that i thought i helped improve the lives of. i think that's what i want. what i want people to know from their experience here at the panetta institute is that public service is not just another job. it is the importance of public service, to helping people in .his country have a better life and more importantly, how important it is to our democracy , a government of, by and for people has to function because people care about this country and about helping others. that is really the fundamental mission of what this institute is all about. american: all weekend, history tv is featuring monterey. c-span cities to her staff recently visited many sites showcasing the city's history. learn more about monterey all weekend here on american history tv. it was the largest fishery in the united states. they took 200 35,000 tons of sardine out of that they every singly year between 1915 and 1950. big, big fishery. it was multicultural. monterey is a unique community, especially in the fishing world. moderate bay is a unique place. it is a bay of abundance. this is one of the deepest green canyons in the world and brings in all kinds of fishes who feed off of that marine canyon. that brings in humans to fish the fish. so the first real commercial fishing and monterey -- and i use commercial because his -- because it is how they made a living. our native culture into moderate, some say about 10,000 years. just 500 years ago, it was lots of lakes and lots of water. huge herd of deer and elk and grizzly bear. i read accounts of early explorers coming into the monterey area talking about birdlife. so money -- so many birds, they say. darks dock and -- ducks darkened the sky. thought the bay was paved. year, wavess of the would crash onto the beach pouring fish onto the beach. that is how abundant it was out there. nevertells me there was any time of hunger for the people. there will fish for everything out there. -- muscleuscle share cell, spears and nets. there were the first divers going into that bay. monterey bay today is the dive capital of the world. we take a walk along the waterfront, that place will be filled with rubber people. they were the first divers going into that they. we know that because of the burials coming out of the ground in recent years. you could not build a house with running a into a rum steamed burial or two. you have seen abalone this big? you are going to go down there and get it. abalone was a big important part of their life's. they used the shows to make fishhooks. to make baskets and jewelry. they traded it for things they could not get here in monterey. as far as i know, there is no abalone in south dakota. most of it starts right here in monterey. early 1850's, chinese fishermen and their families smallhe cross in three, 30-foot jobs. the chinese call that the black tide. overshot monterey to mexico. playa lobos is a state park south of moderate today. in by ramsteinn village and nursed back to health. they said, hey, nobody is fishing out there. at that time, there was no way to get fresh fish to big markets like san francisco because they railroad had not arrived here yet. the chinese would dry all their fish. every month or so, they would come down from san francisco and pick up all that patience and affect the china and all on the west coast. they were also selling fresh fish. they brought an economy here. what was really important about these guys come as far as we know, monterey is the only place where they brought their families with them. all all the rest were single men who came to work on the railroad. they came to fish here like they knew what was here. there are historians that believe the chinese were in california as far back as the fifth century. they certainly have the ships, skills, technology. they could have been. we will probably never know that for sure. fishery inlargest the united states. they took an average of 235,000 tons of sardine out of that they every year between 1915 and 1950. big fishery. it was not always about sardines. it was salmon that put monterey on the map. about 90% was going to europe, mainly germany. all the sardines in this country were coming from europe, primarily france. france was a big sardine producer at the turn of the 20th century. what happened in the world in 1914? world war i. although sardines coming from , they were heavily fished along the west coast. in maine, they could not just because there were german submarines in the atlantic. 1915, two canneries operating. in 1919, there are nine full-time along the waterfront. almost 400 sicilian fishermen here. at one point, and overnight teen of these canneries along the luxury waterfront. in at least -- each one, at least 200 employees. if you lived in monterey, you would have a connection to the canneries. i met a woman who moved to monterey in 1935. she was a schoolteacher. in those days, the phone number was assigned to a house. you would get phone calls every morning. you pick up the phone, all you would hear on the other end is "fish." she thought it was a student playing a trick. it turned out the folks who lived in the house before she did were cannery workers. the boats would come in. working these canneries, it was loud, wet, cold. the folks would often be standing in a foot of water. the majority of the labor force in the canneries were women. any also made about $.15 hour less than the men. when the fishing does collapse in 1950, and they have lots of warnings about this as early as 1917 from the department of fish and game, they ran low on sardines. francis clark worked for fish and game. she was way ahead for time. she was the first person within fish and game to receive a phd which she got in 1925. they said let's make her the librarian. they built one of the premier fishery libraries in the world. one of those programs she created in 1936 was a very aggressive sardine tagging program. them.ighed and measured and insertedalpel a number into the fish. this did not hurt the sardine. she took firecrackers and cherry bombs to scare the sea lines. she dumped the sardines back into the bay. she had big magnets installed. once a week, they would pick up all the stuff magnet picked up. a friend of mine who graduated from hopkins at stanford university in 1938 worked for fish and game. that was his job. i said what did you get. tools. nails, screws, it was an effective program in 1939,hat program she said you need to cut the fishery in half. nobody paid attention. they were beginning to disappear from the bank. it was a concern about where the big sardines were. francis clark said they were all in the can. she was the only governor the much government official who said it collapsed because you did not listen. the largest fishery in the history of the united states taking an average of 235,000 tons of sardine out of that they ever year between 1915 and 1950. but overfishing here plays a minor role in our story today. there were environmental issues fish and game saw as early as 1939. there were water changes as early as 1939. scientists hired by the canning came upin the 1950's with that sardines and anchovies ran in cycles. today, there are marine geologist who work in shale pulling up samples. within the samples, all these fossilized fish scales that go back thousands of years. vacancy every 60 or 70 years, they may ease massive disappearances. they are already on the declining cycle in 1915 and we hastened the process. today, the fishery in monterey bay was declared by fish and wildlife in the 1990's as a fully recovered fishery today. >> throughout the weekend, american history tv is featuring monterey, california. our staff recently traveled there to learn about its rich history. learn more about monterey and other stops on our twour at www.c-span.org. you are watching american history tv, all weekend, every weekend, on cspan3. >> on october 26, the world health organization's international agency for research on cancer announced the results of a study on the possible link between processed meat, red meat, and cancer. the study classified processed meat as "carcinogenic to humans." the organization advised people should "limit their intake of meat." on "reel america," a look at meat processing 50 years ago. in the film, a dairy farmer and his sons tour and were not plant in minnesota and see how products are made. >> the original plant of cornell began on this site in 1891. and today is the largest of nine company slaughtering operations. a display popular or milk products, more than 750 items are produced here. stew, andpam, beef dried sausage. from balconies, you can look across entire rooms of assembly or disassembly activity. the boys watched as hog carcasses are broken down into primal cuts. after chilling, the carcass passes over a firmly anchored knife which separates the sides. this is the first step in the disassembly of the port side -- pork side. another phase of the disassembly process is the separation of the shoulder and front feet from the carcass. takes feet are delicacy items. the front feet are used in the manufacture of this product. feet are very tasty and attractively packaged. pork shoulder and hand meet -- ham meat are used for the manufacture of spam, the most popular luncheon meat in the country. meat blades stir ground until it becomes thoroughly blended. the raw material is then pumped to the can't-filling machines where the tens are automatically filled and vacuum sealed. thousands of pounds of wieners .re produced daily boneless beef and pork are the selected meets used in the manufacture of hormel wieners. materials are kept under constant cold temperatures. the meat is dumped into this huge grinder capable of handling loads up to 1000 pounds. freshly ground meat arrives from the grinder. the operator handles the grinding, scaling, and conveying to the blender. spices formulated in our own flavoring department are bagged for each batch. the blended ingredients are vacuum-mixed. it is next transported to the emulsifier hopper. ingredients are completely emulsified. hopper ofoves to the the stuffing machines. these ingenious machines automatically stuff and link the 84-foot strands of wieners. test servings of many new and well-established hormel products are set up to check texture, flavor, tenderness, and color. among the many considerations when marketing a product is, will people like it? these appealing products have helped build the american consumer's acceptance of these various hormel products. >> next on american history tv, author and historian lewis gould discusses how william howard taft became the only man to serve not only as president but also chief justice of the united states. following his presidential term, taft remained active in politics but supported himself as a yield -- yale university professor. thehis program, he examines series of events examine how he the less that led up to them -- that led up to taft becoming chief justice. the kansas city public library hosted this event. >> a special treat to have the return of lewis gould who was one of the great american historians and one of the greatest american presidential historians. i first got to know him through his books when i was an undergraduate at yale writing my senior essay. reading his books on william mckinley, the spanish-american war, etc. since then, he has written books on, may be best book on the united states senate, may be the best book on the presidency, the republican party. he has written about various presidents, taft, roosevelt, mckinley. he's written the history of